SMITH. 258 SMITH. and constitutional history. He resigned this chair tliree years later, but retained a non-resi- dent professorship. At Toronto, which became his home after leaving Ithaca, he increased his reputation as 'scholar, statesman, and philoso- pher.' As regent of the University of Toronto, as founder and editor of the leading periodicals of his city — the Viinudian Monthly, the yution, and the Toronto Week (188-1)— he lent his sup- port to the cause of reform and liberty. As professor of history at Oxford he developed his philosophy of history, combatino- the view that history is governed by necessary law, claiming on the contrary that all progress comes through the eft'orts of individuals, thus finding a moral rather than a physical basis for historical evolu- tion. He believes "in the ultimate union of Canada with its neighbor to the south, and advocates reciprocity in trade relations between the two countries. As an historian he has thrown much light on the relations of England and Ireland, claiming that the contest is of historical origin, and primarily a struggle on the part of the Irish people to reacquire the ownership of their soil. His writings are so voluminous that only a few of the more important ones can be mentioned. Such are: Lrcturcs on Modtin Historii, delivered at Oxford. 1S59-C1 (1866): Irish Histori/ and Irish Character (1861); The Empire (1863); .Speeches and Letters, from .lanuary, 1863, to January. 1865. dealing with the American Civil War (1865) ; A Short Histori/ of England, Doicn to the Reformation { 1869) ; The Political Destiny of Canada (1879) ; Lectures and Essays (1882) ; Dismemberment No Remedy (1886), on Home Rule; History of the United States (1893); Essays on the Questions of the Day (New York, 1894). SMITH, C4REEN Clay (1832-95). An Ameri- ican soldier, legislator, and preacher, born at Richmond, Ky. He served through the Jlexican War as lieutenant in a Kentucky regiment, grad- uated at Transylvania University in 1850, and at the Lexington Law School in 1853. and settled in Covington for the practice of his profession in 1858. In 1860 he was elected to the Kentucky Legislature, where, on the approach of the Civil War, he tried to keep the State in the Union. On the outbreak of hostilities he re- cruited and became colonel of the Fourth Ken- tucky Cavalry ( Federal ) , took part in the Ten- nessee campaigns of 1862, and in June of that vear was commissioned brigadier-general of vol- imteers. In the succeeding year, however, having been elected a Unionist member of the Thirty- eighth Congress, he resigned his commission. He was reelected to Congress in 1864, and in 1866 was appointed by President Johnson Governor of Montana Territory. He retired from politics in 1869, was ordained in tlie Baptist ministry, and attained considerable prominence as an evan- gelist. In 1876 he was the candidate of the Pro- hibition Party for the Presidency. SMITH, GusTAvrs Woodson (1822-96). An American soldier, born in Scott County, Ky. He graduated at the United States Military Acad- emy in 1842. fought in the Mexican War, and was brevetted lieutenant for gallantry at Cerro Gordo, and captain for services at Contreras. In 1861 he was commissioned major-general in the Confederate service. After Gen. Joseph E. John- ston was wounded in the battle of Seven Pines, Smith was for a short time in command of the Army of Xortiiern X'irginia, but was seined by a temporary attack of paralysis and was super- seded by General Lee. Afterwards he .was in command of Richmond and then of the Georgia 'militia. He published Confederate War .Fapers (1S83; 2d ed. 1884). SMITH, Hexry Hollingsworth (1815-90). An American surgeon, born at Philadelphia, Pa. He graduated from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1837, studied two years in the hospitals of London, Paris, and Vienna, and was professor of surgery in the LTni- versity of Pennsylvania from 1855 till 1871, wIk'U he became professor emeritus. When the Civil Wiir began he was appointed surgeon-gen- eral of Pennsylvania. He very thoroughly or- ganized the field hospital service, introduced tlie practice of embalming on the field of battle, and in 1862 resigned to take up his practice and his work in the university. Among his published works are: Minor Surgery (1846) ; System, of Opcratire Surgery (2 vols., 1852) : The Treat- ment of Disunited Fractures by Means of Arti- ficial Limbs (1855) ; and Practice of Surgery (2 vols., 1857-63). SMITH, Henry Johx Stephen (18-26-83). An eminent lOnglish mathematician, born in Dublin. He was educated at Oxford. In 1848 he gained the Ireland L'niversity scholarship, and in 1849 was elected Fellow of Balliol. In 1850 he was appointed lecturer in matlienuitics at Balliol College, and in 1851 senior scholar in mathe- matics. In 1860 Smith became Savilian professor of geometry, and in 1861 was elected Fellow of the Royal Society and of the Royal Astronomi- cal Society. Smith was the leading English writer on the theory of numbers and a disciple of Ciauss, whose writings he thoroughly examined. These re- searches occupied his time from 1854 to 18C4, and are contained in his Report on the Theory of Numbers, presented to the British Association in six parts, 1859-65. His most important con- tributions were contained in two papers: '"On Systems of Linear Indeterminate Equations and Consruences" and "On the Orders and Genera of Ternary Quadratic Forms" (1861, 1867). Smith gave the formula; relating to the representation of a numljer as a sum of five squares, and also of seven squares. .Jacobi had proved the cases of two, four, and six squares : Eisenstein had proved the case of three squares, but left that of five squares without demonstration. This was supplied by Smith, but tlirough an unaccountable oversight tiie French Academy set this as the subject of their 'Grand prix des sciences matheniatiques' for 1882. The prize of 3000 francs was awarded him two months after his death. Smith also devoted his attention to elliptic functions, the results of which were published in the Proceed- ings of the London JIathematical Society. Smith's published writings were collected and edited by Glaisher. in two volumes (Oxford. 1894). Consult: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronnmical Society, vol. xliv. ; and the Fort- nightly Review (May, 1883). SMITH, Henry PRESER'En (1847—). An American theologian and Orientalist, born in Troy, O. He was educated at Amherst College,
