HORTICtTLTtTKE. 243 HORUS. did a horticultural column appear in the ilassa- chusetts Agricultural Heposilory, the first agri- cultural journal printed in America. During the nineteenth century fully 600 books were published and 500 horticultural journals were started, of which about 40 were in circulation in 1000. The tendency of recent horticultural literature has been to substitute for the long series of specific rules formerly popular a set of general principles, which, if thoroughly grasped, might enable the reader to judge as to what work- ing method may best suit any given case under any combination of local conditions. Outside of Xorth America, during the past century, the de- velopment of horticulture, though less marked, has been, nevertheless, verj- remarkable as com- pared with previous centuries. BiBLiOGBAPHT. For history of horticulture in America and the bibliography of American hor- ticulture, consult: Bailey, article "Horticulture," in Cyclopedia of American Horticulture (Xew York, 1900) ; for account of European horti- culture, consult: Johnson, The History of English Gardening (London, 1829) ; Jiiger, llartenkunst und Garten, sonst und jetzt (Berlin, 1887); Huttig, GeschicMe des Gartenbaues (Berlin, 1899) ; Andre, historical chapters in L'art des jardins (Paris, 1879); De Candolle, Origine des jilantes cultirces (Paris. 1893). For somewhat detailed discussions of special horticultural ■ topics, see: Fruits, Cii-TIVatkd ; Har-est and Harvesting ; Fungi, Economic ; Diseases of Plants ; Fungicide ; Insecticide ; Ei.ECTBOCULTURE OF PLANTS: PlaNT-BBEEDING ; Pomology; Horticultural Societies; Irbig.a- TioN ; Manures and Manuring; Xitbification ; WiNDiiBEAK; Grafting; also Agbicultube, and the articles on various plants grown for use or ornaiiient. HORTON, Samuel Dana (1844-95). An American publicist, born in Pomeroy, Ohio. He graduated at Harvard College in 1864, and at the Harvard Law School in 1868 ; studied in Berlin from 1869 till 1870. and was admitted to the bar in Ohio in 1871, practiced in Cin- cinnati until 1874. and afterwards in Pomeroy. He soon became interested in questions of coin- age, was among the first to argue the advantage of the establishment of an international ratio between silver and gold, and was the author of books on coinage and currency, characterized by careful historical research. In 1878 he served as secretary of the International Monetary Con- ference assembled in Paris, and was a delegate to the second conference held there in 1881. His most important writings are: The Monetnrij f!itu- ation: An Address (1878) ; Silver and Gold. Their Relation to the Problem of Resumption (1880) ; The Silver Pound and England's Monetary Policy Since the Restoration, together with The Bistory of the Guinea (1887) ; Silver in Europe (1890). HORTUS SICCUS. See Herbarium. HORUK. hr/nik. The name of a Greek nirate, also oalliMl Barbarossa (q.v.). HO'RTJS (Lat., from Gk. ^fipor. Egyptian Hor). An Egyptian deity. His name Hor (u) is by some scholars explained as meaning 'the su- perior, highest.' but this is an improbable ety- mology, not more probable, perhaps, than the earlier comparison with Hebrew or. 'light.' which i» generally ridiculed at present. It is question- able where Horus had his original local cult; usually Edfu, where a large temple is still stand- ing, is considered to have been the locality, al- though the god was worshiped at a great many other places. He was patron of Upper Egj-pt. On the very earliest monuments we tind Horus as the chief god and type of the King; from the first the hawk is his sj-mbol, and there are allu- sions to his antagonism to Set, so that the later theological ideas seem to be traceable to the time of the First Dynasty. The original dominating position of Horus within the pantheon is shown by the fact that his hawk stands as hieroglyph for 'god' in general. He personifies the sun, origi- nally thought to tly over the skj' in form of a hawk, and is usually represented as a young warrior with the head of a hawk, wearing the crown of Egj'pt. ilore specially he personifies the young sun. rising victoriously in the morning out of the hostile darkness. Therefore, he is connected with Osiris, the sun dying in the west, and as his son he takes vengeance for his father on the powers of darkness. More rarely he is called the son of Re, the midday sun. He is frequently called a posthumous son of Osiris; his mother, Isis. is even said to have formed him from the mutilated members of her murdered husband. Rising gloriously, Horus begins the fight with Set-Typhon, his wicked uncle, every morning — although later (partly euhemeristic) views consider the great fight between the gods as a single event, occurring at the beginning of the world. Avenging his murdered father. Horus overthrows and emasculates Set : but he loses one eye in the contest. Possibly this refers to the moon, which loses its light every month ; or else the sun may be the single eye in the face of the god, i.e. the sky. The wounded eye is healed by the moon-god (Dhouti, Thoth), which means that the second eye appears in the night. The blood of the wounded eye drips down and creates plants, animals, and all good and useful things on earth. It is curious to note how Horus is differentiated in regard to his various functions and phases. We find, for example. Harpocrates (Horus as a child) distinguished from Haroeris (the adult Horus) ; Harondotes (Egyptian: Har- nez-iotef) 'the avenger of his father;' Horus in Khemnis, as a babe hidden by his mother in the marshes of the Delta from the persecutions of Set; Harraachis (q.v.) ; 'Horus uniting both lands;' and various other forms became local- ized and had their special cults. Many details of the Horus myth are obscure ; for example, the legend that he once cut off the head of his mother, which may have been borrowed from an Asiatic cosmogonic mj-th. The later theology explained (his story by the statement that Isis had set free the wicked Set after Horus had delivered him to her in fetters, and that Horis mutilated her in his indignation at her act. The moon-god (see above) replaced the head of Isis by a cow's head. The story of the fight against Set-Typhon is told with a great many variations, and the wicked adversary and his many helpers resist Horus in many forms and at many places. Later, the =erpent Apap. as the personification of night and the hostile ocean, became confounded with Set (q.v.). The later Egyptians, under Greek influence, made strange attempts to harmonize these hundreds of different, contradictory myths. (See especially Plutarch's De iside et Osiride, and the accounts given by Diodorus. ) Like Osiris,
