for instance, may depose any general officer, and affiliated organizations are not permitted to strike without the approval of the executive board. In 1902 there were affiliated with the American Labor Union 173 local unions, five district unions, one State federation, and two international organizations, with an estimated membership of 150,000. Probably the most important organization affiliated with the American Labor Union is the Western Federation of Miners. The official organ is the American Labor Union Journal, published weekly at the headquarters in Butte, Mont. See Labor Organizations.
LABOUCHERE, lȧ′bo͞o′shâr′, Henry, Baron Taunton (1798-1869). An English statesman of Huguenot descent. The eldest son of Peter Cæsar Labouchere of Hylands, Essex, he was born on August 15, 1798. His father, a partner in the banking house of Hope & Co., of Amsterdam, settled in England, and married the daughter of Sir Francis Baring. Henry was educated at Winchester and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1821 and M.A. in 1828. He also studied law at Lincoln's Inn, but did not enter the profession. In 1824 he made a visit to Canada and the United States, to study the working of their institutions. In 1826 he was elected M.P. for Saint Michael. He became a strong Liberal in English politics, and for many years was identified with the support of the measures and the initiation of the policy of the party of progress. He retained his seat in Parliament by successive reëlections until 1859, when he was created Baron Taunton. From 1832 to 1858 he occupied successively the offices of Lord of the Admiralty, Master of the Mint, vice-president of the Board of Trade, and Privy Councilor, Colonial Under-Secretary, Under-Secretary for War, president of the Board of Trade, chief Irish secretary, and Secretary of State for the Colonies. He had no direct heir, and his title became extinct at his death, on July 13, 1869.
LABOUCHERE, Henry DuPré (1831—). An English journalist and politician, the eldest son of John Labouchere of Broome Park, Dorking, Surrey. He was educated at Eton and entered the diplomatic service under the auspices of his uncle, Lord Taunton. He was in the diplomatic service from 1854 to 1864, part of the time as a member of the British Legation at Washington. From July, 1865, to April, 1866, he was in Parliament for Windsor, till he was ousted on petition. In 1867 and 1868 he sat for Middlesex. He represented Northampton from 1880 to 1902. Under the signature "The Besieged Resident," his letters from Paris during the siege (1870-71) to the London Daily News attracted considerable attention. They were published in book form (3d ed. London, 1872). In 1876 he established Truth, a society and political journal, and afterwards became, also, one of the proprietors of the Daily News. Truth, celebrated for its acute censorship of public matters, involved him in numerous libel suits and in penalties, which did not, however, imply dishonesty of motives. He was an earnest advocate of the Irish Home Rule cause, but in 1890 refused to follow Parnell in his attacks upon the English wing of the party. As a member of the Royal Commission to inquire into the Jameson Raid of 1896, his pertinent queries and incisive criticism were particularly disconcerting to the party of Cecil Rhodes, and his attitude as a pro-Boer sympathizer was marked during the period of the war in the Transvaal.
LABOUCHÈRE, Pierre Antoine (1807-73). A French historical painter, born in Nantes. He was intended for a commercial career, and began business in Antwerp. Afterwards he traveled in America, China, and Italy, and finally became a pupil of Delaroche, the French painter, in Paris. The subjects of his works are largely drawn from the actors and incidents of the Reformation. They include: "Charles Quint à Londres" ("Charles the Fifth in London") (1844), "Melanchthon, Pomeranus et Cruciger traduisant la Bible" ("Melanchthon, Pomeranus, and Cruciger Translating the Bible") (1846). He also did some drawings for Merle d'Aubigné's Vie de Luther. Among his portraits is one of Guizot (1863).
LABOULAYE, lȧ′bo͞o′lǡ′, Edouard René Lefebvre de (1811-83). A French jurist and publicist, born in Paris. He was a student of law, devoting himself early in life to Continental legal history with singular energy and intelligence. At the age of twenty-eight he became known by an elaborate work, entitled Mémoire sur l'histoire de la propriété foncière en Occident (1839). In 1841 he published an essay on the life and doctrines of Frederic Charles de Savigny, and became an advocate in the Royal Court of Paris. In 1843 appeared Recherches sur la condition civile et politique des femmes, and this was followed two years later by Essai sur les lois criminelles des Romains. Each of these works attracted great attention among the learned, and contributed to revive in France the study of the history of law. In 1849 he became professor of comparative jurisprudence in the Collège de France. Under Napoleon III. he associated with the men who endeavored to revive public spirit in France. He wrote with enthusiasm and intelligence on the institutions of free America, and his lectures on this country, during and after the war for the preservation of the Union, were extremely popular in Paris. Laboulaye had the advantage of a handsome personal presence and winning address, and his lectures on law had attraction even for those who had no interest in its study. In 1863 he published Paris en Amérique, in which he humorously employs a supernatural agency to transport a Frenchman with his family info the midst of American family life and town excitements at a period when disaster had come to the national arms during the War for the Union. The veiled drollery of the situations by which he lampoons some of the peculiarities of the Napoleonic Government, making them ridiculous while defending them with all the ardor of French patriotism, is among the finest specimens of irony extant. This book went through upward of thirty editions in Paris, and was translated into English. In a similar vein of political satire were his tales Contes bleus (1864), Nouveaux contes bleus (1865), Le prince Caniche (1865). The last ran through many editions, and did much to pave the way to the easy dropping out of the Napoleonic dynasty in 1870. The following list of Laboulaye's works exhibits the intellectual activity and scope of his life: Histoire politique des Etats-Unis, 1620-1789 (1855-66); Etudes contemporaines sur l'Allemagne (1856); La liberté
