EVREUX. 336 EWELL. It is a composite of various styles of architecture, one of the most interesting features being the north portal built in the flamboyant style of the sixteenth century. The other buildings of note are the Abbey Church of Saint Taurin, originally built over the tomb of Saint Taurin. the first Bishop of Evreux, and having a shrine executed in the thirteenth cen- tury, which once contained his relics; the bishop's palace, built in 14S4; and the Tour de l'Horloge (clock-tower) of the same century. Evreux has two theological seminaries, a lycee, a library and a small museum situated in the town hall, and containing numerous relics found in the vicinity of Evreux. The manufacturing establishments include linen-mills, foundries, and breweries. Population, of commune, 1901, 18,292. Evreux was taken by Clovis from the Romans; was sacked and plundered in 892 by the Northmen under Rollo; was burned by Henry I. of Eng- land in 1119; and in 1194 and again in 1199 was captured by Philip Augustus, King of France. It was frequently taken and retaken in the wars of the fifteenth century between France and Eng- land. Vieil Evreux (Old Evreux), a village near Evreux, is the site of ancient Mediolanum and has remains of a theatre, an aqueduct, and forti- fications. Population, in 1901, 275. EWALD, a'valt, Georg Hetnbich August von (1803-75). A German Orientalist and theolo- gian. He was born and educated at GSttingen, and in 1823 was appointed instructor in the gymna- sium of Wolfenbiittel. In the following year he was made lecturer in the theological faculty of Giittingen, and three years later he became pro- fessor extraordinarius of Oriental languages. His full professorship was granted him in 1831. Hav- ing become involved, together with the brothers Grimm, Dahlmann, Gervinus, Albrecht, and Weber, in the protest against the abrogation of the Constitution which the King of Hanover had been obliged to grant in 1830, Ewald was re- moved from his professorship in 1837. He went in the following year to Tubingen as professor in the philosophical faculty, from which he changed in 1841 to the theological. Here, how- ever, he became involved in controversies with the Catholics, Hegelians, and Pietists. He left Tiibingen after having been ennobled by the King of YViirttemberg. and was reinstated in his old position at Giittingen in 1848. For many years, in addition to his professorial duties. Ewald was engaged in active support of the movement for Protestant reform in Germany. After Hanover was annexed to Prussia, in Octo- ber, 1866, his loyalty to the dethroned dynasty caused him to refuse to take the oath « if alle- giance to the King of Prussia. As a result of this decision, and of certain expressions of opin- ion, he was removed from his position, and pensioned in 1868. Ewald represented repeatedly the city of Hanover as a member of the Guelph faction in the North German and German Diets. ild wielded an immense influence as a ilai and his learning was profound. His work was, however, marred by his dogmatic and controversial spirit. His writings, excepting his expn on political subjects, which were merely temporary in their interest, were almost entirely on the Old and New Testaments and on Arabic imong his importnnl contributions to Hebrew philology and ti logj may be named his Ausfiihrliches Lehrbuch der hebraischen Sprache (8th ed. 1870) ; Hebriiisehu X praehlehre fur Anfanger (4th ed. 1874); Oeschichtt des Volkes Israel (7 vols., 3d ed., 1864-70) ; Die .11- tertiimer des Volkes Israel (3d ed. 1866) ; and Die Lehre der Bibel von Gott odcr Theologie des nil: ii mill iii in)i Bundes (4 vols., 1871-78). Of Ewald's treatises on other Semitic languages, t lie principal ones are: Grammatica Gritica Linguw ArabiccB (2 vols., 1831-331 ; Abhandlung iib< r des iithiopischen Bitches Hendkh Entstehung (1854) ; Ueber die phonikisehen Ansichten von der Welt- schopfung und den geschichtlichen Wert San- ehuniathons (1857). Of a more miscellaneous character are his Sprachwissenschaftliche Ab- liaiiillunfien (3 parts, 18(31-71); Verzeichniss der orientalischen Handschriften der Universi- tatsbibliothek zu Tiibingen (1839); Ueber einige altere Sanskritmetra (1827). Ewald was also the founder (1837) and one of the editors of the Zcitschrift fiir die. Kunde des Morgenlandes as well as of the Jahrbiieher der biblischen Wis- senschaft (1849-65). EWBANK, u'bank. Thomas (1792-1870). An American scientist and writer. He was born in Durham, England, but emigrated to America about 1819, and from 1820 to 1836 was engaged in the manufacture of metallic tubing. From 1849 until 1852 he was United States Commissioner of Patents. Among his many publications are: A Descriptive and Historical Account of Hydraulic and Other Machines. Ancient and Modern (1842; 15th ed. 1863) : The World a Workshop, or the Physical Relation of Man to the Earth (1855); Thoughts on Matter and Force (1858); and Reminiscences in the Patent Office (1859). EWE. A speech group of pagan negro peo- ples on the slave coast of Africa in Dahomey and Togoland. Keane gives the following list of peoples speaking dialects of Ewe: Ainina, Avenor, and Ataklu, 45 miles inland on the Volta ; Agbosimi, and Aflao, coast from Volta to Togoland ; Krikor, north of Aflao ; Togo, coast of Togoland; dug. Porto Seguro and Little Popo. Great Popo, between Little Popo and Whydah; Dahoman, inland between Great Popo and Kotonu; Eueini. north of Kotonu ; Fra and Ippi, from Kotonu to Yoruba frontier; Anfueh, Krepe, and Ewe- A no. Togoland: Mahi (Makki). Affak- piimi, Aja, north and west of Dahoman. See Keane. in Stanford's Africa, vol. i. (London, 1895). EWELL, u'cl, Benjamin Stoddert (1810-94). An American educator. He was born in Wash- ington, D. C, and was educated at West Point, where, after graduating in 1832. lie was an in- structor in mathematics until 1830. After three years as assistant engineer of the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad he became professor of mat hematics at Hampden-Sidney College. Vir ginia, remaining there until 1S40, and from IS It'. to 1848 he held a similar position at Washing- ton University, Lexington, Ya. In the latter year began his long connection with William and Mary College, which ended only with his death. First elected (■■ the chair of mathematics, he became president in ls."it. a position which he held until 1888, save for the interval of the Civil War. in which he served in the Confederate army ns colonel of a Virginia regiment, and ns adju- tant-general "ii the staff of Gen. Joseph 10. John-
