HOLY LEAGtJE. 160 HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. by the Catholic States of Germany, with Ba- varia at its head, in opposition to the Protestant Union. HOLY MAID OF KENT. See D.vbto.v, Eliz- AUETll. HOLY MOTHER OF THE RUSSIANS. An epithet originally givon to Moscow, the former capital nf Hussiu, by the masses of that nation, and still preserved among the peasantry. HOL'YOAKE, luM'vok, George .Tacob (1817- lOOti). An English writer, lecturer, and reformer, particularly iilentilied with the "coiipcrative move- ment.' He was born in Birmingham, England; was educated at the Mechanics' Institution there, taught mathematics for a time, and while still young became widely known as a radical in poli- tics and religion, attracting attention in particu- lar by his advocacy of the theories of Robert Owen (q.v.). He early Iwcame especially inter- ested in the theory and practice of cooperation, was active in the movement for the organization of the so-called 'Rochdale Pioneers' in 184.'?. and subsequently was largely engaged as a lecturer and writer in the interests of cooperation. In 1842 he was imprisoned for six months for blas- phemy, his being the last conviction on that charge in England. Soon afterwards he devised a moral system, known as 'secularism' (q.v.), which he advocated in public speeches and in the press. For a time he was president of the London iSecular Society, the central organizjition of Secu- larism. He was instrumental in securing the repeal of the so-called 'tax upon knowledge' in 1854. He e<lited at various times the .Vcir .loral IVorW, the Reasoner (from 1840 to ISOi!). and the Cause of the People, in which he contended vigorously for his views; and published numerous books, includ- ing: History of the Rochdale I'ionecrs (1857); The History of Cooperation in England (1875) ; Life of Joseph Rni/ner fftcplirns. Preacher and Political Orator ( 1881) ; Self Helps One Hundred Tears Ago (1890): The Cooperative Move- ment of To-Day (1801) ; .Si.r/.i/ Years of an Agi- tator's Life (1802), an interesting though some- what rambling autobiography; Xature and Origin of Secularism, Shoeing that Where Free Thought Commonly Ends Secularism Begins (1896) : and Jubilee History of the Leeds Co- operatire Society (1897). HOLYOKB, hrd'vAk. A city in Hampden County, Mass.. 8 miles north of .Springfield ; on the Connecticut River, and on the Bostim and Maine and the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroads (Map: Mas.sachusetts, B .3). It was originally a part of West Springfield, and was incorporated as the Third Parish in 1786, though it was commonly called Ireland Parish, from the fact that several Irish families were the first settlers. In 1850 Holyoke was set off from West Springfield and incorporated as a separate town; and in 1873 it was chartered as a city. Its importance as a manufacturing centre dates from 1847, when the Hadley Falls Com- pany began to develop the great natural water- power. The river here falls 60 feet and is crossed by a dam 1000 feet long, affording the most valuable power in New England. For many years it was noted for its paper-mills, but it now has also extensive manufactures of cot- tons, woolens, threail, silk, alpaca, bicycles, auto- mobiles, belting, bricks, screws, wires, machinery, envelopes, and school supplies. It is an impor- tant centre for hydraulic engineering, for testing water-wheels, etc. There arc a public library, a college of music, city hospital, and House of Providence Hospital. The Holyoke Scientific So- ciety has done valuable work in American ar- chaeology, and has fine collections of Indian an- tiquities. In the vicinity are many points of scenic interest, notably Mount Tom (1215 feet), ascended by an electric railway from Holyoke, and Mount Holyoke (955 feet), Holyoke is gov- erned under a revised charter of 1896, by a Mayor, elected annually, and a city council, two-thirds nf whose members are elected at large for two years, the remainder by wards for one year. The sub- ordinate oflices are filled as follows: appointed by the Mayor — board of public works, fire com- missicmers, board of health, city marshal and a.ssistants, city solicitor, and inspector of milk ; appointed by the Mayor with the consent of the council — .sealer of weights and measures and in- spectors of animals and provisions ; elected by the council — water commissioners, city physician, poor overseers, city auditor, and city messengers; by the people — all others. The annual income and expenditures of the city amount to about $1,780,000 and $1,745,000 respectively, the main items of expense being $50,000 for the police de- partment, including amounts for police courts, jails, etc.: $70,000 for the fire department, and $175,000 for schools. The city owns and operates its water-works, and has votcii to acquire the gas and electric-light plants. Population, in 1890, 35,637; in 1900, 45,712. See ilouxT Holyoke COLUCGE. HOLYOKE, Moi'NT. A steep ridge of green- stone 5 miles southeast of Xorthampton, ^lass., rising 955 feet above sea-level (Map: Massa- chusetts, B 3). A carriage - road winds up- ward to the point where a mountain railway carries passengers up a precipitous incline to a. hotel built on the summit in 1821. The view here obtained of the Connecticut River and valley has long been famous as one of the finest in Xew England. HOLY PHIAL, Oedeb of (Fr. Sainte Am- poule). The name of an order of knighthood which formerly existed in France. It was com- posed of four persons, usually the first in point of rank, family, and fortune in the Province of Champagne, who were styled liarons de la Sainte Ampoule. At the coronation of the French kings, they were delivered to the dean, priors, and chap- ter of Rheims, as hostages for the return of the holy phial in which the coronation oil was kept. The phial, according to legend, was brought from heaven by the Holy Ghost in the form of a drve and put into the hands of Saint Remigiris at the coronation of Clovis (q.v.). The holy phial pre- served at Rheims was broken by Ruhl, a member of the Convention, in 1703, The badge of the order was a cross of gold enameled white, can- toned with four fleurs-de-lis, and on the cross a dove descending with a phial in its beak, and a right hand receiving it. HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE, The name now- given to the Empire erected by Charles the (ireat (q,v. ), King of the Franks, in Western Europe, usually dated from his coronation, at Rome, by Pope f^eo III. in 800; or, more technically, to this Empire as revived in 962 by Otho the Great (q.v.) , In theory the Holy Roman Empire was a con- tinuation of the Western Empire, which was
