STONE. 592 STONE. small amount of cold water. This plastic mix- ture is then placed in molds to harden for iise. I'urllimd stone is a mixture of Portland cement and sand or sand and gravel wet to make a plastic mixture and rammed into molds to liardcn. Under various trade names Portland stone has quite an extensive use in the United States. It is molded into blocks of numerous forms and sizes, with or without ornament, for buildings and other structures. »S'ajid bricks are an artificial stone made by mixing sand and lime into a moist paste, molding this paste into bricks or blocks, and setting the molded blocks to harden in heated chamliers. McMurtrie stone is formed by adding alum and potash soap to the mixture for Portland stone. These ingredients form compounds of alumina in the pores of. the .stone, which reduce the capacity of the stone to alisorb water and add somewhat to its strength. I'diisoDie stone is made by mixing sand and sili- cate of soda, molding the mixture into blocks or slabs, and setting them to harden luidcr pressure in a hot solution of chloride of calcium. This material is used mostly in England, where it is applied to a varietj' of purposes. Sorcl stone is a French product, and is made by adding to oxide of magnesium a solution of chloride of magnesium. It is used mainly in making emery 'wheels. Consult Baker, Treatise on Masonry Construction (New York). Excellent articles on the manufacture of sand brick are contained in the Transactions of the American Ceramic So- cicti/. vols. iv. and v. See Co.n'CEETe; Pavemext. STONE, A.M.4SA. (1818-8.3). An American railroad builder and philanthropist. He was born at Charlton, Jlass., and early engaged in the building of railroads and bridges, being made superintendent of the New Haven, Hartford and Springfield Railroad in 1845. He was one of the contractors for liuilding the Cleveland. Columbus and Cincinnati and the Cleveland and Erie railroads, and during the Civil War he was often an adviser of the Government in matters of transportation of men and material. Stone gave $600,000 to Adelbert College of the Western Resei've University at Hudson, on condition of its removal to Cleveland, and also made many chari- table benefactions in the city of Cleveland. STONE, Charles Pomeroy (1825-87). An American soldier, born at Greenfield, Mass. He graduated at West Point in 1845. entered the ordnance department, and served under General Scott during the war with Jlexico. On the out- break of the Civil War he organized the District of Columbia Volunteers, and in May. 1801, was made brigadier-general. He participated in sev- eral actions during June and July, 1861, took part in General Patterson's operations in the Shenandoah Valley, and commanded at the disas- trous affair at Ball's Bluff (q.v.). Though charges were never preferred against him, he was arrested and confined for six months in military prisons. In August, 1862, he was re- leased, and in May, 186.3, he was assigned to the Department of the Gulf. He participated in the siege of Port Hudson in 1863, and then for nearly a year served as chief of staff to Major- General Banks. On August 21. 1864, he was given command of a brigade before Petersburg, and on September 13. 1864, resigned his com- mission. In 1870 he entered the service of the Khedive of Egypt as chief of staff and with the rank of brigadier-general. He was later ap- pointed general aide-de-camp to the Khedive. In 1883 he returned to the United States. STONE, EnwARD James (1831-97). An Eng- lish astroiKimer. born in London. He received his education at Queen's College, Cambridge, and in 1850 was elected fellow of his college. In 1860 he became chief assistant at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. From 1866 to 1870 he was secretary of the Royal As- tronomical Society, and its president (1882-84). In 1870 he was appointed her Majesty's astrono- mer at the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1879 Rad- cliffe observer at Oxford, which position he retained till his death. From observations made in 1862 Stone deduced a value of the solar paral- lax, which fixed the solar distance as slightly over 91,000,000 miles. The reversal of the Fraunhofer spectrum, a confirmation of Young's spectroscopic discovery of the reversing layer of the sun, was observed by him during the solar eclipse at Klipfontein in 1874. While at the Cape Observatory he prepared a catalogue of 12.441 stars (1880), containing all stars down to the seventh magnitude between the South pole and 25° S. declination, for which he was awarded the Lalande prize of the French Academj' in 1881. This survey of the southern heavens was completed in the Radcliffe Cataloriue for 1890, in which he gives the places of 6424 stars to the seventh magnitude between the equa- tor and 25° S. declination. Consult Royal So- ciety's Catalogue of Scientific Papers. STONE, Samuel .Ion N (1839-1900). An Eng- lish hynui-writer, born at Whitmore, in Stafford- shire. He was educated at the Charterhouse and at Pembroke College. Oxford. He became curate of Windsor ( 1802-70) and of Saint Paul's, Haggerston (1870-74), vicar of Saint Paul's, Haggerston (1874-90), and rector of All Hal- low's on the Wall, London (1890). He is widely known for his many hymns, as "Round the Sacred City Gather," "The Church's One Foundation," and "Lord of Our Soul's Salva- tion." Consult his Hymns (1886), also his Lyra Fideiiiim (1866), The K»i(jht of Intercession and Other Poems (1872), Sonnets of the Sacred Tear (1875), and Lays of lona (1897). For bibliog- raphy of hymns, consiilt Julian's Dictionary of Hymnolof/y (London. 1892). STONE, Thomas (1743-87). A signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was born in Charles County, Md.. studied law at Annapolis, began practice at Frederickton in 1764, and was a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1775- 77, and again in 1783-84, being president pro tern. in 1784. He was a member of the Committee on Confederation in 1776-77, and. returning to Mary- land in 1777, urged the State Convention to ratify the Articles of Confederation. Consult Sanderson, Signers of the Declaration of Inde- pendence, vol. is. (Philadelphia, 1823-27). STONE, William Leete (1792-1844). An American journalist and historical writer, born at Newpaltz, N. Y. After editing several provincial journals he became editor of the New York Commercial Adi-ertiser in 1821. He ear- nestly furthered a plan for collecting the colonial documents of New York, and was defendant in a famous suit brought by the novelist Cooper for criticisms that had appeared in his journal on that novelist's Home as Found and the History
