1180 TREATIES [61 STAT. December 7,1944 Convention between the United States of America and other governments [T. I. A. S.1591] respectinginternationalcivil aviation. Formulated at Chicago Decem- ber 7,1944; signed on the part of the United States ofAmerica December 7, 1944; ratification advised by the Senate of the United States of America July 25, 1946; ratified by the President of the United States of America August 6, 1946; ratificationof the United States of America deposited at WashingtonAugust 9,1946; proclaimedby the Presidentof the United States of America March 17, 1947; effective April 4, 1947. BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA A PROCLAMATION WHEREAS a convention on international civil aviation was formu- lated in the English language at the International Civil Aviation Conference at Chicago and opened for signature on December 7, 1944, and signed on that date by the Plenipotentiary of the United States of America and on or after that date by the Plenipotentiaries of forty- eight other governments; WHEREAS the said convention in the English language is word for word as follows: CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION PREAMBLE WHEREAS the future development of international civil aviation can greatly help to create and preserve friendship and understanding among the nations and peoples of the world, yet its abuse can become a threat to the general security; and WHEREAS it is desirable to avoid friction and to promote that coop- eration between nations and peoples upon which the peace of the world depends; THEREFORE, the undersigned governments having agreed on certain principles and arrangements in order that international civil aviation may be developed in a safe and orderly manner and that interna- tional air transport services may be established on the basis of equality of opportunity and operated soundly and economically; Have accordingly concluded this Convention to that end. PART I. AIR NAVIGATION CHAPTER I GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION Article 1 soverenty The contracting States recognize that every State has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory.
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