IHNES. 636 INNOCENT. and Scotland, chiefly for liistorieiil research. The jrreat object of his life was to refute the fabulous luirratives of Scotland, which had been hitherto generally accepted by his coun- trymen, and to .supply, in place of fable, ii true history. The prcparatorj' task he accomplished in his Crilkal t^ssay on llir Anciiiit Inhabxtanla of ticotland (2 vols., London, 1729). In the preparation of this work he examined all the manuscripts and other material relating to the subject which he could tiiid in Kraiu-<'. Kii;,'land, and .Seotland. The task was extremely dillicult, for in his time most of these manuscri|>ts were wholly unknown except to a few antiquaries; but the complete success of his labor is admitted by all who are acijuainled with this portion of Scottish history. The Vrilicnl Kssay has been reprinted with a memoir of the author by (irub in his Uialorian.t of Kcotlniid. viii. ( Kdinbur;;h, 1879). .fter linishinj; the critical part of his task, Innes bejian his constructive work in his Civil and Kcclcxiiixlical Hinlor;/ of ffcolland. The first volume only was completed by the au- thor, and the second, so far as he had i)roj;rcssed with it. reaches merely to the year S21 (ed. by Grub for the Spauldin;; Club. Aberdeen, 1853). Besides these principal works he wrote many dis.sertations and letters, and made valuable col- lections of manuscripts. His death occurred in 1744. In aildillon to his Memoir, by (!rub. men- tioned above, consult: Chambers, liioiirnphical Diclionar;/ of Eminent Seolsmin ((Jlasfrow, 1837) ; Forbes, .liir .4ccomh/ of the I'nmitie of Inucs (compiled UillH; printed for Spaulding Club, Aberdeen, 18fi4). INNESS, In'i^s, (JKORfiE (182594). An Ameri- can landsiape painter. He was born May 1, 1825, at Newburjr. X. Y. He took his first draw- ing lessons when fourteen years of afie. but two years later he entered a store in Newark, N. .7., and soon afterwards accepted a positimi for one year with a firm of map-engravers. In 1843 he studied and made sketcbis from nature near Newark, and two years later he worked for a short time in the studio of Rcftis (iignoux, at New York. He opened a studio of his own in that city, and throufrh a patron and friend was offered a trip abroad. lie spent fifteen months in Italy, and in IS,")0 he spent one year in I'rance. On his return he first' lived in the vicinity of Boston, but in 1802 made his home in Kagles- wood, near Perth . iboy. N. .T. In lS(iS he was elected a mend)er of the Natiimal .Vcademy. The latter part of his life was spent in and near New York. He died at the Bridfjc of .llan, Scotland, Anj^vist 3, 1894. He was a man of high intellectual qualities, of keen wit, always ready to express his thoughts on art subjects with strong, clear statements. Inness is generally considered the greatest American landscape painter. His style resem- bles that of the Fontainebleau-Barbison group. His subjects included the pageants of sunrise, high moon, sunset, and evening; each picture seeming to pulsate with luminous qualities, at- mospheric charm, and poetical conception. He has been called a 'color poet.' His works, as to style, may be elas.sed into two periods. The first period includes his early year.s of conscien- tious study, when great importance was given to detail, and an intimate knowledge of all the forms of nature; the subjects of these paintings were panoramic in character, although always good in cotnposition and color-totic. After 1878 his works were rather the interpretation of some passing effect or emotion; they were full of jier- sonality, and are expressed with great breadth iiiid simplicity in tcclinique. There was a notable exhibition of his paint- ings, nundMTing two hundred and forty, held at the Fine Arts ISuilding. .New York, in Uecend)er, lH94; and a sale of some of the best examples, known as the llalsted Collection, in l,S!lj. wliieh l>rought large prices and much attention from the public. .Many well known amateurs po-sess works painted by him, and there are five in the Metropolitan Museum of .rt. New York. Among the mo.st important of his works are: '"Lnder the (ireenwood;" "Close of a Stormy Day;" "Loitering;" "Pine Groves of Barberini Villa." Metropolitan Museum; "An Autnnm Morning; ' ".Xutunin Gold" (1888) ; "The Kdge of the For- est" (1891); "Tenallv Oaks" (1892); "Passing .Horm;" "Near the Village" (1892) ; ".Moonrise" (18801 ; "Winter Morning, Montclair, New .Jer- sey" I 1894). INNESS, Geohcf:. .7r. (1854—). An Ameri- can landscaiK" and animal painter, born in New York City. He was a pupil of his father, in Rome, from 1870 to 1874, and of Bonnat, io Paris. Afterwards he shared a studio with his father in New York City for several j'ears. He began to exhibit in 1877. and became a member of the Society of .American .Artists in 1880. and ot the National .Veademy of Design in 1S99. He received a gold medal at the Paris Salon in 1899. His pictures include the animal subjects Monarch of the Farm" and "Mother of the lleni" (1883) : and "The Coming Storm" (1885) and "Morning on the River" (1902). His work is characterized by direct, vigorous style, and good color. IN'NISFAIL dr.. Island of Destiny). An ancient mmiiic :i]ip!ied by the bards to Ireland. INNOCENT. The name of thirteen popes. iNNoti.M 1.. Pope 402-417, a native of Albano. His pontificate was one of the most important in the early centuries, in its development of the relations of the Roman See with other churches, both Lantern and Western. He seems to have ex- tended, if not originated, the system of naming legates to represent the Pope. He maintained with a firm hand the right of the Hoinan Bishop to hear appeals from other cliurehcs. and his letters abound with asserlions of universal juris- diction. At the recpicst of Saint Aiigustine and the North .Vfrican bishops, in 404. he induced the F^mjx'ror Honorius to pass laws for the protection of the Catholics against the Donatists. He strongly supported Saint .John Chrysostom against his opponents. His last years were full of trouble, owing t<i the attacks of .Marie upon Rome, which in 410 was pill.iged. with the ex- ception of the Shrine of the .Apostles. His last two letters were written to encourage Saint .Je- rome in his difficulties with the troublesome Kustochium and Paula and with the Origenists. The whole of his important correspondence is in Migne. Patrolofjia Lntina, xx. Innocent II. (Gregorio Papareschi). Pope 1130-43. He was opposed by a faction among the cardinals, who set up an antipope under the title of .Anaeletus II. But Innocent was supported by Louis VI.. the French bishops, and Saint I'.ernard. and restored to Rome bvl-othair, whom he crowned
