The Comedies of Aristophanes (Hickie 1853)/Clouds
THE CLOUDS.
DRAMATIS PERSONÆ.
STREPSIADES.
PHIDIPPIDES.
SERVANT OF STREPSIADES.
DISCIPLES OF SOCRATES.
SOCRATES.
CHORUS OF CLOUDS.
JUST ΛΟΓΟΣ.
UNJUST ΛΟΓΟΣ.
PASIAS.
AMYNIAS.
WITNESS.
CHÆREPHON.
THE ARGUMENT.
Strepsiades, a wealthy cultivator of the soil in the district of Cicynna, has been reduced to poverty by the extravagance of his son. He has heard of the new and wonderful art of reasoning, by which the Sophists professed to make the worse appear the better cause; and hopes that, under the tuition of Socrates, he may attain to such skill and dexterity of arguing as will enable him to elude the actions for debt, with which he is threatened by his creditors. All attempts to make him acquainted with the subtleties of the new philosophy are found to be vain; and his son Phidippides is substituted in his stead, as a more hopeful pupil. The youth gives rapid proof of his proficiency, by beating his father, on their next interview, and then attempting to demonstrate to him that this proceeding is right and lawful. The eyes of the foolish old man are opened to the wickedness of the new doctrines, and the imposture of their professors. He sets fire to the school of Socrates; and the play ends, like most of our modern melodramas, with a grand conflagration. This comedy was first represented at the Great Festival of Bacchus, (March, B. C. 423,) when Aristophanes was beaten by Cratinus and Amipsias, through the intrigues of Alcibiades, who perceived himself aimed at in the character of Phidippides. Aristophanes was now in his twenty-first year. In consequence of this defeat, he prepared a second edition, which, we are told, was exhibited with an equal want of success the following year. But it is now well ascertained that the play we now have was the original first edition, with a new Address, and a few other unimportant alterations perhaps, and that it was never completed for the stage. At all events, it mentions Cleon (vs. 591—594) as still living, who died in the summer of B. C. 422, while the Address quotes (vs. 553) the "Maricas" of Eupolis, which was not exhibited till B. C. 421.
Schlegel (Dramatic Lit. p. 156) remarks, "The most honourable testimony in favour of Aristophanes is that of the sage Plato, who transmitted the Clouds (this very play, in which, with the meshes of the sophists, philosophy itself, and even his master Socrates, was attacked) to Dionysius the elder, with the remark, that from it he would be best able to understand the state of things at Athens."
THE CLOUDS.
Strepsiades (sitting up in his bed).
Ah me! ah me! O king Jupiter, of what a terrible length the nights are![1] Will it never be day? And yet[2] long since I heard the cock. My domestics are snoring; but they would not have done so heretofore! May you perish then, O war! for many reasons; because I may not even punish my domestics.[3] Neither does this excellent youth awake through the night; but takes his ease, wrapped up in five blankets. Well, if it is the fashion, let us snore wrapped up.
[Lies down, and then almost immediately starts up again.]
But I am not able, miserable man, to sleep, being tormented by my expenses, and my stud of horses, and my debts, through this son of mine. He with his long hair,[4] is riding horses and driving curricles, and dreaming of horses; while I am driven to distraction, as I see the moon[5] bringing on the twentieths; for the interest is running on.—Boy! light a lamp, and bring forth my tablets, that I may take them and read to how many I am indebted, and calculate the interest. [Enter boy with a light and tablets.] Come, let me see; what do I owe? Twelve minæ to Pasias. Why[6] twelve minæ to Pasias? Why did I borrow them? When I bought the blood-horse.[7] Ah me, unhappy! Would that it had had its eye knocked[8] out with a stone first!
Phid. (talking in his sleep). You are acting unfairly, Philo![9] Drive on your own course.
Strep. This[10] is the bane which has destroyed me; for even in his sleep he dreams about horsemanship.
Phid. How[11] many courses will the war-chariots run?
Strep. Many courses do you drive me, your father.—But what debt[12] came upon me after Pasias? Three minæ to Amynias for a little chariot and pair of wheels.
Phid. Lead the horse home, after having given him a good rolling.
Strep. O foolish youth, you have rolled me out of my possessions; since I have been cast in suits, and others say that they will have surety given them for the interest.
Phid. (awaking). Pray, father, why are you peevish, and toss about the whole night?
Strep. A bailiff[13] out of the bed-clothes is biting me.
Phid. Suffer me, good sir, to sleep a little.
Strep. Then, do you sleep on; but know that all these debts will turn on your head. [Phidippides falls asleep again.] Alas! would that the match-maker[14] had perished miserably, who induced me to marry your mother. For a country life used to be most agreeable to me, dirty, untrimmed, reclining at random, abounding in bees, and sheep, and oil-cake. Then I, a rustic, married a niece of Megacles, the son of Megacles, from the city, haughty, luxurious, and Cœsyrafied.[15] When I married her, I lay with her redolent of new wine, of the cheese-crate, and abundance of wool; but she, on the contrary, of ointment, saffron, wanton-kisses, extravagance, gluttony, and of Colias and Genetyllis.[16] I will not indeed say that she was idle; but she wove. And I used to show her this cloak by way of pretext, and say, "Wife, you weave at a great rate." [Servant re-enters.]
Ser. We have no oil in the lamp.
Strep. Ah me! why did you light the thirsty[17] lamp? Come hither, that you may weep!
Ser. For what, pray, shall I weep?
Strep. Because you put in one of the thick wicks. [Servant runs out.]—After this, when this son was born to us, to me, forsooth, and to my excellent wife, we squabbled then about the name: for she was for adding ἵππος to the name, Xanthippus,[18] or Charippus, or Callippides; but I was for giving him the name of his grandfather, Phidonides. For a time therefore we disputed; and then at length we agreed, and called him Phidippides.[19] She used to take this son and fondle him, saying, "When you, being grown up, shall drive your chariot to the city, like Megacles, with a xystis."[20] But I used to say, "Nay, rather, when dressed in a leathern jerkin, you shall drive your goats from Phelleus, like your father." He paid no attention to my words, but[21] poured a horse-fever over my property. Now therefore, by meditating the whole night, I have discovered one path for my course extraordinarily excellent; to which if I persuade this youth, I shall be saved. But first I wish to awake him. How then can I awake him in the most agreeable manner?—How? Phidippides, my little Phidippides?
Phid. What, father?
Strep. Kiss me, and give me your right hand!
Phid. There. What's the matter?
Strep. Tell me, do you love me?
Phid. Yes, by this Equestrian Neptune.[22]
Strep. Nay, do not by any means mention this Equestrian to me, for this god is the author of my misfortunes. But, if you really love me from your heart, my son, obey me.
Phid. In what then, pray, shall I obey you?
Strep. Reform your habits as quickly as possible; and go and learn what I advise.
