FLOWERS AND INSECTS. 76 FLUCKIGER. flower-visiting forms, in the Paleozoii agi there were, so far a^ yet known, no Sowei moths, flies, ants, or bees. The flrsl flowerin plant, tlic screw pine, appeared in the Permi Imii it- fiowei - were gri enish and i n ipii u Early in the Meso n ore modem pL appeared, and by this time the most primi beetles, moths, and hymenopterans probabl; arc i although the traces d rered in • • Bui at i he opening of t he Upper Cretai forests of deciduous i ilothed the uplands, while in the jungles, in the plains, and in the openings of the forests true fiowei al tided, since fossil composite bl i like the sun- flower, occur in the Upper < retaceou da New Jersey. Now, the remains of moths, butter ilii's. many Hies, ants, and bees abound in the Middle Tertiary, and undoubtedly their forerun- ners existed in the Cretaceous, justified in assuming thai flowers and the insects which visit them were nearly simultaneously brought into existence, and from all that has been said it is a reasonable th 3 to advance that the forms of flower-visiting insect, were the result of the presence of flowers, and thai dowers have been modified from small greenish forms of inflorescence into the beautiful creations which now deck the fields and adorn our garden Bibliography. Darwin. Forms 0/ Flowers (London, 1877) ; Kerner, Flowers and Th ii bidden Guests (London, 1878) ; H. Miiller, The Fertilization of Flowers, translation by Thomp- son (London, 188."!): Henslow, The Origin of Floral Structures, Through Insect and Other Agencies (2d ed., New lork, lx!). 1 !) ; Coulter, Plant Relations (New York, 1899). FLOWERY KINGDOM, The. A name for China. FLOW STRUCTURE. See Igneous Rocks. FLOX iE'RIS (Lat., (lower of copper, from phlox, Gk. (/>X6£, flame, flower, from ipXtyuv, phle- gem, to blaze, and aes, copper). A term applied by the older writers on chemistry to the finely divided powder obtained by pouring water on the surface of freshly melted copper, and consisting of the red (cuprous) oxide of copper. FLOYD, John BuCHANAH (1807-63). An American politician and Confederate leader. born at Blacksburg, Va. lie graduated at the College of South Carolina in 1826, studied law, and practiced his profession at Helena, Ark., from 1836 to 1830, when he returned to his native State and continued his practice in Wash- ington County. In 1847-49 he served in the Vir- ginia State Legislature, and in 1850 was chosen Governor of the State, in which capacity he advocated the laying of a tax on the products of States which would not deliver up fugitive slaves owned in Virginia. President Buchanan ap- pointed him Secretary of War in 1857. Here his extraordinary incapacity for an executive office was lost sight of in the more serious grievances arising' out of his relations with the leaders of the secession movement. Early in 1858 he began a rather questionable practio accepting drafts from a firm of Government con- tractors in anticipation of their earnings. In December, 18(10, Floyd, whose resignation had been requested by the President, retired from the Cabinet. After the war began he was commis sioned a brigadier-general in the Confederate ser Vol. VII. — 49.
ice, conn. landed i • ,, , . .1
in western Virginia |j n g When it wa deal capitulation was inei itabli her « ith Pillow, his sec I in command, and left Genei nder to Gi ami Pom : , .. .] 1 ommand. 1895) ; < r iv. ford. Q, ,,. w STork, 1887) ; T f< di rati < h and Bay, / FLOYD, Wii.i.iam (1734-1821). An Ameri- can patriot, one of i of the Declaration of Independence, horn in Suffolk County, . V. On the approach of the Revolutionary War he ified himself with the Patriol partj . and in September, 1774, wa a delegate to the first ( ontinentftl Congress. Ei was subsequently a membei of the Continental Coi to 1777, and again from 177s to 1783 Male Senator fr 1777 to 1788, and iron, 1. . 9 1 was a member of the first 1 der i he Federal 1 lonstil u1 ion. In 1 7'. 1 i hi - to Oneida County, then on the frontier; in 1801 v .1 - a member oi 1 he State I lonsl ii irl ional Convention; and in 180s was again elected the State Senate. Consult: sketch. ight, Signers of the Declaration of Tndept ed., New York. 1895 1 : Sa of the Signers to th* Declaration of Independence (Philadelphia, 18281: and an article in I Magazine of American History, vol. j.( New York, 1877). FLOY'ER. Sir .Iiiiin (1649-1734). .i Eng- lish physician and scholar, born at Lichfield. ' lie got his education at Queen's College, Oxford, and was knighted about 1686. He invented the pulse-watch, and his work on asthma was im- portant, as it gives the G iption of em- physema of the lungs. His work- on other subjects than those mentioned include: The hstone of Medicines (1687-90); Pret natural State of the Animal Humors The Sibylline Oi 1713) ; A 1 the Sibyllim Orach s (1715) Creation and on thr Mosau 1 1717 ; Medicina Oeronomica (1724); and A < /•ii Forty-two Histories Described by Hippocrates in his Epidemics' (17 FLUCKIGER, fluk'e-ger, Fbiedbiob August ( 1828-94 1 . A ( ierniau plia n 'I He was horn at Langenthal, Switzerland, and 1 educated at Berlin, Bern, Geneva, and Heidel- berg, lie was president of the Swiss Association of Apothecaries from 1857 to 1866, and professor of pharmacognosy at Bern (1870-73) and Strass- burg 1 1873-92). He was also a member of the commission appointed to revise the pharmacopoeia of the German Empire (1881-88). As a wri also he excite, 1 a far-reaching influence upon the development of the science with which he was so long prominently identified. Among his chief publications may be mentioned: /'/■■ osie des Pfianzenreichs ("<1 ed. 1891); Orundlagen der I ed. 1885); Pharmaco- graphia: A History of the Principal Drugs of table Origin Vet vcith in Great /<r : I British India, with Hanbury (2d ed. 1879);
