ELLSWORTH. ELM. upon his duties. Consult Van Santvoord, Livt 9 of the Chief Justices (New York, 1854). ELLWANGEN, cl'w-ing , n. The capital of the Circle of Jaxt, Wtirttemberg, Germany, or the Jaxt, 55 miles northeast of Stuttgart i Map: Ger- many, C 4). It is situated amid beautiful valley scenery, on the slope of a hill crowned by the Hohen-EIlwangen Castle. The Ronianesipa' Stif- teskirche, dating from 770, is it-- most interesting building. In the vicinity are the mineral baths of Schrezeim, and on the SchSrienberg, 1710 feet high, the Pilgrimage Church of Loretto. The do- mestic manufactures of the town are of growing importance.' Ellwangen was the capital of a Benedictine principality of 140 square miles until 1802. Population, in 1900, 4747. ELL 'WOOD, Thomas (1639-1714). An Eng- lish writer. He joined the Quakers, and his zeal for the sect and denunciation of the Established Church brought upon him much persecution. He himself was equally intolerant of any division in the Quaker ranks. He was an intimate friend of Milton, and his comment upon reading the manuscript of Paradise Lost suggested to the poet the idea of Paradise Regained. Ellwood was the author of a number of polemical works, among them Forgery no Christianity (1074); two tracts attacking Thomas Hicks the Baptist ; The Foundation t>j Tithes Shaken (1078) ; Sacred Histories of the Old and New Testaments ; and an Autobiography (1714). ELM. A village in Switzerland, in the Can- ton of Glarus, situated 10 miles southeast of Glarus, in a valley 3000 feet above the sea-level, surrounded by the high peaks of the Sardona Alps (Map: Switzerland, D 2). September 11, 1881, the town was half buried under an ava- lanche, which killed 114 people. Population, in 1900, 914. ELM (AS., OHG. elm, Ger. Ulme, elm. ulti- mately connected with Lat. ulmus, Ir. lea nth, elm ) , Vim us. A genus of trees of the natural or- der Urtieacea?, natives of temperate climates. The serrated leaves have unequal sides, and the small flowers which grow in clusters appear before the leaves unfold. The fruit is a samara, or com- pressed one-seeded little nut, winged all around. One of the most important species is the Ulmus campestris, a tree of 60 to 80 feet in height. with ovate-elliptical, doubly serrated leaves, and almost sessile flowers. The tree is found all over Europe ; also in the west of Asia and north of Africa, and introduced into America. The wood, which is compact and durable, especially in water, is used for a great variety of pur- poses by wheelwrights, machine-makers, ship and boat builders, etc. It is also prized by joiners for its fine grain, and the mahogany color which it readily assumes on the application of an acid. It is reckoned superior to the wood of any other species of elm. The bark is used in dyeing and in sugar-refining, and. in times of scarcity, has been used in Norway for grinding into meal and mixing in bread, which has a less disagreeable taste than that made from meal mixed with fir- bark. The inner bark is used medicinally in cutaneous diseases; it is mucilaginous, and has a bitter, astringent taste. The elm balsam (heaume d'orme) , which was formerly in great repute, is a brownish substance, which is found in dried galls of the elm-leaves in the south of Europe, Persia, etc. From these galls in an earlier stage flows a clear, viscid, sweetish liquid, ■ •ailed dm water (eau d'orme) , which i- used t"i washing wounds, contusions, and sore eyes. The elm is mil' of tin- principal timber-trees of the British Isles, must extensively planted, and a chief ornament "I English scenery. The cork- barked elm, a variety of Ulmus campestris, i^ distinguished by the corky wings of the bark of the branches. It is taller than L'lmus campestris, oi more spreading habit, with much larger leave,, and is a common European tree. The Dutch cork-harked elm is generally considered a variety of Ulmus campestris. it has a still more corky bark, still larger leaves, is of very quick growth. but its wood i, very inferior. The broad leaved or wyeh elm (Ulmus montana) , a tree of verj quick growth, is the only species that can with certainty be regarded a- indigenous to Scotland. It has rough, broad leaves, a stem less upright than that of the English elm, and large, spreading branches. The wood is used for all the purposes of the English elm. Protuberances of gnarled wood are not infrequently produced, which are finely knotted and richly veined; they are much esteemed for veneering, and are sometime, very valuable. Varieties of this species are known as the giant elm and Chichester elm. The smooth-leaved elm (Ulmus montana) a native of Europe, is distinguished by much smaller leaves and is by some regarded as a variety. A variety called the Huntingdon elm is much esteemed. The Cornish elm ( Ulin us stricta ) , now considered a form of Ulmus campestris. found in the south- west of England, is remarkable for its rigid. erect, and compact branches. Ulmus peduncu- lata, a Continental species with a large spreading head and smooth bark, is distinguished also by the long stalk of its flowers and its ciliated fruit. The American or white elm (Ulmus Americana), which attains its loftiest stature be- tween latitudes 42° and 46° N.. is a magnificent tree, sometimes 120 feet in height. The trunk leaches 60 or 70 feet before it separates into branches, and the widely diffused pendulous branches float gracefully in the air. It is one of the finest street and park trees. In New England it is highly prized for this purpose. There are a number of famous elm-trees, among them the 'Washington elm,' at Cambridge, Mass. The timber is used for agricultural implement-, wagon-hubs, saddle-trees, and cooperage. The red or slippery elm {Ulmus fulra) is also com- mon in the basin of the Mississippi as far south as latitude 30°. and in western Canada and New- England. It attains a height of 50 or 60 feet. The wood is more valuable than that of the white elm, but inferior to the English elm. The leaves and bark yield an abundant mucilage, which is bland and demulcent, and esteemed a valuable remedy in catarrh, dysentery, and other complaints. The wahoo or winged elm (Ulmus alata) is a small tree, found from latitude 37 7 to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas, remarkable for the branches being furnished on two opposite sides with wings of cork. The wood is fine- grained, compact, and heavy. The corky white elm (Ulmus racemosa), a larger species attaining a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 3 feet, ranges from western New England to Minnesota and southward. The wood of this species excels in its strength, toughness, flexibility, and dura- bility. In China is found a species of elm, the