Phid. Tell me now, what do you prescribe?
Strep. And will you obey me at all?
Phid. By Bacchus, I will obey you.
Strep. Look this way then! Do you see this little door and little house?
Phid. I see it. What then, pray, is this, father?
Strep. This is a thinking-shop[23] of wise spirits. There dwell men who in speaking of the heavens persuade people that it is an oven, and that it encompasses us, and that we are the embers. These men teach, if one give them money,[24] to conquer in speaking, right or wrong.
Phid. Who are they?
Strep. I do not know the name accurately. They are minute-philosophers,[25] noble and excellent.
Phid. Bah! they are rogues; I know them. You mean the quacks, the pale-faced wretches, the bare-footed fellows, of whose number are the miserable Socrates and Chærephon.[26]
Strep. Hold! hold! be silent! Do not say any thing foolish. But, if you have any concern for your father's patrimony, become one of them, having given up your horsemanship.[27]
Phid. I would not, by Bacchus, if even you were to give me the pheasants[28] which Leogoras rears!
Strep. Go, I entreat you, dearest of men, go and be taught.
Phid. Why, what shall I learn?
Strep. They say, that among them are both the two causes,—the better cause, whichever that is, and the worse: they say, that the one of these two causes, the worse, prevails, though it speaks on the unjust side. If therefore you learn for me this unjust cause, I would not pay to any one, not even an obolus of these debts, which I owe at present on your account.
Phid. I cannot comply; for I should not dare to look upon the Knights, having lost all my colour.
Strep. Then, by Ceres, you shall not eat any of my goods! neither you, nor your draught-horse, nor your blood-horse;[29] but I will drive you out of my house to the crows.
Phid. My uncle Megacles will not permit me to be without a horse. But I'll go in, and pay no heed to you.[30] [Exit Phidippides.]
Strep. Though fallen, still I will not lie prostrate: but having prayed to the gods, I will go myself to the thinking-shop and get taught. How then, being an old man, and having a bad memory, and dull of comprehension, shall I learn the subtleties of refined disquisitions?—I must go. Why thus do I loiter and not knock at the door? [Knocks at the door.] Boy! little boy!
Dis. (from within). Go to the devil! Who is it that knocked at the door?
Strep. Strepsiades,[31] the son of Phidon, of Cicynna.
Dis. You are a stupid fellow, by Jove! who have kicked against the door so very carelessly, and have caused the miscarriage[32] of an idea which I had conceived.
Strep. Pardon me; for I dwell afar in the country.[33] But tell me the thing which has been made to miscarry.
Dis. It is not lawful to mention it, except to disciples.
Strep. Tell it, then, to me without fear; for I here am come[34] as a disciple to the thinking-shop.
Dis. I will tell you; but you must regard these as mysteries. Socrates lately asked Chærephon about[35] a flea, how many of its own feet it jumped; for after having bit the eyebrow of Chærephon, it leapt away on to the head of Socrates.
Strep. How, then, did he measure this?
Dis. Most cleverly. He melted some wax, and then took the flea and dipped its feet in the wax; and then a pair of Persian slippers stuck to it when cooled. Having gently loosened these, he measured back the distance.
Strep. O king Jupiter! what[36] subtlety of thought!
Dis. What then would you say, if you heard another contrivance of Socrates?
Strep. Of what kind? Tell me, I beseech you!
Dis. Chærephon the Sphettian asked him whether he thought gnats buzzed through the mouth or the breech.
Strep. What, then, did he say about the gnat?
Dis. He said the intestine of the gnat was narrow, and that the wind went forcibly through it, being slender, straight to the breech; and then that the rump, being hollow where it is adjacent to the narrow part, resounded through the violence of the wind.
Strep. The rump of gnats then is a trumpet! O thrice happy he for his sharp-sightedness![37] Surely a defendant might easily get acquitted, who understands the intestine of the gnat.
Dis. But he was lately deprived of a great idea by a lizard.
Strep. In what way? Tell me.
Dis. As he was investigating the courses of the moon, and her revolutions, then as he was gaping upwards, a lizard in the darkness dunged upon him from the roof.
Strep. I am amused at a lizard's having dunged on Socrates.
Dis. Yesterday evening there was no supper for us.
Strep. Well. What then did he contrive for provisions?
Dis. He sprinkled fine ashes on the table, and bent a little spit, and then took it as a pair of compasses and filched a cloak from the Palæstra.[38]
Strep. Why then do we admire that Thales?[39] Open, open quickly the thinking-shop, and show to me Socrates as quickly as possible. For I desire to be a disciple. Come, open the door.—[The door of the Thinking-shop opens, and the pupils of Socrates are seen all with their heads fixed on the ground, while Socrates himself is seen suspended in the air in a basket.] O Hercules, from what country are these wild beasts?
Dis. What do you wonder at? To what do they seem to you to be like?
Strep. To the Spartans, who were taken at Pylos.[40] But why in the world do these look upon the ground?
Dis. They are in search of the things below the earth.
Strep. Then they are searching for roots. Do not, then, trouble yourselves about this; for I know where there are large and fine ones. Why, what are these doing,[41] who are bent down so much?
Dis. These are groping about in darkness[42] under Tartarus.
Strep. Why then does their rump look towards heaven?
Dis. It is getting taught astronomy alone by itself. [Turning to the pupils.] But go in, lest he meet with us.
Strep. Not yet, not yet: but let them remain, that I may communicate to them a little matter of my own.
Dis. It is not permitted to them to remain without in the open air for a very long time. [The pupils retire.]
Strep, (discovering a variety of mathematical instruments). Why, what is this, in the name of heaven?[43] Tell me.
Dis. This is Astronomy.
Strep. But what is this?
Dis. Geometry.
Strep. What then is the use of this?
Dis. To measure out the land.
Strep. What belongs to an allotment?
Dis. No, but the whole earth.
Strep. You tell me a clever notion; for the contrivance[44] is democratic and useful.
Dis. (pointing to a map). See, here's a map of the whole earth. Do you see? this is Athens.
Strep. What say you? I don't believe you; for I do not see the Dicasts[45] sitting.
Dis. Be assured that this is truly the Attic territory.[46]
Strep. Why, where are my fellow-tribesmen of Cicynna?
Dis. Here they are. And Eubœa here, as you see, is stretched out a long way by the side of it to a great distance.
Strep. I know that; for it was stretched by us and Pericles.[47] But where is Lacedæmon?
Dis. Where is it? Here it is.
Strep. How near it is to us! Pay great attention to this,[48] to remove it very far from us.
Dis. By Jupiter, it is not possible.
Strep. Then you will weep for it. [Looking up and discovering Socrates.] Come, who is this man who is in the basket?
Dis. Himself.
Strep. Who's "Himself?"
Dis. Socrates.
Strep. O Socrates! Come, you sir,[49] call upon him loudly for me.
