Portal:Iran-Israel conflict

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Class D - World History
Subclass S - History of Asia

Iran-Israel war

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Original source documents for the decades long Iran-Israel proxy conflict, the w:Iranian Nuclear Program, the w:JCPOA, the w:Prelude to the Twelve-Day War and the 12-day 2025 w:Iran-Israel war, and the w:2026 Iran war. See also w:Timeline of the Iran–Israel war.

Foundational context and competing ideologies (pre-2002)

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) (1968) Iran under the Shah was a signatory before the 1979 Revolution brought the Islamic Republic to power. Israel of four countries—along with India, Pakistan, and South Sudan—that have never signed the treaty. Israel maintains a policy of deliberate ambiguity, neither confirming nor denying the existence of a nuclear weapons program.
The w:Destruction of Israel in Iranian policy set by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, and his successor Ali Khamenei. Iran's contribution to the larger w:Death to Israel movement.

Iranian Nuclear program revealed & early sanctions (2002–2012)

The secret w:Iranian Nuclear Program was discovered in 2002.
w:The UNSC and the United States resolutions on the Iran Arms
- United Nations Security Council Resolution 1696 (2006) & United Nations Security Council 1737 (2006): Mandatory suspension of all enrichment.
- United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 (2006) following Hizbollah’s attack on Israel on 12 July 2006, which began the w:2006 Lebanon War
- United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747 (2007): Embargo on Iranian arms exports.
- United Nations Security Council Resolution 1803 (2008): Travel bans and monitoring of Iranian financial institutions.
- United Nations Security Council Resolution 1835 (2008)
- United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929 (2010): Total conventional arms embargo and ban on ballistic missile activity.
Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu's speech to the 67th UN General Assembly by Benjamin Netanyahu, 27 September 2012

the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action negotiations & agreement (2013–2015)

the Joint Plan of Action was also known as the Geneva interim agreement, C.f. w:Geneva interim agreement, (Persian: توافق هسته‌ای ژنو), signed 24 November 2013, implementation begun 20 January 2014. The negotiations under it which followed eventually led to an April 2015 Iran nuclear deal framework agreement. C.f. w:Iran nuclear deal framework.

Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu's Speech to the 69th UN General Assembly (2014) by Benjamin Netanyahu

United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 , endorsing JCPOA regarding the Iranian nuclear program, enacted on 20 July 2015, adopted it on 18 October, limiting enrichment of Uranium to 3.67% Portal:United Nations Security Council Resolutions/2015, C.f. w:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231
Israeli PM Netanyahu's speech in Congress, October 1, 2015 by Author:Benjamin Netanyahu to the United States Congress.
Joint letter to UN Secretary-General accusing Iran of defying Security Council Resolution 2231 through missile tests. 29 March 2016, "the Quad" United States, the UK, France, and Germany. C.f. Iranian missile tests.
w:Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive on 31 January 2018, publicly announced by Israeli PM Netanyahu in a televised presentation in English in Tel Aviv on 30 April, after a private briefing of U.S. President Donald Trump. Mossad subsequently provided the entirety of the trove to visiting intelligence officials from Germany, France, and the United Kingdom.

U.S. withdrawal & maximum pressure (2018–2022)

Ceasing U.S. Participation in the JCPOA and Taking Additional Action to Counter Iran’s Malign Influence and Deny Iran All Paths to a Nuclear Weapon May 8th, 2018, by U.S. President Donald Trump
Verification and monitoring in the Islamic Republic of Iran in light of United Nations Security Council resolution 2231 (2015) by the Portal:IAEA, [1], e UF6 product is up to 4.5%-5% U–235 at the Fuel Enrichment Plant (FEP) at w:Natanz Nuclear Facility, as of 8 July 2019
The w:Assassination of Qasem Soleimani, general of w:Quds Force of the w:IRGC, by an American drone strike.

