SPALATO. 395 SPANGENBERG. and east. Fort Grippi is on the east. The harbor, protected by a long mole, is ample and safe. In the vast and remarkable palace of Diocletian, to which the town owes its name, the Kmperor lived after abdicating. The remains are interesting — the loggia, with its red columns, and a ruined rotunda, both being especially note- worth}'. The old town, with its narrow streets, is mostly inclosed in the confines of tlie palatial ruins. The new town, with wide thoroughfares, lies to the west. The cathedral is an attractive octagonal structure of Roman origin. Spalato has a naval school, an episcopal seminary, a Serbo-Croatian national Realschule and Gym- nasium, and a public garden. Spalato exports olive oil, fruit, and especially wine. A railroad connects the town with Sebenico and Knin. There are manufactures of wool and silk. Popu- lation, in 1900, 27,198, mostly Serbo-Croatians. SPALDING, spal'ding, John Franklin (1828-1902). An American bishop of the Prot- estant Episcopal Church. He was born at Bel- grade, Me., educated at Bowdoin College, and at the General Theological Seminary, New York. Ordained priest, he was first stationed at Saint James's, Old Town, Me. In 1873 he was con- secrated Missionary Bishop of Colorado, with jurisdiction in Wyoming. Later the missionary territory became a diocese and was divided. His principal publications are: The Church aiid Its Apostolic Ministry (1887); The Threefold Uitv- istry of the Church of Christ (18G4; 2d ed. 1887) ; The Best Mode of Wctrkincf a Parish (1888) ; Jesus Christ the Proof of Christianity (1891). SPALDING, John Lancaster (1840—). An American Roman Catholic bishop. He was born at Lebanon, Ky., and educated at Mount Saint Mary's College, and at the University of Lou- vain, Belgium; was ordained priest in 1803; was appointed secretar.y and chancellor of the diocese of Louisville (18G9), and of Peoria (1877). He took a prominent part in various social and edu- cational movements, and his position as an authoritj- in the former class of questions was recognized by his appointment in 1902 as a mem- ber of the President's commission to investigate the coal strike. Among his works are: Educa- tion and the Higher Life (1890) ; Things of the Mind (1894); Means and Ends of Education (1895) ; Thoughts and Theories of Life and Edu- cation (1897); Opportunity and Other Essays and Addresses (1900); Socialistn and Lahor (1902); Religion, Agnosticism, and Education (1902). SPALDING, Martin John (1810-72). An American Roman Catholic bishop. He was born near Lebanon, educated at Saint .Joseph's, Bards- town. Ky., and in Rome, where he was ordained priest in 1834; became Coadjutor Bishop of Louisville in 1848; Bishop 18.50, succeeded Dr. Kenrick as Archbishop of Baltimore in 1804. He published Early Catholic Missions in Kentucky (1846), Lectures on the General Evidences of Christianity (1847; 4th ed. 1866), Life of Right Rev. B. J. Flaget, his predecessor at Louisville (1852), History of the Protestant Reformation (1860). Consult his Life by his nephew, Bishop J. L. Spalding (Baltimore. 1872). SPALLANZANI, spal'lan-za'ne. Lazzako <1729-99). An Italian naturnlist. He was born Vol. XVIII.— 26. at Scandiano, and educated at Modena and Bologna. In 1754 he became professor at Reggio, in 1701 at Modena, and in 1768 professor of natural history at Pavia. He was distin- guished in experimental physiology, where he showed the falsity of the doctrine of the spon- taneous generation of life, demonstrated the physiology of digestion, and the true nature of the spermatic fluid and of the spermatozoa. His works are: Opuscoli di fisica animate c vegctabile { 1780) ; Experiences pour servir a I'hisloire de la generation des animaux et des plantos ( 1780) ; ^ iaggi alle Due Sicilie ed in alcune parti degli Apennini (1792). SPANDAU, spiin'dou. A town in the Prov- ince of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated at the confluence of the Havel and the Spree, nine miles west-northwest of Berlin (Map: Prussia, E 2). Through extensive improvements in its fortifications and the construction of numerous detached forts Spandau has been made a strong- hold of the first rank for the protection of Ber- lin. In the citadel, which is also used as a Gov- ernment prison, is kept the Imperial military reserve fund. Spandau has an infantry rifle- practice school, an artillery construction bureau, and a Gymnasium. The State ammunition, rifle, and artillery works are located here. The city owns the gas works. Its manufactures include porcelain, woolens, and military tents. The town is the shipping centre for a large trade between Berlin and Hamburg. There are fisheries and important horse and lumber markets. Spandau received municipal privileges in 1232 and was strongly fortified in the fourteenth century. Population, in 1900, 03,014. SPANDREL. The flat wall space comprised between the extradoses of two adjoining half- arches and a horizontal line or molding touching, or nearly touching, their crowns ; or, at the end of an arcade, and in structures having arches set between vertical piers or pilasters or columns, the space included between such vertical feature, the adjacent half-arch, and the molding or line immediately above the arches. This space is approximately triangular, and in decorative ar- chitecture oft'ers an admirable field for decora- tion. It may be adorned with figures in relief, as in Roman triumphal arches, or with medal- lions, as in the Ospedale degli Innocenti at Florence and many other Renaissance buildings; with surface enrichments in color or with incised surface carving. In certain types of steel arched bridges the spandrels are formed by series of columns or other supports for the upper chord of the truss or the roadway. The term is also applied in the engineering of steel-skeleton build- ings to the rectangular space between two col- umns from the head of a window to the sill of the window next above it. SPANGENBERG, spSng'en-berK, Augustus Gottlieb (1704-92). A bishop of the Moravian Church. He was born at Klettenberg, Prussia, and educated at .Jena. In 1732-33 he was a member of the theological faculty of the Uni- versity of Halle. He then allied himself with the United Brethren and was sent to the West Indies and Xorth America as a missionary, receiving in 1735 a grant of land near Savannah, Ga., and establishing a colony there. The Mor.avians made him bishop in 1744 and for nearly twenty years