Dis. Nay, rather, call him yourself; for I have no leisure.[50] [Exit disciple.]
Strep. Socrates! my little Socrates!
Soc. Why callest thou me, thou creature of a day?
Strep. First tell me, I beseech you, what you are doing.
Soc. I am walking in the air,[51] and speculating about the sun.
Strep. And so you look down upon[52] the gods from your basket, and not from the earth? if, indeed, it is so.
Soc. For I should never have rightly discovered things celestial, if I had not suspended the intellect, and mixed the thought in a subtle form with its kindred air. But if, being on the ground, I speculated from below on things above, I should never have discovered them. For[53] the earth forcibly attracts to itself the meditative moisture. Water-cresses also suffer[54] the very same thing.
Strep, What do you say?—Does meditation attract the moisture to the water-cresses? Come then, my little Socrates, descend to me, that you may teach me those things, for the sake of which I have come. [Socrates lowers himself and gets out of the basket.]
Soc. And for what did you come?
Strep. Wishing to learn to speak; for, by reason of usury, and most ill-natured creditors, I am pillaged and plundered, and have my goods seized for debt.
Soc. How did you get in debt without observing it?
Strep. A horse-disease consumed me,—terrible at eating. But teach me the other one of your two causes,[55] that which pays nothing; and I will swear by the gods, I will pay down to you whatever reward you exact of me.
Soc. By what gods will you swear? for, in the first place, gods are not a current coin with us.
Strep. By what do you swear? By iron money,[56] as in Byzantium?
Soc. Do you wish to know clearly celestial matters, what they rightly are?
Strep. Yes, by Jupiter, if it be possible!
Soc. And to hold converse with the Clouds, our divinities?
Strep. By all means.
Soc. (with great solemnity). Seat yourself, then, upon the sacred couch. [57]
Strep. Well, I am seated!
Soc. Take, then, this chaplet.
Strep. For what purpose a chaplet?—Ah me! Socrates, see that you do not sacrifice me like Athamas![58]
Soc. No; we do all these to those who get initiated.
Strep. Then, what shall I gain, pray?
Soc. You shall become in oratory a tricky knave, a thorough[59] rattle, a subtle speaker.—But keep quiet.
Strep. By Jupiter, you will not deceive me; for if I am besprinkled, I shall become fine flour.
Soc. It becomes the old man to speak words of good omen, and to hearken to my prayer.—O sovereign King, immeasurable Air, who keepest the earth suspended, and thou bright Æther, and ye august goddesses, the Clouds sending thunder and lightning, arise, appear in the air, O mistresses, to your deep thinker.
Strep. Not yet, not yet, till I wrap this around me, lest I be wet through. To think of my having come[60] from home without even a cap, unlucky man!
Soc. Come then, ye highly honoured Clouds, for a display to this man.[61] Whether ye are sitting upon the sacred snow-covered summits of Olympus, or in the gardens of father Ocean form a sacred dance with the Nymphs, or draw in golden pitchers the streams of the waters of the Nile,[62] or inhabit the Mæotic lake, or the snowy rock of Mimas,[63] hearken to our prayer, and receive the sacrifice, and be propitious to the sacred rites.[64] [The following song is heard at a distance, accompanied by loud claps of thunder.]
Cho. Eternal Clouds! let us arise to view with our dewy, dear-bright nature, from loud-sounding father Ocean to the wood-crowned summits of the lofty mountains, in order that we may behold clearly the far-seen watch-towers, and the fruits, and the fostering sacred earth, and the rushing sounds of the divine rivers, and the roaring, loud-sounding sea; for the unwearied eye of Æther sparkles with glittering rays. Come, let us shake off the watery cloud from our immortal forms and survey the earth with far-seeing eye.
Soc. O ye greatly venerable Clouds, ye have clearly heard me when I called. [Turning to Strepsiades.] Did you hear the voice, and the thunder which bellowed at the same time, feared as a god?
Strep. I too worship you, O ye highly-honoured,[65] and am inclined to fart in reply to the thundering, so much do I tremble at them and am alarmed. And whether it be lawful, or be not lawful, I have a desire just now to ease myself.
Soc. Don't scoff,[66] nor do what these poor-devil-poets do, but use words of good omen, for a great swarm of goddesses is in motion with their songs.
Cho. Ye rain-bringing virgins, let us come to the fruitful land of Pallas, to view the much-loved country of Cecrops abounding in brave men; where is reverence for sacred rites not to be divulged; where the house that receives the initiated is thrown open in holy mystic rites; and gifts to the celestial gods; and high-roofed temples, and statues; and most sacred processions in honour of the blessed gods; and well-crowned sacrifices to the gods, and feasts, at all seasons; and with the approach of spring the Bacchic festivity, and the rousings of melodious Choruses, and the loud-sounding music of flutes.
Strep. Tell me, O Socrates, I beseech you by Jupiter, who are these that have uttered this grand song? Are they some heroines?
Soc. By no means; but heavenly Clouds, great divinities to idle men;[67] who supply us with thought, and argument, and intelligence, and humbug, and circumlocution, and ability to hoax, and comprehension.
Strep. On this account therefore my soul, having heard their voice, flutters, and already seeks to discourse subtilely, and to quibble about smoke, and having pricked a maxim[68] with a little notion, to refute the opposite argument. So that now I eagerly desire, if by any means it be possible, to see them palpably.
Soc. Look, then, hither, towards Mount Parnes;[69] for now I behold them descending gently.
Strep. Pray, where? Show me.
Soc. See! there they come in very great numbers[70] through the hollows and thickets; there, obliquely.
Strep. What's the matter? for I can't see them.
Soc. By the entrance. [Enter Chorus.]
Strep. Now at length with difficulty I just see them.
Soc. Now at length you assuredly see them, unless you have your eyes running pumpkins.[71]
Strep. Yes, by Jupiter! O highly honoured Clouds, for now they cover all things.
Soc. Did you not, however, know, nor yet consider, these to be goddesses?
Strep. No, by Jupiter! but I thought them to be mist, and dew, and smoke.
Soc. For you do not know, by Jupiter, that these feed very many sophists, Thurian soothsayers, practisers of medicine, lazy-longhaired-onyx-ring-wearers,[72] and song-twisters for the cyclic dances, and meteorological quacks. They feed idle people who do nothing, because such men celebrate them in verse.
Strep. For this reason, then, they introduced[73] into their verses "the dreadful impetuosity of the moist whirling-bright clouds;"[74] and "the curls of hundred-headed Typho;" and "the hard-blowing tempests;" and then, "aërial, moist;" "crooked-clawed birds, floating in air;" and "the showers of rain from dewy Clouds." And then, in return for these, they swallow "slices of great, fine mullets,[75] and bird's-flesh of thrushes."
Soc. Is it not just,[76] however, that they should have their reward, on account of these?