Middle East Crisis 2023–present

Hamas-Israel war

See also: w:Al-aqsa flood and w:Gaza war

Joint Statement on Israel by leaders of France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States of America, 9 October 2023, the suprise October 7 terrorist attacks and invasion of Israel by Hamas, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine.
Trump peace plan 29 September 2025 [2], [3]
Joint Statement by the Foreign Ministers of Qatar, Jordan, UAE, Indonesia, Pakistan, Turkey, Saudia Arabia and Egypt welcome the U.S. Presidents sincere efforts to end the war in Gaza29 September 2025 [4]
Global Support for President Trump’s Bold Vision for Peace in Gaza, 1 October 2025 [5]
Joint Statement by the Foreign Ministers of Qatar, Jordan, UAE, Indonesia, Pakistan, Türkiye, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt welcoming the steps taken by Hamas regarding U.S. President Donald Trump’s proposal to end the war on Gaza and release all hostages [6]

Hezbollah-Israel war

Yemen-Israel war

Covert war in Syria

Prelude to War

(work in progress)

Iran - Resolution on Iran adopted by the IAEA Board of Governors and the E3 (5 June 2024) [7]
IAEA Board of Governors resolution on Iran: Quad joint statement, France, UK, US, Germany, [8] (23 November 2024)
Iran – Joint statement by the spokespeople for the Foreign Ministries of France, Germany and the United Kingdom (9 December 2024) [9]
U.S. Executive Order 14169 Reevaluating and Realigning United States Foreign Aid, January 20, 2025 by U.S. President Donald Trump
U.S. Executive Order 14175 Designation of Ansar Allah (Yemenite Houthis) as a Foreign Terrorist Organization, of January 22, 2025, ibid.
U.S. Executive Order 14199 Withdrawing the United States From and Ending Funding to UNRWA, UNHCR, UNESCO, and Certain United Nations Organizations and Reviewing United States Support to All International Organizations, 4 February, ibid.
U.S. NSPM-2 Imposing Maximum Pressure on the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Denying Iran All Paths to a Nuclear Weapon, and Countering Iran’s Malign Influence, 4 February 2025 by U.S. President Donald Trump
w:2025 United States–Iran negotiations began April 12, 2025 with a two month (60 day) deadline. U.S. Envoys Steve Witkoff and Jared Kushner met with Iranian foreign minister Author:Abbas Araghchi for 5 rounds of meetings in Oman. On the 61st day, Israel struck.

Twelve-day war and ceasefire (June 2025)

Israeli Operation Rising Lion, First Week, 13th–20th June 2025

(work in progress)

Ambassador Danny Danon to the UN Security Council after pre-emptive Israeli strike on Iranian Nuclear facilities 13 June 2025, Author:Danny Danon of Portal:Israel at the United Nations Security Council. YT
Iran condemns the Israeli attacks on nuclear facilities and the targeted killing of military officials and scientists (S/2025/379) 13 June 2025, by Author:Amir Saeid Iravani, digitallibrary.un.org
MFA Statement on the Zionist Regime’s Military Aggression Against Iran June 12, 2025 [10]
Press Release after UN Security Council Emergency Meeting in Wake of Israeli Air Strikes (SC/16087) 9936th Meeting (PM) 13 June 2025, press.un.org
Statement by the Foreign ministers of France, Germany, the United Kingdom and The High Representative of the European Union following their call with their iranian counterpart (16 June 2025) [11]
Letter to the UN Security Council from Israeli Foreign Minister Sa'ar announcing Operation Rising Lion to remove the Iranian threat of elimination against Israel, (S/2025/390) 17 June 2025, by Author:Gideon Sa'ar, [12] digitallibrary.un.org, PDF, [13]
Letter from Iran notifying the UNSC of Iranian defensive operations under Article 51 of the UN Charter (S/2025/387) 16 June 2025, by Author:Amir Saeid Iravani, digitallibrary.un.org
Letter from Iran to the UN Security Council concerning alleged Israeli attacks against nuclear facilities (S/2025/388) 16 June 2025, by Author:Amir Saeid Iravani, digitallibrary.un.org
Letter from Iran to UN Security Council requesting an emergency meeting (S/2025/391) 18 June 2025, by Author:Amir Saeid Iravani, digitallibrary.un.org
Second Letter from Iran to the UN Security Council concerning alleged Israeli attacks against nuclear facilities (S/2025/398) 19 June 2025, by Author:Amir Saeid Iravani, digitallibrary.un.org
Statement by the Foreign Ministers of France, Germany and the High Representative of the European Union following their meeting with their Iranian counterpart (June 20, 2025) [14]
Iranian letter to the UN Security Council denouncing Israel and demanding special session (five letters)
Israel’s Danon at UN: Iran Seeks Our Destruction—We Will Defend Ourselves 20 June 2025, by Author:Danny Danon at the UN Security Council, [15]

