SUDAN. 6G1 SUDERMANN. there was a gradual reversion to earlier condi- tions. In 1882 the Sudanese tribesmen, for a long time restless under the greed and niisgovern- nient of the Egyptian officials, took advantage of the difficulties in Lower Kgj'pt and revolted. This, like the risiug under Arabi Pasha (q.v.), with which it coincided in point of time, was primarily a revolt against foreign inlhicnce, but, unlike the latter, which was a ])olitical move- ment, it had its iunnediate origin in religious fanaticism. The incitement came from one of the alleged messiahs, known as niahdis (see ilAHDi), who have been so common in Moliam- medau countries. This man. jMohammed Ahmed, had some political genius and united the tribes in great numbers under his banner. For fifteen years he and his successor held the coimtry un- der a religious and military tyranny. England had become so deeply involved in Egyptian af- fairs that she was compelled to take part in this struggle for the control of the Upper Nile coun- try. A force of 11,000 English and Egyptian troops was dispatched to the Sudan under Hicks Pasha. This force was annihilated in a battle with the tribesmen at El-Obeid (November 3-4, 1883). England then determined to abandon the Sudan, but several posts were held by British garrisons and it was necessary to withdraw these troops. For this dilhcult task and for the set- tlement of the troubled affairs of the country, Gordon, because of his former success and his knowledge of the tribesmen, was given a new commission as Governor-General, and on Febru- ary 18, 1884, he aj-rived at Khartum. In the meanwhile Osman Digna (q.v.) was making his power felt in the vicinity of Suakim. which be- came the scene of bloodv fighting, Osman Digna being finally defeated ('February-Marcli,. 1884). Gordon was surroimded at Khartum by the llahdi's forces and cut off from all of his com- munications. After many delays, in jiart due to the fatal hesitation of the Gladstone Govern- ment, a relief force was sent out under Lord Wolseley, which after severe fighting arrived at Khartum, January 28. 1885. Two days before the city had been captured and Gordon killed. The English then retired and until 1894 gave up the attempt to reconquer the revolted provinces; but the growing British interest in East and Central Africa made it inevitable that Eng- land should seek to control a position of so great strategic importance. Upon the death of the JIahdi in 1885 his power passed to his chief lieutenant, the Khalifah Abdallah. In the interval of peace the Eg'ptian Army was reor- ganized and brought to an admirable state of discipline under its English officers, and in 1894, under the Sirdar, Sir Herbert Kitchener (q.v.), the struggle for the possession of the Sudan was resumed. This movement was stimulated by the threatened movement of Osman Digna (q.v.), the ablest Dervish leader, upon the Italian post at Kassala, where a victory might throw the Dervishes again upon the Egyptian frontier. After slow and patient preparation the advance up the Nile was made and Dongola was captured, September 23. 1896. Pu.shing forward his railway across the desert at the rate of about two miles a day. General Kitchener advanced steadily, always maintaining cnnununication with his base on the Nile. The Khalifah was gradually hemmed in and on September 2, 1898, st Omdurman, opposite Khartum, he was de- feated, his army annihilated, and his power com- pletely broken. He himself was killed near Gedid in November, 189U. The French had .sent out a tentative expedition under Major Jlarchand (q.v.) to Fashoda, with a view to entering a wedge of Frencli inlhicnce in the Eastern Sudan, but the French were them- selves threatened by the tribesmen and were rescued by General Kitchener a few days after the victory at Omdurman. The aggressive attitude of England forced France to enter a diplomatic disclaimer. This led to the recognition by France in the supplementary treaty of JS9U of the Eng- lish sphere of infiuence in the Sudan from Darfur and the Bahr-el-Gliazal eastward. By the Anglo- Egyptian convention signed January 19, 1899, the government of the Sudanese provinces was to be intrusted to a Governor-General appointed by the Egyptian Government with the approval of the British Government, the slave trade was pro- hibited, as well as the importation of arms and ammunition, and the British and Egyptian flags were to be used conjointly. The first Governor- General was General Kitchener. When he was called to South Africa. Col. Sir Reginald Wingate, his successor as Sirdar of the Egyptian Army, succeeded to the post. Fbench Sudan. French exploration of the Su- dan began in ISliO, when JIaze and Quiiitin penetrated east of Senegal as far as Segu Sikoro, which was again visited by Soleillet in 1878. The next year Bafoulabe was founded and a rail- way survey begun. The conquest of the country was begun in 1880 and pushed for fifteen years. Forts were erected, telegraph lines constructed, and acknowledgments of the French protecto- rate were gradually obtained from the native rulers. In 1894 Timliuktu was taken. On Au- gust 5, 1890, an Anglo-French agreement laid down the southern line of the French Sudan from Say on the Niger to Barrawa on Lake Chad. A further convention delimiting the French ter- ritory on the side of British Nigeria was framed June 14, 1898. BiBLiOGEApny. Mardon, Geoqmphy of Epypt and the Anglo-Egijpliriii .S'ik/oh (London. 1902) ; Alfors and Sword. The Erji/pfian f^nrlnn. Its Loss and Recovery (ib., 1898) ; Burleigh. Sirdar and Khalifa (ib., 1898) : id.. The Khartum Campaign. 1898 (ib., 1899) ; Churchill. The River War (ib., 1898): Steevens, With Kitchener to Khartum (Edinburgh, 1898) ; Wingate, Mahdiism and the .S'»fto)i, lSSl-90 (London, 1891); Schweinfurth. The Heart of Africa (New York. 1874) ; Bois. {Senegal and Sowdan (Paris. 1886) ; Gaffarel. Le Senegal et le Sovdan frcnifm's (ib.. 1890) ; .Junker. Travels in Africa Dnring 187.'i-86. translated by Keane (London, 1890-92) : Parke, My Personal Experi- ences in Equatorial Africa (New York. 1801); Gessi, Seven Years in the Soudan (London, 1892): Stanley. In Darkest Africa (ib.. 1893); Pvobinson. Hausaland : or Fifteen Hnndred Miles Through the Central Soudan (ib., 1896). SUDERMANN, z<3o'der-nian, Hermann (1857—). A German dramatist and novelist, born at Matzicken. East Prussia. September 30, 1857. He studied history, philology, and litera- ture at Kiinigsherg and Berlin, and after some obscure years as tutor and journalist he won European fame and assured literary position by a drama Die Ehre (1888), and the novel Frau
