SHIDZUOKA. 83 SHIELDS. til 1590. The temple of Sengcu is surrounded l)y beautil'ul grounds, which now serve as a public park, and is especially known for its line speci- mens of wood-carving. The town is also associ- ated with the last Shogun of Japan, who retired to iShidzuoka after the overthrow of the shogun- ate in ISOS and resided there until 18S)7. Popu- lation, in 1898, -12,172. SHIELD (AS. scild, scyld, Goth, skildus^ OHG. scili, Ger. iichild, shield; possibly connect- ed with Litli. skilii, I split). A piece of defensive armor borne on the left arm or in the hand, to ward oil' the strokes of the sword and of missiles. It is common to all nations and all ages in the Old World. The large shield worn by the Greek hoplites was circular or oval, and often orna- mented with devices. The shield (Lat. scutum) used by the Koman heavy-armed infantry was quadrangular and bent to encircle the body in part. The shields were built so strongly as to afl'ord protection against hea'y missiles from the walls of a besieged city. (See Testudo.) The Romans also had a lighter form of shield known as the clipetis. Among the Germanic peoples the shield was the warrior's chief in- signia of honor, and to be lifted on the shield by the warriors of the tribe was to be made leader in war or king. In the early ^Middle Ages the shield was most important for both horsemen and foot soldiers. Its form was usually round and bent, with a boss of metal in the form of a hollow button or spike in the centre of the convex surface. Across the hollow of the boss was placed a handle of wood covered with iron. If the shield was held at arm's length it was called a buckler; if it was swung over the arm it was known as a target. The body of the shield was made of limewood, though leather was sometimes used. The shields of the northern peoples were fanci- fully decorated, and as Christianity spread the cross became a common decoration. The heraldic device appears after the age of the Bayeux Tapestry. ith the form and visage of men totally concealed luider suits of armor, the de- vice on the shield was in fact the only means of distinguishing in the heat of battle between friend and foe. (See Heraldry.) In the eleventh cen- tury the kite-shaped shield was much used, and many shields of this form are found on the Bayeux Tapestry. By the middle of the twelftli century the triangular shield was much in vogue. It was customary at this period and later to make the shield the dead knight's bier. In the thirteenth century the custom was intro- duced of hanging shields in churches. Pear- shaped, heart-shaped, and quadrangular shields were used in this period, and the shield was much smaller. In the fourteenth century we have mention of large shields carried by the foot soldiers. In the fifteenth century the sfuall buck- ler was used by the foot soldiers, although large wicker sliields were still in use. Even as late as the seventeenth century the target was used ef- fectively by the soldiers of Maurice of Nassau. Consult: Hewitt, Ancieyit Armour (London, 1S60) : Gourdon de Genouillac, Orammaire lid- raldique (Paris, 1860). See Armor. * SHIELD, William (1748-1829). An English violinist,' born at Swalwell. Durham County. He appeared as concert and theatre conductor, in Scarborough, Durham, and Newcastle, and in 1772 became a member of the London Italian Opera orcliestra and musical director at the llay- markct Theatre. From 1782 to 1791 he wrote a series of operas for Covent Garden Tlu'atre. In 1791 he resigned his post and traveled through France and Italy, becoming on his return musi- cal director at Covent Garden. In 1817 he suc- ceeded Parsons ns master of the Royal Music. His first comic opera, A Flitch of Ilacon, was produced at the Ha3^llarket in 1778. He wrote about 40 works for the stajfr, consisting of operas, pantomimes, and musical farces; besides violin trios, duets, songs, and two theatrical works: An I nl rod net ion to Harmony (1794) and Rudiments of Thorough Bass. He is noted espe- cially as a song composer of great originality. He died in London and was buried in West- minster Abbey. SHIELD OF HERACLES (Gk. 'Ao-Tris 'IIpo- k^ovs, Ai'pis IJi'Talleous] . A Hesiodie [)oem of uncertain date and autliorship, though almost certainly not the work of Ilesiod. It describes, in 480 lines, a struggle at Pagasie between Her- acles and Cycnus, the son of Aves, and contains a long description of the hero's shield, in imi- tation of the similar picture of the shield of Achilles in the Iliad. SHIELDS, SofTH and North. Two seaport towns in Durham and Northumberland, England, at tile mouth of the Tyne, on opposite banks of the river, 8 miles east-northeast of Newcastle (q.v.) (Map: England. E 1 and E 2). Steam ferries connect the towns, which are the chief English ports for the building of iron ships of every kind and for all supplemental sliipiiing industries. The towns possess large alkali, bottle, and glass works. Coal and coke are ex- ported, and timber, grain, and esparto grass largely imported. North Shields is included in the borough of Tynemouth (q.v.). It has two docks covering 79 acres. Population, about 7000. SoiTH Shields is a municipal, county, and Par- liamentary borough with a progressive adminis- tration. It has fifteen docks, including the Tyne dock of 50 acres, and a breakwater, the south pier, a mile in length. There are a large public library, a marine school, and a park of 45 acres. Founded in the thirteenth century by the Convent of Durham, the progress of the town was checked by Henry III., who, on the complaints of New- castle, ordered that no 'shoars' or quays be built, or ships loaded or unloaded. It was incorporated in 1850. Population, in 1801, 8100; in 1851, 29,- 000; in 1901, 97,300. SHIELDS, Charles Woodruff (1825-1904). A Presbyterian elerg3'man ahd educator. He was born at New Albany, Ind., graduated at the College of New Jersey, in Princeton, in 1844, and at the Princeton Theological Seminary in 1847. He preached first at Hempstead, L. I., then at the Second Church, Philadelphia, and in 1866 went to Princeton to become the first in- cumbent of a chair of harmony of science and re- vealed religion in America. Philosophia tfltima (1861; 4th ed. 1898) led to the establishment of his professorship. He published also The Hook of Common Proper na Amended bji the Prc.ihy- terian Divines of IRdt (1864; 2d ed. 1883). sup- plying a form for the use of ministers or congre- gations who desire a liturgical service. In his advocacy of the unification of thought and of religious observance he wrote : The Final
