FLUCKIGER. 764 Pharmaceutische Chemie (2d ed. 1888); Grund- riss der Pharmakognosie (2d oil. 1S04). FLUDD, Robert (1574-1637). An English physician and mystic philosopher. He was born at Bearsted, Kent, England, was educated at Ox- ford, where he took the master's degree in 1598, and spent six year- in studj and travel on the Continent. Having returned to England, he studied medicine, was admitted to practice in 1006, anil was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians in 1000. While on the Continent he had become interested in scientific experiments and natural philosophy, and maintained a laboratory where he constructed various sorts of odd mechanisms, such as an automatic dragon and a self-playing lyre. Some of his inventions were more useful, and some writers contend that he was the original inventor of the barometer. In 1015 he became interested in the doctrines of the mys- terious fraternity of the Rosicrucians. and wrote in Latin several elaborate vindications and ex- positions of it. He also became a follower of Para- celsus, and attempted to formulate a system of philosophy based on his teachings, and setting forth the identity of physical and spiritual truth. His writings attracted the attention of Kepler, Gassendi, and Mersenne, all of whom considered them of enough importance to demand refutation. Among his published works were: Apologia Com- ix ndiaria, Fraternitatem de Rosea Cruce Abluens (1616) : Tractatus Apologeticus Integritatem So- eietatis de Rosea Cruce defendens (1017) : Trae- tulus Theologophilosophicus, etc. (1017). a trea- tise in three parts, dedicated to the Rosicrucian Fraternity; Veritatis Proscenium (1021), a reply to Kepler; Philosophia Sacra el ~ere Christiana (1629); Sophice cum Maria Certamen, etc. (10211). and Summuui Bom, rum I 1629), both re- plies to Mersenne; Doctor Flu, til's Answer unto M. Foster, or Die Squesing of Parson Foster's Sponge (1631) ; and Philosophia Mosaica (1038; English edition Mosaicall Philosophy, 1658). Consult Waite. The Real History of the Rosicru- cians ( London. 1887) . ■ FLUE, flu'e. Nikolais vox der (1417-87). A Swis- hermit, whose real name was Lowenbrug- ger, born in the Canton of Unterwalden oh dem W'ald. In 1407 he abandoned his family and became a hermit in the Alps. He had great in- fluence among the people, and in 1481. at the Diet of Stans, saved the Confederation by his plea fur union. He was beatified by Clement IX. in 1669, and is the patron of the original Swiss can- tons. Consult: Ming, Der seUge Eremit Vikolaus in, i lliir (Lucerne, 1861-71); Herzog. Bruder Klaus! Bern, lss: I ; and Rochholz. on the legends connected with his name. Die Schweizerlegendi rom Bruder Klaus "»,, Flu, , karau, 1874). FLUELEN, (luVl en ( It. Flora ) . A village of Switzerland in the (anion of I'ri. near the south- ern end 'if Lake Lucerne (Map: Switzerland, C !)■ Population, in 1900, 969. It is an impor- tant military station of the Swis< Republic, and i ii uated a1 the junction of the Axen and Sainl Gotf hard roads. It is also com ted with the more imp. .riant Swi-s cities by rail. FLTJELLEN, lion ,-.|'. n. A disputatious and voluble I. ni pugnacious little officer in Shake eare Henry I IN- -i rong Welsh acceni is i II..- humOrOUS elements of the piece. FLUGGE. FLUGEL, fln'gel. Gustav Lebkecht (1802- 70). A German Orientalist. He was born at Bautzen; Saxony, was educated in theology and philology at Leipzig, and studied Oriental languages at Vienna, and in Paris under De Sacy. From 1832 to 18.30 he was a professor in an academy at Meissen. He published the texi of the Koran which is in most general use in tin- West (1833). Among his other works are an edition of the dictionary of Hadschi-Chalfa, with a Latin translation (1835-58; published at the expense of the London Oriental Society) ; Cone,,' duninc Corani Arabicos (1842); Mani, seine Lehren und seine Schriften (1802); the cata- logue of the Oriental manuscripts at Vienna (1805-07) ; and a Ge&ehichte der Araber ils4(j). FLUGEL, Johaxx Gottfried (1788-1855). A German lexicographer, born at Barby, Saxony. He was for a time a merchant, and in 1810 emi- grated to America, where he made a special study of the English language. Returning to Germany in 18111, lie was in 1824 appointed professor of English in the University of Leipzig. In 183S he became American consul at Leipzig, and in later years was German representative and cor- respondent of many literary and scientific insti- tutions of the United States. His reputation rests chiefly on his Vollstandiges englisch-dt utscht ■, und deutsch-englisches Wbrterbuch (1830). Trig- lotte, oder kaufmunuiselics Worterbuch in drei Sprachen: deutscA, englisch und franeosisch (1830-40) enjoyed a lesser reputation. FLUGEL, Otto ( 1842- ) . A German philoso- pher, born at Liitzen. He studied at Schulpforta and Halle, and became pastor of the Evangelical Church at Wansleben, near Halle. He took Zil- ler's place as editor, with Allihn, of the Y.i it- schrifl fur exude Philosophie im Sinne des in in n n philosophischen Realismus, and in 1894 founded, with Rein, the Zeitschrift fur Philoso- phie unit P&dagogik. His philosophic position supports Hcrbartian realism, as opposed to Neo- Kantian tenets; but in theology he holds that revelation is necessary to give certitude to the mere probabilities about a first cause, to which philosophy leads. His writings, outside of con- tributions to the periodicals mentioned, are: Der Malerialismus emu Standpunkte der atomis- lisoh-mechanischen Vaturforschung (1,805): Das Wunder und <Ue Erkennbarkeit Unties (1869); Die Probleme der Philosophie ami Hire Lbsungen, historisch-kritisch 'dargestcllt (3d ed. 1802) ; Die Seelenfraye (2d ed. 1888); Die speculative The- ■ logie der Gegenwart (2d ed. lsss i ; Ueber ilas Scelenleben der Thiere 1 2d ed. 1886); Dos Teh und die sittliche Idee im Leben .'. r Volker (2d e.l. lsss I: Ritsilils pliilnsophixche Ansichten (2d ed. 1892) ; Die Sittenlehre Jesu 1 3.1 ed. 1892) : and Ueber die personliche Onsterblichkeii (2d ed. 1892). FLUGELHORN, flu'gel horn (Cer.. wing- horn i . The German mime for instruments of I lie bugle family. The flugelhom formerly used in the German rm was built in the keys of Kb. D, I'. Bb, and A. It is now entirely replaced by the cornet. Meyerbeer employs the lliigelhorn in his Robert /. Diable. See Bugle. FLUGGE, flu'ge, k vi; , (1847—). A German ii nist, lie was born at Hanover, and studied licine al GSttingen, Bonn, Leipzig, and Munich, lie was a lecturer ••> Berlin from
