HIPPOLYTUS. is a saint in the Roman calendar, and his day is August 13th. He was a voluminous author, but his works are now known only by fragments. Of these the most interesting is the so-called J'hilowijhoiimoiii, formerly attributed to Origen, but no« thought to be the first book of a work by Hippolytus, The Refutation of All the Heresies. >A manuscript giving books iv.-x.. previously un- known, was discovered at Mount Athos in 1842. In them Hippolytus gave personal details which threw new light upon his life. It was first printed in its entirety by Emmanuel Miller (0.x- ford. ISoI ) . who. however, attributed it to Origen. Baron Bunsen was the first ( 1852) to assign it to Hippolytus. Hippolytus's works are given in Migne, Patrol. (Jrwca, x., and much better by Bonwetsch and Archelis (Leipzig, 1897 sqq. ); they are translated in Ante-yiceiie Fathers, v. Consult Neumann, Hippohitus ron Rom in seiner ateniitifi ;» Ulaat unit Welt (Leipzig, 1901). HIPPOMANE, hip-pOm'ane. See 1LNCUI- >KEL. HIPPOM'EDON (Lat., from Gk. iTriro/n^Sav). In Greek mythologj'. the son of Aristomachus of Argos. and one of the seven leaders in the expe- dition against Thebes in which he was killed by Ismarus. HIPPOM'ENES (Lat.. from Gk. 'Ittttoai^itjs). The son of Magareus and descendant of Posei- don. He was the lover of the Boeotian <lauisel Atalanta. and won lier, with Aphrodite's help, by surjiassing her in the foot-race in which all suitors were obliged to take part. See Atal.xta. HIPPCNAX (Lat.. from Gk.'IirTrwraf). A Greek poet of the sixth century B.C. : after Archi- lochus and Simonides, the third of the great iambic poets of Greece. Expelled from Ephesus about B.C. 542 by the tjTant Athenagoras, he took refuge in Clazomenic. There his deformed figure and malicious disposition exposed him to the caricature of the Chian sculptors Bupalus and Athenis; but he revenged himself by issuing against them a series of such bitter satires that tradition says they hanged themselves. These are in thought and execution inferior to the similar works of his predecessor. Archilochus. His coarseness of thought and feeling, hi^ rude vocabulary, his want of charm and taste, and his numerous allusions to matters of merely local interest, make him a unique figure in Greek lit- erature. He invented epic parody, and the four opening lines of a parody on the Ilin'l have lieen preserved in Athencpiis (p. 698f.). He also in- vented the cholianibic or Hipponactean measure, in which a trochee or spondee is substituted for the filial iambus in an iambic trimeter. The fragments of his poems are edited by Bergk, I'ortrr l.iirici (Irrrci, vol. ii. (Leipzig. 1900). HIPPOPH'AGT (from Gk. /Vrocjri; or, hip. pophnqos, horse-eating, from iTTTrot. hippos, horse + iiayflv, phagein. to ent) . The eating of horse- flesh. That semi-civilized nations eat horse-flesh is well known. In S]iain a banquet comprising roasted horse-flesh among the viands is given at the present day. In 1855 and 1856 there was a good deal of discussion in Pari'< relative to the formal in- troduction of horse-flesh into the meat-markets, and some of the more enthusiastic advocates of the plan formed themselves into a society. Trench skill was exercised abundantly in dis- 95 HIPPOPOTAMUS. guising the somewhat coarse taste and odor of horse-tiesh. In 1800 there was official recognition of the introduction of this kind of food into the market, under such restrictions as were deemed suitable. The prefect of the Seine issued an ordinance in June of that year, recognizing horse-llesh as human food, establishing sjwcial slaughter- houses or abattoirs for slaying horses under specific regulations. The animals were to be killed by those specially appointed in presence of a veterinary inspector, who was also to stamp or seal every joint of meat after inspection. All restaurateurs who used horse-flesh were to ac- quaint their customers with the fact. During the French International Exhibition of 1807 some of the humbler restaurants of Paris made great use of horse-flesh ; and during the siege of Paris, in 1870-71. horse-flesh was extensively used as food. At the present time the eating of horse-flesh is not at all uncommon in Euro- pean countries. It is very largely employed in the manufacture of sausages, and in Paris alone there are at least 193 places where the meat of horses, mules, and donkeys is for sale. The ob- jection to the use of good horse-flesh for food is wholly sentimental, and its cheap price, six to ten cents per pound, is of great advantage for the poorer classes. j HIP'POPOT'AMTJS (Lat., from Gk.iTr^oTriro- uos, hippopotamos, river-horse, from I'ttttos, hip- pos, horse -t- irora^j, potanios. ri^er). A huge, thick-skinned, almost aquatic, kind of mammal of tropical Africa, two living and many fossil species of which constitute the family Hippo- potamidie. This family is closely allied to the swine, and it would be more nearly accurate to call them 'river-hogs' rather than 'river-horses.' They difl'er Jrom the swine and peccaries, how- ever, in having a broad rounded muzzle, with the nostrils superior and no trace of a terminal disk I see .Swixe) : in having all the toes touch the ground and nearly equal in size; in the con- tinual growth of the lower incisor teeth ; and in other anatomical details. The family seems al- ways to have been confined to the Old World : but remains of various species have been found in the Upper Tertiary rocks of Burma and Algeria, and others, nearer the modern ty]ie, in the Plio- cene and later formations of India and of South- ern Europe. Within the historic period, at least, the hippopotami have been restricted to Africa (unless one may believe, from biblical references to the 'behprnoth' (q.v. ), that it has inhabited Palestine since the origin of tradition), where it seems to have occupied all the larger lakes ancl rivers until locally exterminated by man. .An- ciently it possessed the whole Xile. and was killed by the early Egj'ptians by means of harpoons; but for centuries none have been seen below the cat-aracts. Alien white settlements began at the Cape of Good Hope, 'hippos' lived in the most southern of African rivers, but gradually dis- appeared, until now the upper Limpopo marks the southern boundary of their habitat. They are likely to die out of the East African rivers speedily, but the endless marshes of the upper Nile and its tributaries, and the vast swamps and waterways of the Congo basin, will preserve the animal indefinitely. These remarks refer to the familiar species {Hippopotamus amphibius). in addition to which there exi.sts on the Guinea eoa.st a second species {Hippopotamus Liberien-
