PYNCHON. 571 PYRAMID. PYNCHON, Thomas RuGGLES (1823—). An American clergyman and educator, born in Xew Haven, Conn. He graduated at Trinity College, Hartford, and in 1849 was ordained. " His first charge was in Boston, and afterwards he had churches in Lenox and Stockbridge, Mass. (1849-54). He was Scoville professor of chem^ istry and natural sciences at Trinity from 1854 until 1S77. and from 1874 until 1883 was presi- dent of that institution. In 1887 he took the chair of moral philosophy there. PYNCHON, Villi.m: (1.590-1662). An American colonist and theologian. He was born at Springfield, Essex. He emigrated to the colony of ilassachusetts in 1630. and was treas- urer of the colony in 1032-34. He was one of the first settlers of Springfield in 1636. On a visit to England in 1050 he published The Meritorious Price of Our Hedemption, Justification, etc., Clear- inci it from Some Common Errors. The strongly anti-Calvinistic position of this work made it very unacceptable to the Puritan clergy, and on his return to ilassachusetts he was condemned by the Legislature, wliieh, on October 10. 1650, ordered his book to be burned the next day in Boston market 'after the lecture.' He was himself cited to appear before it. As the result of further study he retracted some of his opin- ions, but his position in America continued un- satisfactory, and in 1052 he returned to England and settled at "raysbury, near Windsor. He replied to his principal critic. Rev. John Norton, in the second edition of his book (1655). PYNE, pin, .LJiES Ivendrick (18.52—). An English organist and composer, born in Bath, where his father was organist in the Aljliey. The boy at eleven became organist of All Saints' Church, and in the next year was put under Dr. S. S. Wesley. In 1874 he was appointed or- ganist in Chichester Cathedral. He spent a year as organist of Saint ilark's in Philadelphia, and upon his retui-n to England was appointed to a like position in ilanchester Cathedral. He acted as professor in the ilanchester Royal College of Music in 1893, and in 1901 was lecturer on ecclesiastical music at Victoria L'niversity. He published vocal music and compositions for cathedral use, and for organ and piano. Of his songs the best known are those for the words of Edwin Waugh. the Lancashire poet. PYNE, Louisa Fanxy ( 1832— ) . An English soprano singer. She was the daughter of G. Pyne. a celebrated vocalist, and was trained almost entirely by Sir George Smart. She made her first public appearance in 1842. and five years later was successfully received in Paris. Her debut in opera was in 1849 at Boulogne, when she appeared as .mina in La SonnamhuJa. From 1854 to 1857 she toured the L'nited States, and was uniformly successful. Her greatest reputation was obtained as the prima donna of an English opera company, in which she w-as associated with Harrison at the Lyceum. Drury Lane, and Covent Garden theatres. In 1808 she was married to Frank Bodda. a barytone singer. PYN'SON, Ricn.^ED (?-1530). One of the early London printers, by birth a Xornian. He undoubtedly learned his trade in Normandy, and not imder Caxton. as has been often asserted. Some time before 1593 he began printing near Temple Bar. and about ten years later he moved to Fleet Street. Pynson issued some of the most Vol. XVI.— 37. beautiful books published at that time in Eng- land. From his press proceeded more than three hundred books. Among the earliest were Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (1493); Parker's Dialogue of Dives and Pauper (1493) ; Terence (1490), the first classic printed in England; the Morton Missal (1,500), representing his finest work. He became printer to Henry VIII., from whom he received a pension. PYBA, pe'ra, IiiMAxuEL Jakob (1715-44). A German poet. He was born in Kottbus, studied theology at Halle, where he joined Lange's Dichterbund, and with Lange lived at Laublin- gen. The two poets published Freundschaftliche Lieder (1746), which, with their delight in friendship and their unrhymed verse, foretell Klopstock. Pyra boldly, and rather pedantically, attacked Gottsohed in 1736 with Enceis dass die Gottschedianische Sekte den Geschmack vcrderbc (1743), and his premature death was partly due to the bitter personalities with which the attack was returned. Consult Waniek, Immanuel Pyra (Leipzig. 1882). PYRAMID (Lat. jiyramis^ from Gk. wpafils, pyramid, from Egyptian per-em-us, coming out in breadth, denoting juobably the ratio of the base to the height). A polyhedron (q.v.) one of whose faces (the base) is a polygon and whose lateral faces are triangles. Thus a pyramid is a prism (q.v.) whose upper base is zero. A pyramid is said to be reyular when the base is a regular polygon and the vertex lies in the perpendicular to the base erected at its centre. The altitude is the perpendicular distance be- tween the base and the vertex. The slant height of a regular pyramid is the altitude of any one of the triangles which make up its lateral faces. When a pyramid is cut by a plane, the portion containing the' base is called a truncated pyramid ; if the intersecting plane is parallel to the base, a frustum. The formula for the volume of a pyramid is V = ^bh, and for the frustum V= o (6 + 6' + V66'), ■where h and 6' are the bases, and h is the altitude. Consult Holzmiiller, Elemente der Htereometrie (Leipzig, 1900-02). PYRAMID. A solid structure, usually of stone, having a square base and triangular sides meeting in an apex. True pyramids are found only in Middle Egpt. and date from the period between the Fourth and Twelfth dynasties, though a few may be somewhat older. Pyramidal buildings occur elsewhere, but they differ in im- portant particulars. The pyramids of Mexico, for example, have flat tops and the sides form successive stages or steps. Those of Abydos and jMeroe are merely imitations of pyramids on a small scale; they are really sepulchral chambers having the pyramidal form externally, and are usually j)rovided with porticoes repre- senting the funerary chapels of older tombs. The pyramids found at Cenchreae and at Rome are sporadic attempts to reproduce the Egyptian type. ' With regard to the mode of construction of the pyramids of Egypt, two principal theories have been advanced. Lepsius. folhiwcd Ijy Ebers, and more recently by Bon'hardt. believed that each king, on ascending the throne, began to build a pyramid as a tomb and monument for himself. This was usually laid out upon a comparatively small scale, so that if the builder