Strep. Tell me, pray, if they are really Clouds, what ails them, that they resemble mortal women? For they are not such.
Soc. Pray, of what nature are they?
Strep. I do not clearly know: at any rate they resemble spread-out fleeces, and not women, by Jupiter! not a bit;[77] for these have noses.
Soc. Answer, then, whatever I ask you.
Strep. Then say quickly what you wish.
Soc. Have you ever, when you looked up, seen a cloud[78] like to a centaur, or a panther, or a wolf, or a bull?
Strep. By Jupiter, have I! But what of that?[79]
Soc. They become all things, whatever they please. And then, if they see a person with long hair, a wild one of these[80] hairy fellows, like the son of Xenophantes, in derision of his folly, they liken themselves to centaurs.
Strep. Why, what, if they should see Simon, a plunderer of the public property, what do they do?
Soc. They suddenly become wolves, showing up his disposition.
Strep. For this reason, then, for this reason, when they yesterday saw Cleonymus the recreant, on this account they became stags, because they saw this most cowardly fellow.
Soc. And now too, because they saw Clisthenes, you observe, on this account they became women.
Strep. Hail therefore, O mistresses! And now, if ever ye did to any other, to me also utter a voice reaching to heaven, O all-powerful queens.
Cho. Hail, O ancient veteran, hunter after learned speeches! And thou, O priest of most subtle trifles! tell us what you require? For we would not hearken to any other of the present meteorological sophists, except to Prodicus;[81] to him, on account of his wisdom and intelligence; and to you, because you walk proudly in the streets, and cast your eyes askance, and endure many hardships with bare feet, and in reliance upon us lookest supercilious.[82]
Strep. O earth, what a voice! how holy, and dignified, and wondrous!
Soc. For, in fact, these alone are goddesses; and all the rest is nonsense.
Strep. But come, by the Earth, is not Jupiter,[83] the Olympian, a god?
Soc. What[84] Jupiter? Do not trifle. There is no Jupiter.
Strep. What do you say? Who rains, then? For first of all explain this to me.
Soc. These, to be sure. I will teach you it by powerful evidence. Come, where have you ever seen him raining at any time without Clouds? And yet he ought to rain in fine weather, and these to be absent.
Strep. By Apollo, of a truth you have rightly confirmed this by your present argument. And yet, before this, I really thought that Jupiter pissed through a sieve. Tell me who it is that thunders. This makes me tremble.
Soc. These, as they roll, thunder.
Strep. In what way? you all-daring man![85]
Soc. When[86] they are full of much water, and are compelled to be borne, along, being necessarily precipitated when full of rain, then they fall heavily upon each other and burst and clap.
Strep. Who is it that compels them to be borne along? is it not Jupiter?
Soc. By no means, but æthereal Vortex.
Strep. Vortex? It had escaped my notice[87] that Jupiter did not exist, and that Vortex now reigned in his stead. But you have taught me nothing as yet concerning the clap and the thunder.
Soc. Have you not heard me, that I said that the Clouds, when full of moisture, dash against each other, and clap by reason of their density?
Strep. Come, how am I to believe this?
Soc. I'll teach you from your own case. Were you ever, after being stuffed with broth at the Panathenaïc festival, then disturbed in your belly, and did a tumult suddenly rumble through it?
Strep. Yes, by Apollo, and immediately the little broth plays the mischief with me, and is disturbed, and rumbles like thunder, and grumbles dreadfully: at first gently pappax, pappax; and then it adds papapappax; and when I go to stool, it thunders downright papapappax, as they do.
Soc. Consider, therefore, how you have trumpeted from a little belly so small: and how is it not probable that this air, being boundless, should thunder loudly?
Strep. For this reason, therefore, the two names also, Trump and Thunder, are similar to each other. But teach me this, whence comes the thunderbolt blazing with fire, and burns us to ashes when it smites us, and singes those who survive. For indeed Jupiter evidently hurls this at the perjured.
Soc. Why, how then, you foolish person, and savouring of the dark ages and antediluvian, if his manner is to smite the perjured, does he not blast Simon, and Cleonymus, and Theorus? And yet they are very perjured. But he smites bis own temple, and Sunium, the promontory of Athens,[88] and the tall oaks. Wherefore? for indeed an oak does not commit perjury.
Strep. I do not know; but you seem to speak well. For what, pray, is the thunderbolt?
Soc. When a dry wind, having been raised aloft, is enclosed in these Clouds, it inflates them within, like a bladder; and then, of necessity, having burst them, it rushes out with vehemence by reason of its density, setting fire to itself through its rushing and impetuosity.
Strep. By Jupiter, of a truth I once experienced this exactly at the Diasian festival! I was roasting a haggis for my kinsfolk, and then through neglect I did not cut it open; but it became inflated, and then suddenly bursting, befouled my very eyes with dung, and burnt my face.[89]
Cho. O mortal, who hast desired great wisdom from us! How happy will you become amongst the Athenians and amongst the Greeks, if you be possessed of a good memory, and be a deep thinker, and endurance of labour be implanted in your soul, and you be not wearied either by standing or walking, nor be exceedingly vexed at shivering with cold, nor long to break your fast, and you refrain from wine, and gymnastics, and the other follies, and consider this the highest excellence, as is proper a clever man should, to conquer by action and counsel, and by battling with your tongue.
Strep. As far as regards a sturdy spirit,[90] and care that makes one's bed uneasy, and a frugal and hard-living and savory-eating belly, be of good courage and don't trouble yourself; I would offer myself to hammer on,[91] for that matter.
Soc. Will you not,[92] pray, now believe in no god, except wllat we believe in—this Chaos, and the Clouds, and the Tongue—these three?
Strep. Absolutely I would not even converse with the others, not even if I met them; nor would I sacrifice to them, nor make libations, nor offer frankincense.
Cho. Tell us then boldly, what we must do for you? for you shall not fail in getting it, if you honour[93] and admire us, and seek to become clever.
Strep. O mistresses, I request of you then this very small favour, that I be the best of the Greeks in speaking by[94] a hundred stadia.
Cho. Well, you shall have this from us, so that henceforward from this time no one shall get more opinions passed in the public assemblies than you.
Strep. Grant me not to deliver important opinions; for I do not desire these, but only[95] to pervert the right for my own advantage, and to evade my creditors.
Cho. Then you shall obtain what you desire; for you do not covet great things. But commit yourself without fear to our ministers.
Strep. I will do so in reliance upon you, for necessity oppresses me, on account of the blood-horses, and the marriage which ruined me. Now, therefore, let them use me as they please. I give up this my body to them to be beaten, to be hungered, to be troubled with thirst, to be squalid, to shiver with cold, to flay into a leathern bottle,[96] if I shall escape clear from my debts, and appear to men to be bold, glib of tongue, audacious, impudent, shameless, a fabricator of falsehoods, inventive of words, a practised knave in lawsuits, a law-tablet, a thorough rattle, a fox, a sharper, a slippery knave, a dissembler, a slippery fellow, an impostor, a gallows-bird,[97] a blackguard, a twister, a troublesome fellow, a licker-up of hashes. If they call me this, when they meet me, let them do to me absolutely what they please. And if they like, by Ceres, let them serve up a sausage out of me to the deep thinkers.
