PUVIS DE CHAVANNES. the creator of modern nnual painting, which he restored to its real function, tluit of decoration. Born at Lyons, December 14, 1824, the son of a distinguished engineer, he took the classical course in a lycee, and then studied in a techni- cal school, preparatory to his father'.s profession. After deciding to become a painter he worked without profit under Henri Sclieffer, Delacroix, and Couture, but studied to more etlect the works of the early Florentines, especially those of Gi- otto in Italy, being, therefore, in the main self- taught. He first exhibited in the Sahm of 1850, not 1859 as is commonly stated. His tirst deco- rative works, "War" and "Peace," exliibited in 1801, were received with disfavor by most critics, but met the approval of the more tliouglitful, like Theophile Gautier. They were acquired by the Government for tiie Museum of Amiens, in which his early decorations can best be studied, such as "Work and Rest" (1803) ; "Ave, Picardia Jla- trix" (18G5): "Ludus Pro Patria" (1880); "Voung Picard Exercising with the Lance" (1882). After the time of the L'niversal Expo- sition of 1807. when he received the cixiss of the Legion of Honor (officer 1887. commander 1880), his position was secure. He was constantly em- ployed upon Salon juries and artistic commissions, and the greater part of his time was taken by great series of paintings for French public buildings. Among the principal of these are two fine repre- sentations of Marseilles in ancient and modern times for the museum there; two historic scenes for the Hritel de Ville, Poitiers (1874-75); the "Infancy of Saint Genevieve" (187(i-77), in the Pantheon at Paris — a beautiful idyllic scene; a series of splendid decorations for the museum of his native town. Lyons, among which are "Sacred Grove. Dear to the Arts and Muses" ( 1884), "An Antique Vision" and "Christian Inspiration" ( 1880 ) . In 1889 he decorated the great hemicycle of the Sorbonne with an allegory of the noble pur- poses of its foundation, entitled "Alma ilater." Puvis de Chavannes was the moving spirit in the secession of the Societe Rationale des Beaux- Arts from the Salon in 1890, and in the follow- ing year he succeeded Meissonier in the presi- dency, which he retained till his death. All his later works are remarkable for the tasteful use of modern costume in ideal re])resentation. His decorations in the Hotel de Ville. Paris, include "Honimage a Victor Hugo" (1894), in which the poet is represented as dedicating his lyre to the city, and two fine landscapes, "Summer" and "Winter." In 1806 he completed his decorations of the Boston Public Library, "The Muses Salut- ing the Spirit of Enlightenment" and eight fine panels of the "Arts" and "Sciences." His last monumental work was three other large paintings of the life of Saint Cienevi&ve in the Pantheon. The last years of his life passed in (juiet at Nouilly, but were saddened by the illness of his wife, the Princess Cantacuzene, and soon after her death the painter himself died. October 24, 1898. His large collection of admirable draw- ings and careful studies was left by his nephews to the Luxembourg Museum, the City of Paris, and the provincial museums possessing his works. Besides his monumental productions he painted a number of smaller works of which it is sufficient to mention "Girls on the Seashore" (1879); the "Poor Fisherman" (Luxembourg. 1881) ; "Le Doux Pays," which received the medal of honor in 1882. Of his portraits the most interesting 567 PUZZUOLANA. are those of himself at twenty-five and of his wife, exhibited in 1891. PUY, py-e', Le. The capital of the Depart- ment of Haute-Loire, France, 37 miles south- west of Saint-Etienne, at the junction of the Loire, Borne, and Dolezon valleys (Map: Francs, Iv 0). It is picturesquely situated on the steep southern slopes of iMont Anis, from the summit of which rises precipitously the huge basaltic mass called Rocher de Corneille, crowned by the colossal statue of Notre Dame de France, 52 feet high, on a pedestal 20 feet in height, made in 1800 from 213 Russian cannon captured at Se- bastopol. The most notable building of Le Puy is the cathedral, situated in the highest part of the town and readied by a grand stairway of 130 steps. Other notable features are the 'pre- fecture, the palais de justice, the Crozatier Mu- seum with a line art collection, and the monu- mental Crozatier Fountain. Guipure and other lace, bells, and clocks are manufactured. Le Puy is the ancient Podium. It was the capital of the mediajval District of Velar. Population, in 1901 20,507. PUYALLTJP, pu-fil'up. A tribe of Washing- ton Indians. They speak the same language as the Xisqualli and joined with them in the Treaty of Medicine Creek in 1854. They formerly claimed the entire territory of Puyallup River and exercLsed a dominating influence among the neighboring- tribes. They are now chielly con- fined to a reservation in the vicinity of Tacoma. The number on the reservation in 1901 was 536, a decrease of 20 from the previous year. PUY-DE-d6mE, py-^' de d6m'. A south- central department of France, formerly a part of^Auvergne (q.v.) (Map: France, J c") . Area, 3073 square miles. Plateau and mountain oc- cupy three-fourths of the surface; plain and val- ley the .rest. The volcanic peaks of the Auvorgne Mountains, grand in their desolation, and pre- senting numerous extinct craters, render this re- gion orographically one of the most interesting in France. The highest peak in the Mont Dore group has an elevation of 0187 feet. Puy-de-Dome. 408(i feet, gives its name to the department. The prin- cipal river is the Allier ( a tributary of the Loire ) , which from south to north traverses the fertile valley of Limagne. Rye, wheat, oats, apples, chestnuts, and grapes are cultivated. Coal is mined. There are numerous mineral springs. The mountain forests yield timber. Caiiital, Clermont-Ferrand. Population, in 1800.555.078; in 1901, 544,194. Consult .Joanne, f/coyro/i/iie (In (Irpaitcment du Piiij-dc-D6ine (Paris, 187ti). PUZZUOLANA, put'sooi-S-lsi'na, or POZZU- OLANA. A volcanic rock which has hydraulic ]uoperties when ground and mixed with lime. It is named from its occurrence at Pozziioli, near Naples. It is earthy in character, consisting of particles in a very loose state of aggregation, but its chemical composition may agree very closely with that of basalt (q.v.). This composition may run as follows: Silica, .52 to 60 per cent. : alumina, 9 to 21 per cent.; ferric oxide, 5 to 22 wt cent.; lime. 2 to 10 per cent.; water. to 12 per cent. Puzzuolana occurs in the vicinity of Naples and Rome. Trass is a volcanic ash of similar proper- ties found in the Rhine district of (Joniiany; and santorin earth is still another volcanic ash used as a cement, which is found on the island of Santorin in the Greek Archipelago. Trass ia
