imitated in its name, are the three-syllabled ‘ah bob-white,’ accented sharply on the last; but the first is not always plainly heard. It is one of the most characteristic and pleasing sounds of American rural scenes, for the bird is everywhere numerous, under protective laws. In the Western and Southwestern States are found several relatives (Odontophorinæ), five of which differ markedly from Colinus, not only in their coloration, but in the presence of a noticeable crest. In the California quail (Lophortyx Californica) and Gambel's quail (Lophortyx Gambeli) the crest consists of six feathers, erect and recurved; in the mountain or painted quail (Oreortyx pictus) the crest is made of two long, drooping feathers; in the blue quail (Callipepla squamata) the crest is composed of numerous rather short, soft feathers, and the same is true of the remarkable Massena ‘fool’ quail of Arizona (Cartonyx Montezumæ) . All of these birds are exceptionally handsome, the prevailing tints being slaty-blue, olive-brown, chestnut or tawny, black and white. The head, especially in the male, is noticeably marked with black or brown and white. The mountain quail is the largest (a foot long), while the Massena quail is the smallest (only nine inches long). The eggs of Lophortyx and Callipepla are remarkable for being speckled. Consult authorities cited under Partridge; and see Plate of Partridges, etc. See Colored Plate of Game Birds, accompanying article Grouse; and of Eggs of Game and Water Birds.
QUAIN, Jones (1796-1865). An English anatomist. A brother of Richard Quain, born in Mallow, Ireland. He received his medical education in Dublin and Paris. He was lecturer on anatomy and physiology in Aldersgate School of Medicine, in London, 1829-31; professor of the same branches, 1831-36. He was the author of Quain's Elements of Anatomy (1828; 10th ed. 1890), and of a translation of Martinet's Pathology (1835), and also published in 1858 a series of Anatomical Plates.
QUAIN, Richard (1800-87). An English anatomist and surgeon, born at Fermoy, Ireland. He studied medicine in London and Paris. He was appointed demonstrator in 1828, professor of anatomy in 1832 in the University of London; assistant surgeon in 1834 and surgeon in 1850 to the North London Hospital, from which he resigned in 1866. He was president of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1868, and served as surgeon extraordinary to the Queen. Among his works are: Anatomy of the Arteries (1845); Diseases of the Rectum (1854); Observations on Medical Education (1865); Some Defects in General Education (1870); Clinical Lectures (1884). Dying, he bequeathed nearly £75,000 to University College, London, for education in modern languages (especially English) and in natural science.
QUAIN, Sir Richard (1816-98). An English anatomist and physician, born in Mallow, Ireland, a cousin of Richard and Jones Quain. He became fellow in 1857 and vice-president in 1889 of the Royal College of Physicians, and was appointed physician extraordinary to Queen Victoria as well as Lumleian lecturer for 1872 and Harveian orator in 1885. Edinburgh conferred the degree of LL.D. upon Sir Richard in 1889, and the General Medical Council elected him its president in 1891, the same year in which he was created a baronet. He published Diseases of the Muscular Walls of the Heart (1872), and The Healing Art in Its Historic and Prophetic Aspects (1885), and edited the Dictionary of Medicine (1882; 3d ed. 1902).
QUAKER CITY. A popular name of Philadelphia, Pa., in allusion to its early settlers.
QUAKER POET. A title given to John Greenleaf Whittier. It has also been used of Bernard Barton and John Scott.
QUAKERS. See Friends.
QUAKING GRASS (Briza). A small genus of mostly European grasses, with loose panicles; drooping, generally broad, compressed spikelets, suspended by delicate stalks, and tremulous in the slightest wind. The panicles are often used in winter bouquets. Briza media is considered a valuable pasture grass for dry situations in Central Europe. It has become sparingly naturalized in the United States. Briza maxima, a larger species, and Briza minor, a smaller one, are similar in habit.
QUALITY. A term used in philosophy to designate one of the categories under which reality is supposed to be thought or in which it is described. In this sense it is particularly distinguished from quantity, the latter taking into account the amount or mass of given phenomena, while quality denotes distinctive character. Quality has, in modern philosophy, a psychological connotation, denoting characteristics of perception as much as of real things. It is thus the individual attribute of sensation, that which characterizes or individualizes one kind of sensation so that it cannot possibly be mistaken for any other kind—redness, nausea, hunger, triangularity, are examples of quality. In psychology quality is especially distinguished from intensity, duration, and, in the case of special perceptions, from extension, as an attribute of sensation, and it furnishes the only test for distinguishing kinds of sensations. Of course, in ordinary experience qualities come to us fused, such a thing as a pure quality being seldom, if ever, experienced. Things are made up of compositions of qualities, and these compositions, in a certain sense, may themselves be considered as qualities in that they form the qualitative texture of actual experience and are the basis for our discriminations of things. See Category.
QUAM′ASH (from the North American Indian name), or Biscuit Root (Camassia esculenta) . A North American bulbous plant of the natural order Liliaceæ, nearly allied to hyacinth, abounding on the prairies. The roasted bulbs are agreeable and nutritious, and are much used by the Indians for food. The scapes, which are sheathed at their bases, are a foot or more tall and bear 10-40 blue or purple flowers. A smaller species, Camassia Fraseri, is found from Pennsylvania south and west. Other species, indigenous to the Pacific coast region, are sometimes cultivated in the East.
QUA′NA. A Comanche chief and the most influential leader among the three confederated tribes of Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache, in southwestern Oklahoma. He was born about 1845, and was a half-breed, the son of a captive white woman, who was married to a chief of the Kwahadi band. Upon the death of his father, Quana became chief. He was prominent in 1874, when
