SHEKIFF. 79 SHEKMAN. both in England and in the United States, re- late to the execution (q.v.) of civil and criminal process. In the more populous counties he has many deputies, for whose misconduct he is civilly responsible, and who give bonds to him for the proper performance of their duties. In such counties the olBce is a very lucrative one with us. While a few of our States continue the prac- tice of appointing sheriffs, most of them have made the office elective, and man}' prohibit the immediate reelection of the same person. It is thought that he might abuse his authority for the purpose of securing a reelection. The Federal officer corresponding to the sheriff is the United States Marshal. Consult: Pollock and Maitlaud, Histvry of Enylish Law (2d ed., London and Boston, 1899) ; Mather, Compendium of Hheriff and Executive Law {London, 1903) ; Crocker, Duties of Sheriffs, Coroners, and Constables (New York, 1890) ; Murfee, Treatise on the Law of Sheriffs and Other Ministerial Ojjieers (Saint Louis, 1890). SHEBirriffTJIR, sher'if-mur'. A moor of Perthshire, Scotland, 2 miles northeast of Dun- blane, famous for the indecisive battle on Novem- ber 13, 1715, between 9000 Jacobites under the Earl of Mar and 3500 Hanoverian troops under the Duke of Argyll. The action checked the march of the Scottish Jacobites into England. SHEEIFP'S COURT. A Scotch tribunal, corresponding to the county court of England and of the American States. It takes its name from the title of the presiding magistrate — the sheriff (q.v.) — whose judicial functions in Scot- land have increased rather than diminished dur- ing modern times. Until 1748 the office of sheriff was hereditary in that country, Init with the suppression of the Jacobite rising it was made appointive, and its judicial duties are now performed by the sheriff" depute and the sheriff substitute. Both officials are appointed by the Crown, and their salaries are a charge upon the civil establishment. The former must be an ad'ocate of three years' standing, the latter an advocate or solicitor of five years' standing, and both hold their office during life or good behavior. Jlost civil cases of first instance in this court are heard by the sheriff' substitute, wlio resides permanently in the county for which he is appointed. From his decisions an appeal lies either to the sheriff depute or the Court of Ses- sion. Preliminary investigations into crime and summary criminal proceedings are generally Iironght before the sheriff substitute ; while all criminal causes remitted by the counsel for the Crown to the Sheriff's Court for trial by jur,y are heard by the sheriff depute. From his decision in such eases an appeal lies to the Court of .Jus- tieiarv. The civil jurisdiction of the Sheriff's Court extends to personal actions upon obliga- tions without limit as to amount: to actions for the recovei-y of real estate, limited in the case of heritable estates to the value of £1000; to questions of servitude, nuisance, and various other matters. Consult Wilson, Practice of the Sheriff's Courts of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1890). SHEE'LOCK, Thomas (1678-1761). An Eng- lish prelate. He was born in London and was educated at Eton and Saint Catharine's Hall, Cambridge, whe-e he took the degree of MA. in 1701. In 1704 he obtained the mastership of the Temple; in 1714 he became master of his college, taking the degree of D.D. in tlie same' year; and in 1715 Dean of Chichester. He was raised to the see of Bangor, 1728, and transferred to that of Salisbury in 1734, and in 1748 to that of Lon- don. Sherlock was a strenuous Tory, and sup- ported the Church and State politics of his day, but displayed a good deal of diplomatic skill in his different official positions. His works, with Life by T. S. Hughes, were published in five vol- umes in London, 1830. The most famous is the Tryal of the Witnesses of the Resurrection of Jesus (1729; loth ed. 1794; American reprint by Presbyterian Board, Philadelphia). SHERMAN, sher'man. The county-seat of Gra.yson Count.y, Texas, 04 miles north of Dallas, on the Texas and Pacific, the Houston and Texas Central, the Saint Louis and San Francisco, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, and the Saint Louis Southwestern railroads (Slap: Texas, F 3). It is the seat of the Mary Nash Female College, opened in 1877, the Carr-Burdette Christian Col- lege for women, the North Texas Female College (Methodist), opened in 1877, and Austin College (Presbyterian), opened in 1850. Sherman is the centre of a cotton-growing, stock-raising, and farming region, and has cottonseed-oil mills, a cotton compress, a cotton gin, flouring mills, iron foundries and machine shops, brick yards, plan- ing mills, and a carriage manufactory. The gov- ernment is vested in a mayor chosen biennially, and a unicameral coimcil. The water-works and electric light plant are owned and operated by the municipality. Sherman was settled in 1848, and received its present city charter in 1895. Population, in 1890, 7335; in 1900, 10,243. SHERMAN, Frank Dempster (1860—). An American educator and well-known writer of light verse, born at Peekskill, N. Y. He took a course in the Columbia Seliool of Architecture in New York, graduating in 1884, and pursued advanced studies at Harvard University. In 1887 he was made fellow of Columbia College, then instructor in the department of architecture until his appointment as adjunct professor. He was author of Madrigals and Catches (1887), A'CUJ Warigings of Old Tales (1888), with Mr. J. K. Bangs (q.v.). Lyrics for a Lute (1890), and Little-Folk Lyrics (1892). SHERMAN, John (1823-1900). An Ameri- can statesman, born at Lancaster, Ohio. He was admitted to the bar in 1844, and settled at Mansfield, Ohio. He was a member of Congress from 1855 until 1877, first in the House, and after 1861 in the Senate. His ability as a speaker aiul his familiarity with public affairs made him an influential member from the first. In 1859 he was the Republican candidate for Speaker of the House and came within three votes of election. After his defeat for the Speakership he was made chairman of the Ways and Means Committee of the House and was instrumental in improving the financial condition of the Government. In the Senate he served as chairman of the Finance Com- mittee, and took a conspicuous part in the advocacy of the issue of legal-tender currency during the Civil War and of the bill to establish a national banking system. He was the author of the Refunding Act of 1870, and carried through the resolution announcing the purpose of the