Cho. This man has a spirit not void of courage, but prompt Know, that if[98] you learn these matters from me, you will possess amongst mortals a glory as high as heaven.
Strep. What shall I experience?
Cho. You shall pass with me the most enviable of mortal lives the whole time.
Strep. Shall I then ever see this?
Cho. Yea, so that many be always seated at your gates, wishing to communicate with you and come to a conference with you, to consult with you as to actions and affidavits of many talents, as is worthy of your abilities.[99] [To Socrates.] But attempt to teach the old man by degrees whatever you purpose, and scrutinize his intellect, and make trial of his mind.
Soc. Come now, tell me your own turn of mind; in order that, when I know of what sort it is, I may now, after this, apply to you new engines.[100]
Strep. What? By the gods, do you purpose to besiege me?
Soc. No; I wish to briefly learn from you if you are possessed of a good memory.
Strep. In two ways, by Jove. If any thing be owing to me, I have a very good memory; but if I owe, unhappy man, I am very forgetful.
Soc. Is the power of speaking, pray, implanted in your nature?
Strep. Speaking is not in me, but cheating is.
Soc. How, then, will you be able to learn?
Strep. Excellently, of course.
Soc. Come, then, take care that,[101] whenever I propound any clever dogma about abstruse matters, you catch it up immediately.
Strep. What then? Am I to feed upon wisdom like a dog?
Soc. This man is ignorant and brutish. I fear, old man, lest you win need blows.[102] Come, let me see; what do you do if any one beat you?
Strep. I take the beating;[103] and then, when I have waited a little while, I call witnesses to prove it; then, again, after a short interval, I go to law.
Soc. Come then, lay down your cloak.
Strep. Have I done any wrong?
Soc. No; but it is the rule to enter naked.
Strep. But I do not enter to search for stolen goods.
Soc. Lay it down. Why do you talk nonsense?
Strep. Now tell me this, pray. If I be diligent and learn zealously, to which of your disciples shall I become like?
Soc. You will no way differ from Chærephon in intellect.[104]
Strep. Ah me, unhappy! I shall become half-dead.
Soc. Don't[105] chatter; but quickly follow me hither with smartness.
Strep. Then give me first into my hands a honeyed[106] cake; for I am afraid of descending within, as if into the cave of Trophonius.
Soc. Proceed; why do you keep poking about the door? [Exeunt Socrates and Sirepsiades.]
Cho. Well, go in peace, for the sake of this your valour. May prosperity attend the man, because, being advanced into the vale of years, he imbues his intellect with modern subjects, and cultivates wisdom! [Turning to the audience.]
Spectators,[107] I will freely declare to you the truth, by Bacchus, who nurtured me! So may I conquer,[108] and be accounted skilful, as that, deeming you to be clever spectators, and this to be the cleverest of my comedies,[109] I thought proper to let you first taste that comedy, which gave me the greatest labour. And then I retired from the contest[110] defeated by vulgar fellows, though I did not deserve it. These things, therefore, I object to you, a learned audience, for whose sake I was expending this labour. But not even thus will I ever willingly desert the discerning[111] portion of you. For since what time my Modest Man and my Rake[112] were very highly praised here by an audience, with whom it is a pleasure even to hold converse, and I (for I was still a virgin, and it was not lawful for me as yet to have children) exposed my offspring, and another girl took it up and owned it, and you generously reared and educated it, from this time[113] I have had sure pledges of your good-will towards me. Now, therefore, like that well-known Electra,[114] has this comedy come seeking, if haply it meet with an audience so clever, for it will recognise, if it should see, the lock of its brother. But see how modest she is by nature, who, in the first place, has come, having stitched to her no leathern phallus hanging down, red at the top, and thick, to set the boys a laughing; nor yet jeered the bald-headed,[115] nor danced the cordax; nor[116] does the old man who speaks the verses beat the person near him with his staff, keeping out of sight wretched ribaldry; nor has she rushed in with torches, nor does she shout ἰοὺ ἰού;[117] but has come relying on herself and her verses.[118] And I, although so excellent a poet, do not give myself airs, nor do I seek to deceive you by twice and thrice bringing forward the same pieces; but I am always[119] clever at introducing new fashions, not at all resembling each other, and all of them clever: who struck Cleon in the belly when at the height of his power, and could not bear to attack him afterwards when he was down. But these scribblers, when once Hyperbolus has given them a handle, keep ever trampling on this wretched man and his mother. Eupolis, indeed, first of all craftily introduced his Maricas, having basely, base fellow, spoiled by altering my play of the Knights, having added to it, for the sake of the cordax, a drunken old woman, whom Phrynichus long ago poetized, whom the whale was for devouring. Then again Hermippus made verses on Hyperbolus; and now all others press hard upon Hyperbolus, imitating my simile of the eels.[120] Whoever, therefore, laughs at these, let him not take pleasure in my attempts; but if you are delighted with me and my inventions, in times to come you will seem to be wise.[121]
I first invoke,[122] to join our choral band, the mighty Jupiter, ruling on high, the monarch of gods; and the potent master of the trident, the fierce upheaver of earth and briny sea; and our father of great renown, most august Æther, life-supporter of all; and the horse-guider, who fills the plain of the earth with exceeding bright beams, a mighty deity among gods and mortals.
Most clever spectators, come, give us your attention; for having been injured, we blame you to your faces. For though we benefit the state most of all the gods, to us alone of deities you do not offer sacrifice nor yet pour libations, who watch over you. For if there should be any expedition with no prudence, then we either thunder or drizzle small rain. And then, when you were for choosing as your general the Paphlagonian tanner, hateful to the gods, we contracted our brows and were enraged; and thunder[123] burst through the lightning, and the moon forsook her usual paths; and the sun immediately drew in his wick to himself, and declared he would not give you light, if Cleon should be your general. Nevertheless you chose him. For they say that ill counsel is in this city; that the gods, however, turn all these your mismanagements[124] to a prosperous issue. And how this also shall he advantageous, we will easily teach you. If you should convict the cormorant Cleon of bribery and embezzlement, and then make fast his neck in the stocks, the affair will turn out for the state to the ancient form again, if you have mismanaged in any way, and to a prosperous issue.[125]
Hear me[126] again, king Phœbus, Delian Apollo, who inhabitest the high-peaked Cynthian rock! and thou, blest goddess, who inhabitest the all-golden house of Ephesus, in which Lydian damsels greatly reverence thee; and thou, our national goddess, swayer of the ægis, Minerva, guardian of the city! and thou, reveller Bacchus, who, inhabiting the Parnassian rock, sparklest with torches, conspicuous among the Delphic Bacchanals!
