ETHNOLOGY. 251 ETHNOLOGY. One of the most important classifie concepts of etlnit>l>«^; ' s speech, so that mankind have'long been divided into families by their methods of expressing their minds. Languages and dialects each having a name have been classified for all the continents. The magnitude of the debt of the ethnologist to the comparative linguist is evident from the fact that mosl so-called eth- nological atlases have a linguistic basis. Another culture concept i- derived from asso- ciation of human beings in the ends of life. Its full consideration would lead to sociology in its widest sense. Here only ethnic sociology is in mind — the family among peoples, cooperative endeavor among peoples, government, custom, .■ducat ion, and charity among peoples. _ Here monogamy prevails, there polygamy, and in Aus- tralia a woman is the assigned wife of one man and the accessory wife of his clan brothers. Here is a vast empire, there a tribe, and all culture grades of the past surviving in the present — the state of savagery, stage of maternal kinship; the state of barbarism, stage of paternal kinship; state of civilization, stage of territorial law; state of enlightenment, stage of citizenship. Again, the science of comparative religion has a place for ethnology. After defining its terms, tracing each element of creed and cult to its logical sources, ethnology attempts to solve the problem how the white races, the brown races, the black races treat these themes. For example, taking the Greek pantheon as the climax of poly- theism, the task is to find the corresponding no- tion to each of its gods and ceremonies among the Teutonic, Celtic, and Mediterranean peoples, and passing outward and downward even to the low- est races, to account for many absurdities in the higher religions. Most conscientious efforts have been made to arrive at a thoroughly scientific classification of mankind. In point of fact the naming of animal species becomes more difficult as the number of specimens examined increases. The history of the earlier efforts will be found in Topinard; a few of the latest are here given to make the series complete. Great care has to be exercised A. WOOLLY HAIR, BROAD NOSE yellow skin, steatopygous, short stature, dolichocephalic. Dark skin . Reddish-brown, very short stature, sub-brachycephalic or sub-dolichocephalic. Black, stature tall, dolichocephalic. Brownish-black, medium stature, dolichocephalic. not to confound blood with speech, arts, social si ruei ure, or any oi her concept . .1. !•'. Blumenbach i 1752 1840), on p ii. ;ii history characteristics, made five sub species, varieties, or types "t mankind: I ea ion, Mongolian, Ethiopian, tf ofay, and Lmeri can. These have been further reduced in number by de Quatrefages to the three subspecies: Cau casian, or white trunk, 700,000,000; Mongolian. or yellow trunk (Mongol, Malay, American), 650,000,000; Negroid, or Ethiopian trunk, 230,- 000,000 — total mankind. L,580,000,l Friedi Miiller took the texture of the hair as his chief concept, making two divisions of mankind: Smooth Hath (Sehlichthaarige) and Woolly iimk (Wollhaarige) ; and four subdivisions: Wavy hair (Lockenhaarige), Mediterranean, Nu- bian and Dravidian race; Straight hair (Straff- haarige), Mongolian, Malayan, American, Hy- perborean, and Australian race; Woolly hair (BUschelhaarige), Kaffirs and African Negro race; Tufted hair (Vliesshaarige), Papuan and Hottentot race. Huxley used this concept under two divisions: Leiotriehes, or smooth hair, and ITotriches. or woolly hair. Of the former are (1) Australoids; (2) Mongoloids; (3) Xanthochroi (blonds i . and Melanochroi (brunettes) ; all the remainder of mankind are woolly-haired. Haeckel, who was a polygenist, adopted Miil- ler'-. four main divisions, based on the character of the hair, making 12 species and .37 races. The tendency of late years is to classify the species on anatomical characters, using stature and cranial measurements aided by anthropo- metiic data gathered from the living. Topinard adopts the nasal index; Flower, the jaw : Welcker and many others, the ratio of the width to the length of the skull, which is found by multiplying the width by 100 and dividing by the length, so that width X 100 length cranial index of the skull, or cephalic index in the ease of the living. RACES AND SUB-RACKS ( Bushmen (sub - races Hottentots and Bushmen). Negrito (sub-races Negrillo and Negrito). Dark skin B. CURLY OR WAVY HAIR ' Reddish-brown, narrow nose, tall stature, dolichoceph- 1 alic. I Chocolate-brown, broad nose, medium stature, dolicho- cephalic Brownish-black, broad or narrow nose, short stature, 1 dolichocephalic. ] Skin of a tawny white, nose narrow, hooked, with thick top, brachycephalic. C. WAVY BROWN OR BLACK HAIR, DARK EYES Clear brown skin, black hair, narrow, straight or convex nose, tall stature, 1 dolichocephalic. 1 Tawny f Tall 1 Aquiline nose, prominent occiput, dolichocephalic, White skin, I stature, 1 elliptical form of face. black -I elongated [Straight, coarse nose, dolichocephalic, square face. hair face I Straight, fine nose, mesocephalic, oval face. I Short stature, dolichocephalic. Dull white skin, f Short, stature, strongly brachycephalic, round face, brown hair I Tall stature, brachycephalic, elongated face. D. FAIR, WAVY OR STRAIGHT HAIR, LIGHT EYES Somewhat wavy, reddish; tall stature, dolichocephalic. Somewhat straight, flaxen haired, short stature, sub-brachycephalic. Vol. VII.— 17. Negro (sub-races Nigritian and Bantu). ( Melanesian (sub-races Papuan and Mela- | nesian). Ethiopian. Australian. Draridian (sub-races Platyrhine and Lep- torhine). Assyrioid. Indo-Afghan. Arab or Semite. Berber (4 sub-races). Littoral European. Jhero-insular. Western European. Adriatic. Xortltern European. Eastern European.
