on the fever coast and the British Government announced the
intention of gradually preparing West Africans for self-government. Missionary education and the sending of black students to England raised a small Negro intelligentsia which
long struggled to place itself at the head of affairs. It had
some success but lacked an economic foundation. When the
new industrial imperialism swept Africa, with England in the
lead, the presence of these educated black leaders was a thorn
in the flesh of the new English industrialists. Their method
was to crowd these leaders aside into narrower and narrower
confines as we have seen in Sierre Leone. But the Negroes in
the older colonies retained possession of their land and, suddenly, when the cocoa industry was transferred from Portuguese Africa, they gained in one or two colonies a new and
undreamed of economic foundation. Instead of following the
large plantation industry, cocoa became the product of the small
individual native farm. In 1891 a native sold eighty pounds
of the first cocoa raised on the Gold Coast. By 1911 this had
increased to 45,000 tons and in 1916 to 72,000 tons. In
Nigeria there has also been a large increase, making these
colonies to-day the greatest cocoa producing countries in the
world.
Moreover, this progress showed again the new democratic problems of colonization, since it began and was fostered by a certain type of white colonial official who was interested in the black man and wanted him to develop. But this official was interested in the primitive black and not in the educated black. He feared and despised the educated West African and did not believe him capable of leading his primitive brother. He sowed seeds of dissension between the two. On the other hand, the educated West African hated the white colonial leader as a supplanter and deceiver whose ultimate aims must be selfish and wrong; and as ever, between these two, the English exploiting company worked gradually its perfect will.
Determined effort was thus made by the English, both merchants and philanthropists, to cut the natives off from any union of forces or of interests with the educated West Africans. "Protectorates” under autocratic white rule were attached to