When we had got ready to set out hither, the Moon met us, and commanded us first to greet the Athenians and their allies; and then declared that she was angry; for that she had suffered dreadful things, though she benefits you all, not in words, but openly. In the first place, not less than a drachma[127] every month for torches; so that also all, when they went out of an evening, were wont to say, "Boy, don't buy a torch, for the moonlight is beautiful." And she says she confers other benefits on you, but that you do not observe the days at all correctly, but confuse them up and down; so that she says the gods are constantly threatening her, when they are defrauded of their dinner, and depart home not having met with the regular feast according to the number of the days. And then, when you ought to be sacrificing, you are inflicting tortures and litigating. And often, while we gods are observing a fast, when we mourn for Memnon or Sarpedon, you are pouring libations and laughing. For which reason Hyperbolus, having obtained by lot this year to be Hieromnemon, was afterwards deprived by us gods of his[128] crown: for thus he will know better that he ought to spend the days of his life according to the Moon. [Enter Socrates.]
Soc. By Respiration, and Chaos, and Air, I have not seen any man so boorish, nor so impracticable, nor so stupid, nor so forgetful; who, while learning some little petty quibbles, forgets them before he has learnt them. Nevertheless I will certainly call him out here to the light.[129] Where is Strepsiades? come forth with your couch.
Strep. (from within). The bugs do not permit me to bring it forth.
Soc. Make haste and lay it down; and give me your attention. [Enter Strepsiades.]
Strep. Very well.
Soc. Come now; what do you now wish to learn first of those things in none of which you have ever been instructed? Tell me. About measures, or rhythms, or verses?
Strep. I should prefer to learn about measures; for it is but lately I was cheated out of two chœnices by a meal-huckster.
Soc. I do not ask you this, but which you account the most beautiful measure; the trimeter or the tetrameter?
Strep. I think nothing superior to the semisextarius.[130]
Soc. You talk nonsense, man.
Strep. Make a wager then with me,[131] if the semisextarius be not a tetrameter.
Soc. Go to the devil! how boorish you are and dull of learning! Perhaps you may be able to learn about rhythms.
Strep. But what good will rhythms do me for a living?
Soc. In the first place, to be clever at an entertainment, understanding what rhythm is for the war-dance, and what, again, according to the dactyle.
Strep. According to the dactyle? By Jove, but I know it.
Soc. Tell me, pray.
Strep. What else but this finger? Formerly, indeed, when I was yet a boy, this here!
Soc. You are boorish and stupid.
Strep. For I do not desire, you wretch, to learn any of these things.
Soc. What then?
Strep. That, that, the most unjust cause.
Soc. But you must learn other things before these: namely, what quadrupeds are properly masculine.
Strep. I know the males, if I am not mad:—κριὸς, τράγος, ταῦρος, κύων, ἀλεκτρυών.[132]
Soc. Do you see what you are doing? You are calling both the female and the male ἀλεκτρυὼν in the same way.
Strep. How, pray? come, tell me.
Soc. How?[133] The one with you is ἀλεκτρυὼν, and the other is ἀλεκτρυὼν also.
Strep. Yea, by Neptune! how now ought I to call them?
Soc. The one ἀλεκτρύαινα, and the other ἀλέκτωρ.
Strep. Ἀλεκτρύαινα? Capital, by the Air! So that, in return for this lesson alone, I will fill your κάρδοπος full of barley-meal on all sides.
Soc. See! see![134] there again 's another blunder! You make κάρδοπος, which is feminine, to be masculine.
Strep. In what way do I make κάρδοπος masculine?
Soc. Most assuredly; just as if you were to say Κλεώνυμος.
Strep. How, pray? Tell me.
Soc. Κάρδοπος with you is tantamount to Κλεώνυμος.
Strep. Good sir, Cleonymus had no kneading-trough, but kneaded his bread in a round mortar.[135] How ought I to call it henceforth?
Soc. How? Call it καρδόπη, as you call Σωστράτη.
Strep. Καρδόπη, in the feminine?
Soc. For so you speak it rightly.
Strep. But that would make it καρδόπη Κλεωνύμη.
Soc. You must learn one thing more about names, what are masculine, and what of them are feminine.
Strep. I know what are female.
Soc. Tell me, pray.
Strep. Lysilla, Philinna, Clitagora, Demetria.
Soc. What names are masculine?
Strep. Thousands: Philoxenus, Melesias, Amynias.
Soc. But, you wretch! these are not masculine.
Strep. Are they not males with you?
Soc. By no means: for how would you call to Amynias,[136] if you met him?
Strep. How would I call? Thus: "Come hither, come hither, Amynia!"
Soc. Do you see? you call Amynias a woman.
Strep. Is it not then with justice, who does not serve in the army?[137] But why should I learn these things, which we all know?
Soc. It is no use, by Jupiter! Having reclined yourself down here—
Strep. What must I do?
Soc. Think out some of your own affairs.
Strep. Not here, pray, I beseech you; but, if I must, suffer me to excogitate these very things on the ground.
Soc. There is no other way.[138] [Exit Socrates.]
Strep. Unfortunate man that I am! what a penalty shall I this day pay to the bugs![139]
Cho. Now meditate[140] and examine closely; and roll yourself about in every way, having wrapped yourself up; and quickly, when you fall into a difficulty, spring to another mental contrivance. But let delightful sleep be absent from your eyes.
Strep. Attatai! attatai!
Cho. What ails you? why are you distressed?
Strep. Wretched man, I am perishing! The Corinthians,[141] coming out from the bed, are biting me, and devouring my sides, and drinking up my life-blood, and tearing away my testicles, and digging through my breech, and will[142] annihilate me.
Cho. Do not now be very grievously distressed.
Strep. Why, how, when my money is gone, my complexion gone, my life gone, and my slipper gone? And furthermore in addition to these evils, with singing the night-watches,[143] I am almost gone myself. [Re-enter Socrates.]
Soc. Ho you! what are you about? Are you not meditating?
Strep. I? Yea, by Neptune!
Soc. And what, pray, have you thought?
Strep. Whether any bit of me will be left by the bugs.
Soc. You will perish most wretchedly.
Strep. But, my good friend, I have already perished.
Soc. You must not give in, but must wrap yourself up; for you have to discover a device for abstracting, and a means of cheating. [Walks up and down while Strepsiades wraps himself up in the blankets.]
Strep. Ah me! would, pray, some one would throw over me a swindling contrivance from the sheep-skins.[144]
Soc. Come now; I will first see this fellow, what he is about. Ho you! are you asleep?
Strep. No; by Apollo, I am not!
Soc. Have you got any thing?
