SMITH. 264 SMITH. tiquities (1890-91); Dictionary of Crreek OTid Homati Biography and Mythology (1890); Dic- tionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854- 57) ; Dictionary of Christian- Antiquities (1875- 80); Dictionary of the Bible (1863; revised, 1887) ; Dictionary of Christian Biography (1877- 87). SMITH, William Fakbab (1824-1903). An American soldier, born at Saint Albans, Vt. He graduated from West Point in 1845, and from 1846 to 1848 and again in 1855-56 he was as- sistant professor of mathematics there. He was a muster officer in New York at the time of the outbreak of the Civil War, served on the staffs of Generals Butler and McDowell in .June, July, and August, 1861 ; became colonel Third Vermont Volunteers (July 16, 1861), partici- pated in the first battle of Bull Run; became brigadier-general United States volunteers (Au- gust 13, 1861), and was in command of a division in the Peninsular campaign from March to August, 1862. He was brevetted lieutenant-col- onel United States Armv for gallantry in the battle of White Oak Swamp (June 28, 1862). He became major-general United States volun- teers (July 4, 1862). took part in the Maryland campaign, and was brevetted colonel United States Army for gallantry at Antietam. He com- manded the Sixth Corps of the Army of the Potomac from November 14, 1862, to February 4. 1863, when he was transferred to the Ninth Corps, which he commanded until March 17. He commanded a division of the Army of tha Susiiuelianna from .June 17 to August 3, 1863, and engaged in pursuit of the Confederates after tlie battle of Gettysburg. He was chief engineer. Dep.artment of the Cumberland, in the fall of 1863. and by building a bridge at Brown's Ferry (October 26) was able to join Hooker's forces with the Army of the Cumberland, saving the latter from possible capture at Chattanooga. He was again promoted to the rank of major-gen- eral United States volunteers (March 9, 1864). and served with the Army of the Potomac, from May 2 to Jiily 0, 1864, in the operations before Kichmond. He was brevetted brigadier-general United States Army (March 13. 1865) for ser- A ices at Chattanooga and major-general the same day for services during the war. He resigned from the volunteer service on November 1, 1865, and from the Regular Army March 7, 1867. Fiom 1864 to 1873 he was president of the In- ternational Telegraph Company, became a mem- ber of the board of police commissioners of New York (May 1, 1875), and president December 31, 1877. After 1881 he practiced civil engineering. SMITH, William Henry (1833-96). An American journalist and author, born in Colum- bia County, N. Y. He was taken by his parents in 1835 to Ohio, and there received an academic education. In 1855 he became editor of the Type of the Times, a political weekly at Cincinnati, and in 1858 became an editor on the staff of the Cincinnati Gazette. In 1863 he was private sec- retary to Governor Brough for one year, and was then Secretary of State until 1867, when he resigned to take editorial charge of the Cincin- nati Chronicle, a new evening newspaper. In 1870 he became manager of the Western Associated Press at Chicago, and in 1882 upon its consolida- tion with the New York Associated Press as the American Associated Press he became general manager of the new organization, remaining at its head until 1893. In 1877 he was made col- lector of the port of Chicago. His publications include: The Saint Clair Papers (2 vols., 1882), in which he gathered together much hitherto inaccessible material on the early history of the Northwest Territory, and A Polilical History of (Slavery (1903), a narrative of the anti-slavery struggle and of the reconstruction period, SMITH, William Robebtson (1846-94). A distinguished Semitic scholar, known as Robertson Smith. He was born at New Farm, Keig, Aber- deenshire. He was educated privately by his fathgr, a minister of the Free Church of Scot- land, and at Aberdeen University, where he was graduated in 1865. Having chosen the ministry as his profession at an early age, he entered New College, Edinburgh, in 1866 as a student of theology. During his theological course he spent two summers in Germany, at Bonn and Gottin- gen, where he heard the lectures and made the acquaintance of Bertheau, Lotze, Ritschl, and others of the foremost scholars of the time. He was particularly influenced by Ritschl, who in turn bore testimony to his pupil's ability. While still a student he was appointed assistant pro- fessor of natural philosophy in the University of Edinburgh, and in 1870 became professor of Oriental languages and exegesis of the Old Testa- ment in the Free Church College at Aberdeen. During the summer of 1872 he was again in Ger- many, studied Arabic with Lagarde, and became acquainted Avith Fleischer, Wellhausen, and other prominent Orientalists. In 1875 he became a member of the Old Testament revision commit- tee. When the ninth edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica was undertaken in 1870 Professor Smith was chosen as the contributor of articles upon Old Testament subjects. His arti; eles "Angels" and '"Bible" (both published in 1875) aroused suspicion and hostility in the Church. A committee was appointed by the General Assembly in 1876 to investigate, and, after much discussion and protracted proceed- ings. Professor Smith was dismissed from his chair in .June, 1881. The case is a famous one: its practical outcome was to popularize and establish the scholarly methods and most of the views which he represented in both Scotland and England. While his ease was pending he spent two winters in the East, visiting Egypt, Pales- tine, Syria, and Arabia, From his dismissal till 1888 he was associated with Professor Baynes as editor of the Britannica; the success- ful completion of the work was due in no small degree to his efficient management. At the same time he continued his Semitic studies with un- flagging zeal and most valuable results. In 1883 he succeeded Edward Henry Palmer as Lord Almoner's professor of Arabic at Cambridge : in 1886 he was elected chief librarian of the uni- versity, and in 1889 he succeeded William Wright as Adams professor of Arabic. He died at Cam- bridge. Besides numerous papers in scientific period- icals and his articles in the Britannica he pub- lished: What History Teaches Us to Look fen- in the Bible (1870): The Old Testament in the Jewish Church (1881; 2d ed. 1892) : The Proph- ets of Israel (1882; 2d ed. 1895) ; Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (1885). In 1888-90 he gave three series of lectures at Aberdeen (the Burnett lectures) upon the theme, "The Primi-
