reproduction, such as fission, budding, and cell-
division, the gases in the air, the degree of
saltness or freshness of the water. The in-
fluence of food, its nature and amount, over-
feeding and fasting, cannot be overestimated.
The geological changes — those of the physical
geography or topography of a region, changes
in altitude, moisture and dryness — directly af-
fect plant and animal life, as do changes of the
seasons. Some of these changes tend to build up,
others to drag down the organism. See Evolu-
tion ; Extinction of Species ; Isolation ; Tro-
pism.
Social Environment. All geographical feat- ures — the configuration of the land and water, the climate, above all the food supply and the various products (animal, vegetable, or mineral I which can be used for various purposes of civilization, constitute the phys- ical environment. Of the earliest men those who were best adapted to their environment survived, but man has progressed by adapt- ing his environment to his needs, subject necessarily to its limitations. The development of the science of biology and the formulation of the law of evolution, showing that man is only a higher animal, has led to an emphasis upon the physical environment by modern economists, the (termans especially. The economic conditions and the institutions of early peoples can easily be ex- plained by their geographic surroundings. Thus herding is found where animals can easily be domesticated ; agriculture where there are spe- cial advantages in soil and products ; brick-mak- ing where wood is scarce and stone not found; hunters of large animals show the beginning of political organization, while those who are de- pendent upon small game live in scattered fam- ilies. Through the utilization of the physical environment are developed customs, associations, ideals, and institutions which express the life of the people. These influence man's psychical de- velopment and form the social environment, which is more subtle, complex, and far-reaching than the merely physical surroundings. It includes family relationship, the associations inherited from the past, and public opinion of to-day. Prog- ress means a continual readjustment to the en- vironment. As a result new institutions are evolved, and a change in customs, ideals, or insti- tutions takes place whereby a new social en- vironment is created, and further adaptation is required. This may be easily illustrated by con- trasting the squatter on a prairie farm with the citizen of the thronging city, which, due to some economic advantage — oil-well, mines, or situa- tion — grows up in the same place. See Geogra- phy. Economic; Sociology.
Bibliography. For the social view, consult: Lewis, "Adaptation of Society to its Environment," in Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. vi. (Philadelphia, 1894); Payne, History of New World Called America, vol. i. (New York, 1892). For physical environment, consult: Semper, Animal Life as Affected by the Natural Conditions of Existence (New York, 1881); and the writings of Buffon, Erasmus Darwin, Lamarck, Darwin, Wallace, Eimer, Cope, Hyatt, Allan, Thomson, Packard, Loeb and others.
ENVOI, or ENVOY. The concluding stanza of a ballade, and other conventional verse-forms. See Ballade.
ENVOY (OF. envoy, Fr. envoi, mes age
from enmoyer, It. inviare, to send, from Lat. in,
in 4 via, way; connected with Lat. vehere, to
carry, Gk. %x u >'< echein, to have, Skt. oah, ..
vaz, to cany, Goth, wigs, OHG. wee, Ger. H
AS. ireij. Log. nay), in international law, a
diplomatic agent of the second order, next, in rank
to an ambassador. An envoy stands to his sov-
ereign just, as an agent, does to his principal, and
his acts or promises are the sovereign's in a 1 >u -, i
ness sense, though not in a personal sense. It is
said that this class of diplomatists was first in-
troduced by Louis XI. of France in the second
half of the fifteenth century. The envoy is supei
ior in rank to the charge d'affaires, whose creden-
tials proceed from a minister of the State from
which he is sent, and are addressed to the min-
ister of the Slate to which he is sent; or are a
mere delegation from an ambassador or envoy to
conduct the affairs of the mission in his absence.
The practice of the United States has inter-
jected between the ambassador and the envoy a
second class, called envoys extraordinary and min-
isters plenipotentiary, which, of course, throws
the ordinary envoy into the third class. See
Ambassador; Charge d'affaires; Consul;
Diplomatic Agent; Embassy; Minister.
ENZINA, en-the'na, Juan del. See Encina.
ENZINAS, en'tse-n&s, Francisco de, also
called Dryander ( 1 520-52 ) . Author of a Span-
ish translation of the New Testament. He was
born at Burgos, studied in Louvain (1539-41),
and then in Wittenberg, where he lodged in
Melanchthon's house. Here he translated the
New Testament from the Greek, and presented- a
copy (printed at Antwerp, 1543) to Charles V.
He was imprisoned in Brussels for his heretical
views. After a little more than a year he
escaped and returned to Wittenberg. In 1548
he was made professor of Greek at Cambridge by
Cranmer. He died at Strassburg. His brother,
Jaime, was burned as a heretic in Rome in
1546.
EN'ZIO (c.1225-72). A King of Sardinia, a natural son of the German Emperor Frederick II. He fought by his father's side against the Lom- bards at the battle of Cortenuova, in 1237, and in the following year was married to Adelasia, widow of Ubaldo Visconti. and given the title of King of Sardinia. In 1241, the command of the fleet having been intrusted to Enzio. he gained a spendid victory over the Genoese, and captured a hundred prelates on their way to a council at Rome. Enzio was afterwards sent into Lombardy, which was for several years the scene of his chief exploits. In 1247 he besieged Parma, but was forced to retire. He then besieged Co- lonna, and in 1249 took the castle of Arola, but on May 26 of the same year he was taken prisoner at Fossalta by the troops of Bologna and con- signed to perpetual imprisonment. His capture was a great blow to the cause of the Hohenstau- fen. Enzio died March 14. 1272. His great tal- ents as a warrior and poet, his sad lot, his beauty, and the fate of his family have received much sympathetic treatment in history and literature. Consult Blasius, König Enzio (Breslau, 1884).
ENZOÖTY, en-zo'6-tl (Gk. iv, en, in + feov, Zoon, animal). A disease which seems to be permanently established among the animals of a certain locality. The term corresponds to 'endemic disease' in mankind.