America Strikes, Second Week, 21th–27th June 2025

President Trump delivers address to the nation after striking Iranian nuclear sites 21 June 2025 by Donald Trump
Letter from the President informing Congressional leaders of strikes on Iranian nuclear facilities (2025-06-23)
Remarks by Ambassador Dorothy Shea at a UNSC Briefing on Threats to International Peace and Security 22 June 2025, Dorothy Shea
VP Vance speaks to the press after strikes on Iranian nuclear sites by J.D. Vance 22 June 2025
Secretary Rubio speaks to the press after strikes on Iranian nuclear sites by Marco Rubio 22 June 2025
UN Security Council Holds Emergency Meeting After U.S. Strikes On Iranian Nuclear Sites 22 June 2025 news.un.org press.un.org video
Ambassador Danon's calls on the free world to thank America for striking Iran's nuclear program @UnitedNations
Letter to Congressional Leaders on United States Military Operations in Iran (War Powers Resolution notification) June 23, 2025, by Donald Trump presidency.ucsb.edu
Ambassador Danon discusses the ceasefire, 24 June 2025 @UnitedNations
President Trump answering reporters on the ceasefire violations, 24 June 2025
Ambassador Shea at a UN Security Council Briefing on Nonproliferation and Iran 24 June 2025 [16] by charge d'affaires Author:Dorothy Shea
Letter to the UN Security Council justifying preemptive attack on Iran by charge d'affaires Author:Dorothy Shea 27th June 2025 [17]

Snapback of Sanctions and Attempts at Diplomacy

E3 joint letter to the President of the UN Security Council requesting snapback sanctions on Iran, August 28th 2025, invoking paragraph 11 of United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 2231 (2015), the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The E3 believe Iran to be in significant non-performance of its commitments under the JCPoA, citing the IAEA report of May 31, 2025. E3 invokes the “snapback” mechanism.
Joint statement by the Foreign Ministers of France, Germany and the UK on the initiation of the snapback process 28 August 2025 [18]
Draft Resolution S/2025/561 to continue the termination of past sanctions. docs.un.org/en/S/2025/561
S/PV.10001 Verbatim Meeting Record (19 Sept 2025) docs.un.org/en/S/PV.10001 where it failed to pass, with 9 votes against.
S/PV.10006 UN Briefing on Iran (26 Sept 2025) Discussion of E3 right to invoke docs.un.org/en/S/PV.10006
SC/16181 — UNSC Vote on Draft Resolution S/2025/561, 26 September 2025 [19]
S/2025/759 dated November 20, 2025, documents.un.org summarizing the completed process, which took effect September 28th, effectively terminating Resolution 2231 and immediately reinstating the following "pre-2015" Chapter VII resolutions:
- 1696 & 1737 (2006) Mandatory suspension of all enrichment. 1747 (2007): Embargo on Iranian arms exports. 1803 (2008): Travel bans and monitoring of Iranian financial institutions. 1835 (2008), and 1929. (2010): Total conventional arms embargo and ban on ballistic missile activity. C.f. w:The UNSC and the United States resolutions on the Iran Arms
S/2025/783 China-Russia-Iran Protest Letter 1 December 2025, in response to S/2025/759. documents.un.org
SC/16263 — UNSC Briefing on Iran Nuclear Programme, post-snapback 10079th Meeting (AM) 23 December 2025, The US delegate (effectively aligned with Israel's position) insisted that resolution 2231 "did not expire with the conclusion of the snapback process" and that there "can be no enrichment inside of Iran," urging Tehran to "take President Trump's hand of diplomacy." [20]

