SHO Is- unnaturally elevated above the ground, and the heels are deprived of the substance which was origi- nally intended to keep the crust sufficiently expanded. Thus, the former are forced together j and, while the latter is pressed upon the coffin, and the extremities of the nut- bone, the circulation of the blood is impeded ; the frog gradu- ally wastes 5 at length the whole hoof decays ; and, by such injudi- cious practice, the numerous disor- ders incident to the feet of horses, which are known under the names of FOUNDERED, FRUSH, &C. are generally occasioned. To remedy, or at least to pre- vent, these maladies, Mr. Edward, Coleman has invented an artifi- cial frog, for which he obtained a patent m February 1800. This frog may be made of any tough and hard material; for instance, leather, horn, or wood ; but iron is preferable. In order lo fix and remove such contrivance with ease» the toe of the iron frog exteijds beneath that of the shoe, and thus prevents the artificial frog from •slipping forwards : next, a steel spring is fitted into an irregular grooi'e in the iron frog, and fixed mdcr the heels of the shoe ;' lest, (lie frog should move either back- wards, or in a lateral direction .- X>astly, to. ensure greater steadiness to this application, a leather strap IS passed through, a hole, ,in the heel of the frog, and then buckled round the hoof. In April, l/Qpy a pateot w^s granted fo Mr, William Moor- tROi'T,.for his in.veation of an im- proved and expeditious method of manufaSurihg horse-shoes. His pradice consists in cutting the shoes" by means of dies, having pre- viously .prepared the iron ; in con- . ' NO. kiii.-^VoL. IV. SHO [6^ sequence of which, the shape of the shoe is not only more perfeft, but the horse's foot i:; supported in a more effeftiial manner, than by the s!.oes in common use : thus, in the opinion of the patentee, many diseases to which that part is liable, may in futuie be prevented. — For a detailed account of this contrivance, the reader will con- sult the 6th vol. of the " Bepertori/ of Arts, &c. : — some judicious hints, on the shoeing of that va- luable animal, also occur in Mr. Moorcroft's pamphlet, entitled, " A Cursory Account of the various Methods of Shoeing Horses," 8vo. ]800; wiiich will amply repay the trouble of perusal. Shoote. See Calf ; vol. i. pp. 423-4. Short-sightedness. See vol. ii. p. 244. SHOT, a general name given to small and large balls, employed in fire-arms, but especially to those of a diminutive size. Shot is made either of iron, or of lead: the former metal is chiefly used for cannon-balls ; as the latter is for those of guns, pistols, &c. . There are different kinds of shot, according to the various purposes, for which they are designed. The best ior fowling-pieces, is kiiowa. under -the name of Patent milled $hot, and is. of various sizes, ac- cording to the species of game that is the immediate oUje6l of pursuit. It;. is made in the following man- ner : Sheets of lead, the thickness, of which corresponds with the in- tended size of the. shot, are first cut into small cubic pieces: these- are next submitted to a large, hoi-, low, iron cylinder, .that is mounted hpri^ontally, so as- to be turned by, a wiueh.j .aud, by their frifltion. against the ,sides. of the icachine, F ' ^' '^^' ■ ■ " they