Strep. No; by Jupiter, certainly not!
Soc. Nothing at all?
Strep. Nothing, except what I have in my right hand.
Soc. Will you not quickly cover yourself up, and think of something?
Strep. About what? for do you tell me this, O Socrates!
Soc. Do you, yourself, first find out and state what you wish.
Strep. You have heard a thousand times what I wish. About the interest; so that I may pay no one.
Soc. Come then, wrap yourself up, and having given your mind play[145] with subtilty, revolve your affairs by little and little, rightly distinguishing and examining.
Strep. Ah me, unhappy man!
Soc. Keep quiet; and if you be puzzled in any one of your conceptions, leave it and go; and then set your mind in motion again, and lock it up.[146]
Strep. (in great glee). O dearest little Socrates!
Soc. What, old man?
Strep. I have got a device for cheating them of the interest.
Soc. Exhibit it.
Strep. Now tell me this, pray; if I were to purchase a Thessalian witch, and draw down the moon by night, and then shut it up, as if it were a mirror, in a round crest-case, and then carefully keep it—
Soc. What good, pray, would this do you?
Strep. What? If the moon were to rise no longer any where, I should not pay the interest.
Soc. Why so, pray?
Strep. Because the money is lent out by the month.
Soc. Capital! But I will again propose to you another clever question. If a suit of five talents should be entered against you, tell me how you would obliterate it.
Strep. How? how? I do not know; but I must seek.
Soc. Do not then always revolve your thoughts about yourself; but slack away your mind into the air, like a cock-chafer tied with a thread by the foot.
Strep. I have found a very clever method of getting rid of my suit, so that you yourself[147] would acknowledge it.
Soc. Of what description?[148]
Strep. Have you ever seen this stone in the chemists' shops, the beautiful and transparent one, from which they kindle fire?
Soc. Do you mean the burning-glass?[149]
Strep. I do. Come, what would you say, pray, if I were to take this, when the clerk was entering the suit, and were to stand at a distance, in the direction of the sun, thus, and melt out the letters of my suit?
Soc. Cleverly done, by the Graces!
Strep. Oh! how I am delighted, that a suit of five talents has been cancelled!
Soc. Come now, quickly seize upon this.
Strep. What?
Soc. How, when engaged in a lawsuit,[150] you could overturn the suit, when you were about to be cast, because you had no witnesses.
Strep. Most readily and easily.
Soc. Tell me, pray.
Strep. Well now, I tell you. If, while one suit was still pending, before mine was called on, I were to run away and hang myself.
Soc. You talk nonsense.
Strep. By the gods would I! for no one will bring an action against me when I am dead.[151]
Soc. You talk nonsense. Begone; I can't teach you any longer.
Strep. Why so?[152] Yea, by the gods, O Socrates!
Soc. You straightway forget whatever you learn, For, what now was the first thing you were taught? Tell me.
Strep. Come, let me see: nay, what was the first?[153] What was the first? Nay, what was the thing in which we knead our flour? Ah me! what was it?
Soc. Will you not pack off to the devil, you most forgetful and most stupid old man?
Strep. Ah me, what then, pray, will become of me, wretched man? For I shall be utterly undone, if I do not learn to ply the tongue. Come, oh, ye Clouds, give me some good advice.
Cho. We, old man, advise you, if you have a son grown up, to send him to learn in your stead.
Strep. Well, I have a fine handsome son, but he is not willing to learn. What must I do?[154]
Cho. But do you permit him?[155]
Strep. Yes, for he is robust in body, and in good health, and is come of the high-plumed dames of Cœsyra. I will go for him, and if he be not willing, I will certainly drive him from my house. [To Socrates.] Go in and wait for me a short time. [Exit.]
Cho. Do you perceive that you are soon about to obtain the greatest benefits through us alone of the gods? For this man is ready to do every thing that you bid him. But you, while the man is astounded and evidently elated, having perceived it, will quickly fleece him to the best of your power.[156] [Exit Socrates.] For matters of this sort are somehow accustomed to turn the other way. [Enter Strepsiades and Phidippides.]
Strep. By Mist,[157] you certainly shall not stay here any longer I but go and gnaw the columns of Megacles.
Phid. My good sir, what is the matter with you, O father? You are not in your senses, by Olympian Jupiter!
Strep. See, see! "Olympian Jupiter!" What folly! To think of your believing in Jupiter,[158] as old as you are!
Phid. Why, pray, did you laugh at this?
Strep. Reflecting that you are a child, and have antiquated notions. Yet, however, approach, that you may know more; and I will tell you a thing, by learning which[159] you will be a man. But see that you do not teach this to any one.
Phid. Well, what is it?
Strep. You swore now by Jupiter.
Phid. I did.
Strep. Seest thou, then, how good a thing is learning? There is no Jupiter, O Phidippides!
Phid. Who then?
Strep. Vortex reigns,[160] having expelled Jupiter.
Phid. Bah! Why do you talk foolishly?
Strep. Be assured that it is so.
Phid. Who says this?
Strep. Socrates the Melian,[161] and Chærephon, who knows the footmarks of fleas.
Phid. Have you arrived at such a pitch of phrensy,[162] that you believe madmen?
Strep. Speak words of good omen, and say nothing bad of clever men and wise; of whom, through frugality, none ever shaved or anointed himself, or went to a bath to wash[163] himself; while you squander my property in bathing, as if I were already dead. But go as quickly as possible, and learn instead of[164] me.
Phid. What good could[165] any one learn from them?
Strep. What, really! Whatever wisdom there is amongst men. And you will know yourself, how ignorant[166] and stupid you are. But wait for me here a short time. [Runs off.]
Phid. Ah me! what shall I do, my father being crazed? Shall I bring him into court and convict him of lunacy, or shall I give information of his madness to the coffin-makers? [Re-enter Strepsiades with a cock under one arm and a hen under the other.]
Strep. Come, let me see; what do you consider this to be? tell me.
Phid. Alectryon.
Strep. Right. And what this?
Phid. Alectryon.
Strep. Both the same? You are very ridiculous. Do not do so, then, for the future; but call this ἀλεκτρύαινα, and this one ἀλέκτωρ.
Phid. Ἀλεκτρύαινα! Did you learn these clever things by going in just now to the Titans?[167]
Strep. And many others too; but whatever I learnt on each occasion I used to forget immediately, through length of years.
Phid. Is it for this reason, pray, you have also lost your cloak?
Strep. I have not lost it; but have studied it[168] away.
Phid. What have you made of your slippers, you foolish man?
Strep. I have expended them, like Pericles,[169] for needful purposes. Come, move, let us go. And then if you obey your father, go wrong if you like.[170] I also know that I formerly obeyed you, a lisping child of six years old, and bought you a go-cart at the Diasia, with the first obolus I received from the Heliæa.[171]
Phid. You will assuredly some time at length[172] be grieved at this.