2026 anti-regime protests and Iranian crackdown (January 2026)

and 2026 United States military buildup in the Middle East § Negotiations, Prelude to the 2026 Iran conflict § Negotiations

Letters from Iran to the UNSC on President Trump's threats (S/2026/8) 3 January 2026, by Amir Saeid Iravani of Portal:Iran globalsecurity.org

U.S. Congressional Debates and Resolutions

none of these have the power of law unless passed by both houses and signed by the president, but may have political influence or other historical interest

H.Res. 559 (118th Congress, 2023) Declaring it is the policy of the United States that a nuclear Islamic Republic of Iran is not acceptable. That it is the policy of the United States (1) to use all means necessary to prevent Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon, and (2) to support the freedom of action of partners and allies to prevent Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon. 2023/H.Res 559 - congress.gov (Passed House on 11/01/2023)
H.R.8369 (118th Congress, 2024) - Israel Security Assistance Support Act (Passed house 224-187, on 5/14/2023) H.R.8369 on congress.gov
H.Res. 398 (119th Congress, 2025) Condemning Iran's failure to comply with its international nuclear obligations. 2025/H.Res. 398 - congress.gov
H.Res. 1031 (119th Congress, 2026) Condemning the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran for its violent repression of peaceful protesters, its documented pattern of human rights abuses, and its sponsorship of extremist militant groups across the Middle East. (February 2, 2026) congress.gov. Referred to House Committee on Foreign Affairs.
S.J.Res.59 (119th Congress, 2025)- A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran unless explicitly authorized by Congress. S.J.Res.59 on congress.gov (Failed 47–53 on a procedural vote on March 4, 2026)
H.Con.Res.38 (119th Congress, 2025) Directing the President pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution to remove United States Armed Forces from unauthorized hostilities in the Islamic Republic of Iran. H.Con.Res.38 on congress.gov (Failed 212–219 in the House on March 5, 2026)

2026 Iran war

UN Security Council Resolution 2817 and surrounding documents (11 March 2026)

United Nations Security Council Resolution 2817 11 March 2026, United Nations Security Council, condemning Iranian attacks against Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Jordan; adopted 13-0 with China and Russia abstaining docs.un.org
- Press record (SC/16315): press.un.org
Russian draft resolution on cessation of hostilities in Iran (failed) 11 March 2026, Russian Federation at the United Nations Security Council; defeated 4 in favour, 2 against (United States and Latvia), 9 abstentions press.un.org
Statement by Ambassador Amir Saeid Iravani rejecting UN Security Council Resolution 2817 11 March 2026, Amir Saeid Iravani of Portal:Iran at the United Nations Security Council press.un.org
Additional Remarks by Ambassador Mike Waltz at the UN Security Council Emergency Briefing on Iran 11 March 2026, Mike Waltz of Portal:United States usun.usmission.gov

Joint statement from the leaders of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Japan, Canada and others on the Strait of Hormuz 19 March 2026, by Keir Starmer

2026 Lebanon war (2 March 2026–)

See also: w:2026 Lebanon war, w:Hezbollah and w:UNIFIL

Lebanon is exhausted by other people's wars — UN Security Council briefing on Lebanon (SC/16314) 10 March 2026, United Nations Security Council, including statements by Tom Fletcher (Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs), Jean-Pierre Lacroix (Under-Secretary-General for Peace Operations), Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert (Special Coordinator for Lebanon), and the Lebanese delegate press.un.org
Joint statement on the escalating conflict between Israel and Hezbollah 16 March 2026, by Keir Starmer, Emmanuel Macron, Friedrich Merz and others gov.uk