ESTE. 222 ESTERS. EbCOLE II. (1508-59), married Renata, daughter of Louis XII. of France, and attached himself to Charles V. He and his brother, a dignitary of the Catholic Church, were also liberal patron- of art and sciences ; the latter erected the magnifi- cent Villa d'Este at Tivoli. — Alfonso II. (died 1507i was fonder of luxury and splendor than of art and literature. He it was who persecuted the poet Tasso. He was also an unsuccessful aspirant for the Polish crown. — Alfonso IV., who lived in the latter half of the seventeenth century, was a lover of the fine arts, and found- ed the Este Gallery of Paintings at Modena. His daughter, Mary of .Modena, married James 11. of England. — Rixaldo (1655-1737), by his marriage with the daughter of the Duke of Brunswick- Iji'meburg, united the German and Italian houses, separated since 1070. The male line of the House of Este in Italy became extinct on the death of Ercole III., in 1S03, his posses- sions having been previously seized by the French invaders, and annexed to the Cisalpine Republic. His only daughter married the Archduke Ferdi- nand of Austria. Their eldest son, Francis TV., cousin of the Emperor Francis, was placed on the throne of Modena by the Congress of Vienna, IS 14, and on his mother's death obtained the duchies of Massa and Carrara. He was succeeded by his son, Francis V.. in 184(5. The family of Este was pro-Austrian in sympathy, the result of which proved fatal. In 1850 Charles V. was forced to resign his territories to Victor Emmanuel. He died in retirement in 1875, the last representative of the Este family, the title passing to the Arch- duke Francis Ferdinand, nephew of the Emperor Francis Joseph. A History of the House of Este was published anonymously in London in 1681. Consult also: Symonds, The Renaissance in Hull/ (London. 1875-86); Browning, Quelfs "ml Ghibellines (London, 1893); Sismondi, Italian Republics, Eng. translation (London, 1832) ; Cis- cato, Storia d'Este dalle origimi «l 1889 (Este, 1890); Campori and Solerti, Luigi, Lucrezia e Leonora d'Este (Turin. 1888); Solerti. Frrrara e In corte estense (Caatello, 1801). ESTEBANEZ-CALDERON, es'ta'-ba naz-kal- de-rdn', Don Serakin (1799-1867). A Spanish writer, born in Malaga. In 1S34, during the first Carlist War. he was appointed Auditor- General of the Legitimist Arm of the North. From 1834 to ls;;n he was Jefe-PoKtico (or president) of LegroSo, and in ls:;s occupied a similar post at Seville. Subsequently be served repeatedly as Deputy, and from L856 was a mem- ber of the Council of State, lb' was a studenl of Arabic and of literary and political history. His library, a valuable collection of rare ami impor- tant works, was acquired by the National Library of Madrid. His poems, written under the pseu- donym l.l Bolitario (The Hermit'), are formal imitations of the (lassie manner of Spanish verse, and of slight value. The Escenas Andaluzas (1847), his best work, is picturesque, with fre- quent touche of humor, and valuable as a record of cu ■ i largely obsolete. ESTELLA. I stftlya. A town in the Province of Navarn ituated on the Rio Ega, about 25 miles southwest of Pamplona (Map: Spain D 1). Tt has a picturesque situation and one of iderable military importance, is well built, lid contain ng churches. The town is sur- rounded by a fertile region, and is a place of some trade and manufactures. Population, in 1001, 57titi. Estella is a town of great antiquity, perhaps the ancient Gebala. It played a promi- nent part in the Carlist uprisings. In 1835 the Carlists took possession of the town, and here in L839 occurred the execution by the Carlist leader Maroto of five brother generals. During 1873- 76 Estella was the main stronghold of Don Car- los, and was the scene of several conflicts. Its surrender in February. 1876, occasioned a com- plete downfall of the Pretender's cause. ESTEPA, a-sta'pa. A town in the Province of S.ville. Spain, situated in a hill}- region, about 60 miles east of the city of Seville (Map: Spain, C 4) . It has broad and level streets and is de- fended by an old Moorish castle. The parish church of Santa Maria la Mayor is an imposing structure in Gothic style with three naves. The chief industries are agriculture and stock-raising, and the manufacture of oil, soap, etc. There are jasper-quarries in the vicinity. Population, in 1001, 8773. Estepa is identified with the ancient Astapa, which became celebrated in the Second Punic War. After an heroic resistance against the Roman besiegers, its inhabitants chose death by fire rather than surrender. The Romans subsequently colonized the place. In 1240 it was recovered from the Moors by Ferdi- nand III. ESTEPONA, fi'sta-po'na. A maritime town in the Province of Malaga, Spain, on the Mediter- ranean, about 25 miles northeast of Gibraltar (Map: Spain. C 4). It is laid out with gen- erally wide but sloping streets, and has a parish church, dating from 1474. which is in ruins. The town is in a fertile region, producing grain, wine, fruits, and vegetables, and has considerable coast- ing trade, though the harbor lacks shipping facili- ties. There are also fisheries and fish-curing in- terests, and manufactures of liquors, leather, rope, corks, brick, and tile. A lighthouse stands on the Punta de la Doncella, near by. Popula- tion, in 1901, 9397. ESTERHAZY, es'ler-ha'zl. See Eszterhazy. ES'TERS (arbitrary variant of ether), or Ethereal Salts, sometimes inaptly spoken of as 'compound ethers.' A class of carbon compounds formed by the union of acids and alcohols, just as the metallic salts of inorganic chemistry are formed by the union of acids and metallic hydrox- ides. Thus, when ordinary alcohol (ethyl hy- droxide) and strong hydrochloric acid are mixed together and heated, they combine according to the following equation: C ,11, Oil + TTC1 = C,H 5 C1 + H,0 Ethyl alcohol Hydrochloric Ethyl chloride Water acid (an ester) Similarly, potassium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid combine into the salt called potassium chlo- ride, as follows: KOII + ITC1 = KC1 + H,0 Potassium Hydrochloric Potassium Water hydroxide acid chloride By analogous reactions the ester called rllnil nitrate may be obtained from ordinary alcohol and nitric acid; the ester called ethyl acetate, from ordinary alcohol ami acetic acid, etc. Another method of preparing esters, often used in the ease of organic acids, is to employ not the aeid itself, but its chloride. Thus, ethyl acetic ester (ethyl acetate) may be prepared by the ael ion of ordinary alcohol upon acetyl chloride,
