HERFORD. 816 HERING. tated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and in Ger- many. He was appointed professor of English language and literature at University College, Aberystwyth, Wales, in 1887: lectured at Oxford in 1897, at Baltimore and Chicago in 1900, and elsewhere. In 1885 he founded the English Goethe Society. Ripe and painstaking scholar- 'ship appears in his contributions to the Diction- ary of Xatioiial Iliofimphii, in his Studies in the Literary Relations of Knylund and Get many in the Sixteenth Centiirii ( 1886) , and Age of Words- worth (1897). ITif inteiest in Scandinavian lit- erature led him to sever.al translations, among which are Ibsen's Brand in the original metres (1893), and Lore's Comedy (1900). He also edited the "Eversley" Shakespeare in 1902. HERGENROTHER, her'gen-re'ter, Jcseph (1824-90). A Catholic theologian of Bavaria. He was born at Wiirzburg, and studied theology (here and in Rome. He became a priest in 1848, instructor at Munich in 18.5.5, and in 18.52 pro- fessor of Church law and history at Wiirzburg. In 1868 Pius IX. made him a member of the canonical commission for the Vatican Council. He is best known for his Anti-Jauiis (1870), an answer to Bollinger's Jnniis, and the Kritik der run Dollingerschen LrkUininr/ vnin iS. Miirz 1S7J (1871), in which he defended the doctrine pf the Pope's infallibility. He was made a car- dinal in 1879. His historical works are: Der Kirchenstaat seit der franziisischen Revolution (1860); Photius, patrinrch von Konstaniinopel (1867-69) : Katholische Kirche und ChristUcher Staat in ihrer iieschichtlichen Enticiekelung und in Beziehunci anf die Prapen der Gegenwart (1872-76); Handhiieh der nllgemeinen Kirchen- geschichte (last cd. 188486) ; Kardinal Maury (1878) ; Ahriss der Papstgeschichte (1879) ; and Leonis X.. Pontifieis Maximi. Regesta (1884-91). Consult: Steiner. "Kardinal Hergenrijther," in Episkopat der Gegenwart (Wiirzburg, 1876) ; and Stamminger. Zum Gediichtnisse ICardinal Ber- genrothers (Freiburg, 1892), HER HOR, her hfir, or Smendes. An Egyp- tian Kin?, of the twelfth century B.C., founder of the Twenty-first D,-nasty, originally chief priest of Amnion. He built much at Karnak, and it was he who stored away the royal mum- mies discovered by Bnigsch Bey in 1881, H^RICART-FERRAND, a're'kiir' f.^'raN', Louis Etiesne Fr. cois, Vicomte de Thury (1776-1854). A French engineer and agricul- turist, born in Paris, and educated there, at the School of Mines. From 1809 to 1830 he was inspector-general of quarries, and for the last seven years of this period was director of works. In agricuHure he made a special studv of irriga- tion.' He was a Deputy in 1815-27, and in 1824 was elected to the Academy of Sciences. Besides contributions to the ■Journal des Mines (1799- 1815), to the Annales des Mines, and to the An- nates de la Society d'Eortieiilture, his principal works were: Descriptions des catacomies de Paris (1815) : Cemsiderntions stir les puits fords (2d ed. ^829) ; and Dh dessfchement des terres cul- tirahles (1831). HERICAULT. .I're'k.V (De Eicaxtlt), Charles Jo.sEPH (1823 — ). A French historian and romancer, born at Boulogne-snr-Mer. He began his literary career by writing for the Rerue des Deux Mondes and other journals, and for seven years (1883-90) he conducted one he nad himself founded, the Revue de la Revolution. His novels include: La fille aux hleuets (1860) ; Vn gentilhoniine catholique (1863); La reine sau- raye (1869) ; Les cousins de Xonnaiidic (1874) ; Le premier amour de lord Saint-.ilhans (1879) ; Le dernier amour de lord Saint-.Albans (1879) ; and Aventures de deux Parisiennes pendant la, Terreur (1881); while the best of historical work is to be found in Origine de I'epopee fran- Caise et son histoire au moyen age (1860) ; La France guerriere (1867) : Bistoirc nutionale des naufrages et aventures de nier (1870); Ther- midor, Paris en 179^ (1872): La Revolution, ]7S9-1SS:1 (1882). He also edited the works of (Jringoire, Clement Marot, and Charles d'Orleans. HERING, ha'rtng, Coxstantin (1800-80). A German-American physician. He was born in Oschatz. Saxony: studied medicine and surgery at Leipzig. Wiirzburg, and Dresden, and soon af- terwards became a convert to homeopathy. In i833 he emigi'atcd to America, and settled in Philadelphia, where he founded the first Ameri- can homeopathic school, and from 1845 to 1860 was professor of the institutes of medicine and materia medica in that institution. He was the editor of several homeopathic magazines, and published a number of hooks, including: Rise and Progress of Homceopathy (1834); Effects of Snake Poison (1837); and Guiding Symptoms und Analytical Therapeutics (1875). HERING, EWALD (1834—). A German psy- chologist and physiologist. He w-as born at Alt-Gersdorf in Saxony, on August 5, 1834; prac- ticed medicine in Leipzig in 1860. and became docent in physiology at the university there in 1862. Three years later he was appointed pro- fessor of physiology at the medico-surgical Jo- sephs-Akadeniie, Vienna, From 1870 to 1895 he occupied a similar position at the German University at Prague, and in 1895 he was called to Leipzig. Hering's publications are many of tlicm of unusual scientific merit and importance. Best known are: Beitrage zur Physiologie (1861): Die Lehre rom binocularen Sehen (1868): Ueher das Geddchtnis ah eine allge- meine Funkiion der organisierten Materie (1870; Eng. trans.. On Memory as a General Function of Organized Matter, 1897) ; Grundziige einer Theorie des Temperatursinnes (1877) ; Zur Lehre rom Lichtsinne (1878): "Raumsinn des Auges — Augenbewegungen" (1879), "Temiieratursinn" (1880), both in Hermann, Bandbuch der Physio- logic; Ueber Neivtons Geseiz der Farhenmi- schung (1887): Zur Theorie der Xerrenthdtig- keit (1899). Hering has won a high place among psychol- ogists by his contributions to psychophysics. His name is especially associated with four features of this science, by ( 1 ) his investigations into visual space perception, hcrein he argued for the nativistic or physiological theory against the 'empiristic' position of Helmholtz; (2) his treatise on memory as a general function of or- ganized matter; (3) his attack upon Fechner's 'fundamental law of psychophysics,' otherwise known as 'Weber's law:' and (4) his theory of color vision, which stands out in sharp rivalry with that of Helmholtz. Xearly all subsequent theories may be regarded as improvements upon, or modifications of. these two theories. Hering's cardinal postulates are: (1) An independent brightness process (grays) ; (2) a paired ar-
