or molded in the form of human or animal heads, as in the European characteristic or grotesque pipes, especially those of Holland and Germany. The opium pipe of China is a special development with a large cylindrical bowl having a small aperture, and a large flute-shaped stem designed for the inhalation of a small quantity of fumes from a pellet of burning opium. The hemp pipe of India is a form of water pipe in which tobacco or a mixture of tobacco and hemp may be smoked. The Chinese and Japanese prefer a pipe with a very small bowl in which a pellet of finely shredded tobacco is smoked. The Koreans use a larger bowl with an extremely long stem. In Africa the water pipe is rudely made of a cow's horn perforated for stem and bowl holder. It is said that a Kafir lacking a pipe will often dig a small hole in the ground in which he puts tobacco, fit a stem in position below it, and, lying on his belly, enjoy a smoke. Consult: Nadaillac, Les pipes et le tabac (Paris, 1885); McGuire, Pipes and Smoking Customs of the American Aborigines (Washington, 1897).
TOBA′GO or TABAGO. An island of the British West Indies, belonging to the colony of Trinidad, and situated 22 miles northeast of the island of that name (Map: West Indies, R 9). Area, 114 square miles. It is of volcanic origin and is mountainous, with peaks rising about 2000 feet above the sea. The climate is warm, and the rainfall on the windward side amounts to 66 inches. Sugar and coffee have been the staple products, but cotton, tobacco, and cacao are now receiving more attention, and a large number of rubber trees have been planted. The volume of trade amounts to about $150,000 annually. Population, in 1901, 18,750, chiefly negroes. The chief town, Scarborough, has about 1000 inhabitants. The island was discovered by Columbus in 1498, and became a British possession in 1763.
TOBERENTZ, tō′be-rĕnts, Robert (1849—). A German sculptor, born in Berlin, where he frequented the Academy in 1867-69. He then studied under Schilling in Dresden and from 1872 to 1875 in Rome. After his return to Berlin he became a follower of Begas, in whose manner he executed, among other works, the bronze figure of a “Shepherd Resting” (1878, National Gallery). In 1879 he was appointed director of a master studio for sculptors connected with the Breslau Museum, resigned in 1884, and after living in America in 1885-89, returned to Berlin in 1890 and became professor in 1895. He completed the “Luther Monument” of Paul Otto, in Berlin, modeled the equestrian statue of Frederick Barbarossa for the Kaiserhaus at Goslar, and made the statue of Frederick the Great for the Royal Palace in Berlin. He also fashioned several masterly life-size nude figures, such as an “Ancient Greek Maiden Sculptor” and “Girl Asleep on a Couch.”
TO′BIT, Book of (Gk. Τωβείτ, Tōbeit, Τωβείθ, Tōbeith, from Heb. Tōbīyāh, Yahweh is good). One of the books of the Old Testament Apocrypha. The Catholic Church regards it as in the canon and historical. The personage around whom the story of the book centres is Tobit of the tribe of Naphtali, who was carried away to Assyria by Shalmaneser. Here he obtains an official position with the King, but loses it under Sennacherib, and because he has buried certain Jews killed by order of the King, he flees from Nineveh. His nephew, Achiacharus, pleads with the successor of Sennacherib, and under Esarhaddon Tobit returns to Nineveh. Again he buries the dead, and while in an ‘unclean’ condition he sleeps outside the wall of his courtyard and loses his eyesight. In his misfortune he is supported by his nephew Achiacharus, but, taunted by his wife, Anna, he sends his son Tobias to collect an outstanding debt in Ragæ in Media. Tobias takes with him as guide one Azarias (in reality Raphael, the angel). On the way Tobias is attacked by a fish, whose heart, liver, and gall he takes at the command of Raphael. They come to the house of Raguel, a kinsman of his, and Tobias marries Sarah, the only daughter of Raguel. By burning the heart and liver of the fish in the bridal chamber the evil spirit, Asmodeus (q.v.), who has already killed seven husbands of Sarah, is driven away. The debt collected, the three return to Nineveh, and Tobias applies the gall of the fish to his father's eyes and their sight is restored. Tobit dies at Nineveh and is buried there; Tobias dies at Ecbatana, yet not before he has heard of the destruction of Nineveh by Nebuchadnezzar. The date of the composition of the book is variously given as the fourth century B.C. (Ewald), third century (Reuss), and second century (Schürer, Nöldeke). The latter is probably correct. The story is a pure romance, and the vividness of the descriptions is but a proof of the artistic ability of the writer. The book exists at present in Greek, Latin, Syriac, Aramaic, and Hebrew manuscripts, the texts of which differ considerably. The oldest and most valuable text is that contained in the Alexandrine codex of the Septuagint and probably represents the original text. The Hebrew versions, of which there are three, are late and based on the Greek text. The purpose of the book is to emphasize God's Providence toward pious Jews who remain faithful to their religion with all its ceremonial obligations. Consult: Kautsch, Apokryphen (Tübingen, 1900); Wace, Apocrypha (London, 1888); Neubauer, The Book of Tobit (Oxford, 1878); and for the text, Nestle, Septuaginta-Studien (Leipzig, 1899).
TOBLER, tō′blẽr, Adolf (1835—). A Swiss Romance philologist, born at Hirzel, in the Canton of Zurich, and educated in the schools of that town and at the University of Bonn. In 1867 he became professor at the University of Berlin. His monographs on philological subjects are many, and his researches have contributed greatly to the knowledge of Old French syntax. His publications include: Gedichte von Jehan de Coudet (1860); Mitteilungen aus altfranzösischen Handschriften (1870); Li dis don vrai aniel (1871 and 1884); Vom französischen Versbau alter und neuer Zeit (3d ed., 1894; French translation, 1885); Das Buch der Uguçon des Laodho (1884); Das Sprachgedicht des Girard Pateg (1886); Vermischte Beiträge zur französischen Grammatik (three series, 1886-94); an edition of Li proverbe au vilain (1895).
TOBLER, Titus (1806-77). A Swiss Oriental scholar. He was born at Stein, Canton of Appenzell, studied and practiced medicine, traveled in Palestine, and after taking part in the political affairs of Switzerland, settled in 1871 at Munich. His principal work is Topographie von Jerusalem und seinen Umgebungen (1853-54),