Strep. It is well done of you that you obeyed. Come hither, come hither, O Socrates! come, forth, for I bring to you this son of mine, having persuaded him against his will. [Enter Socrates.]
Soc. For he is still childish, and not used to the baskets here.
Phid. You would yourself be used[173] to them if you were hanged.
Strep. A mischief take you! do you abuse your teacher?
Soc. "Were hanged" quoth 'a! how sillily he pronounced it, and with lips wide apart! How can this youth ever learn an acquittal from a trial or a legal summons, or persuasive[174] refutation? And yet Hyperbolus learnt this at the cost of a talent.
Strep. Never mind; teach him. He is clever by nature. Indeed, from his earliest years, when he was a little fellow only so big, he was wont to form houses and carve ships within-doors, and make little waggons of leather, and make frogs out of pomegranate-rinds, you can't think how cleverly.[175] But see that he learns those two causes; the better, whatever it may be; and the worse, which, by maintaining what is unjust, overturns the better. If not both, at any rate the unjust one by all means.[176]
Soc. He shall learn it himself from the two causes in person.[177] [Exit Socrates.]
Strep. I will take my departure. Remember this now, that he is to be able to reply to all just arguments. [Exit Strepsiades, and enter Just Cause and Unjust Cause.]
Just.[178] Come hither! show yourself to the spectators, although being audacious.[179]
Unjust. Go whither you please; for I shall far rather do for you, if I speak before a crowd.[180]
Just. You destroy me? Who are you?[181]
Unj. A cause.
Just. Aye, the worse.
Unj. But I conquer you, who say that you are better than I.
Just. By doing what clever trick?
Unj. By discovering new contrivances.
Just. For these innovations flourish by the favour of these silly persons.[182]
Unj. No; but wise persons.
Just. I will destroy you miserably.
Unj. Tell me, by doing what?
Just. By speaking what is just.
Unj. But I will overturn them by contradicting them; for I deny that justice even exists at all.
Just. Do you deny that it exists?
Unj. For come, where is it?
Just. With the gods.
Unj. How then, if justice exists, has Jupiter not perished, who bound his own father?
Just. Bah! this profanity now is spreading![183] Give me a basin.
Unj. You are a dotard and absurd.
Just. You are debauched and shameless.
Unj. You have spoken roses of me.
Just. And a dirty lickspittle
Unj. You crown me with lilies.
Just. And a parricide.
Unj. You don't know that you are sprinkling me with gold.
Just. Certainly not so formerly, but with lead.[184]
Unj. But now this is an ornament to me.
Just. You are very impudent.[185]
Unj. And you are antiquated.
Just. And through you, no one of our youths is willing to go to school; and you will be found out some time or other by the Athenians, what sort of doctrines you teach the simple-minded.
Unj. You are shamefully squalid.
Just. And you are prosperous. And yet[186] formerly you were a beggar, saying that you were the Mysian Telephus,[187] and gnawing the maxims of Pandeletus out of your little wallet.
Unj. Oh, the wisdom—
Just. Oh, the madness—
Unj. Which you have mentioned.
Just. And of your city, which supports you who ruin her youths.
Unj. You shan't teach this youth, you old dotard.[188]
Just. Yes, if he is to be saved, and not merely to practise loquacity.
Unj. (to Phidippides). Come hither, and leave him to rave.
Just. You shall howl, if you lay your hand on him.
Cho. Cease from contention and railing. But show to us, you, what you used to teach the men of former times, and you, the new system of education; in order that, having heard you disputing, he may decide and go to the school of one or the other.
Just. I am willing to do so.
Unj. I also am willing.
Cho. Come now, which of the two shall speak first?
Unj. I will give him the precedence; and then, from these things which he adduces, I will shoot him dead with new words and thoughts. And at last, if he mutter, he shall be destroyed, being stung in his whole face and his two eyes by my maxims, as if by bees.
Cho. Now the two, relying on very dexterous arguments and thoughts, and sententious maxims, will show which of them shall appear superior in argument. For now the whole crisis of wisdom[189] is here laid before them; about which my friends have a very great contest. But do you, who adorned our elders with many virtuous manners, utter the voice in which you rejoice, and declare your nature.
Just. I will, therefore, describe the ancient system of education, how it was ordered, when I flourished in the advocacy of justice, and temperance was the fashion. In the first place it was incumbent that no one should hear the voice of a boy uttering a syllable; and next, that those from the same quarter of the town should march in good order through the streets to the school of the Harp-master, naked, and in a body, even if it were to snow as thick as meal. Then again, their master[190] would teach them, not sitting cross-legged, to learn by rote a song, either "Παλλάδα[191] περσέπολιν δεινὰν," or "τηλέπορόν τι βόαμα," raising to a higher pitch[192] the harmony which our fathers transmitted to us. But if any of them were to play the buffoon, or turn any quavers, like these difficult turns the present artists make after the manner of Phrynis,[193] he used to be thrashed, being beaten with many blows,[194] as banishing the Muses. And it behoved the boys, while sitting in the school of the Gymnastic-master, to cover[195] the thigh, so that they might exhibit nothing indecent to those outside ; then, again, after rising from the ground, to sweep the sand together, and to take care not to leave an impression of the person for their lovers. And no boy used in those days to anoint himself below the navel; so that their bodies wore the appearance of blooming health. Nor used he to go to his lover, having made up his voice in an effeminate tone, prostituting himself with his eyes. Nor used it to be allowed when one was dining to take the head of a radish, or to snatch from their seniors dill or parsley, or to eat fish, or to giggle, or[196] to keep the legs crossed.
Unj. Aye, antiquated and Dipolia-like, and full of grasshoppers, and of Cecydes,[197] and of the Buphonian festival!
Just. Yet certainly these are those principles by which my system of education nurtured the men who fought at Marathon. But you teach, the men of the present day, from their earliest years, to be wrapped up in himatia; so that I am choked, when at the Panathenaia a fellow, holding his shield before his person, neglects Tritogenia, when they ought to dance. Wherefore, O youth, choose, with confidence, me, the better cause, and you will learn to hate the Agora, and to refrain from baths, and to be ashamed at what is disgraceful, and to be enraged if any one jeer you, and to rise up from seats before your seniors when they approach, and not to behave ill towards your parents, and to do nothing else that is base, because you are to form in your mind an image of Modesty:[198] and not to dart into the house of a dancing woman, lest, while gaping after these things, being struck with an apple by a wanton, you should be damaged in your reputation: and not to contradict your father in any thing; nor by calling him Iapetus, to reproach him with the ills of age, by which you were reared in your infancy.
Unj. If you shall believe him in this, O youth, by Bacchus, you will be like the sons of Hippocrates,[199] and they will call you a booby.
Just. Yet certainly shall you spend your time in the gymnastic schools, sleek and blooming; not chattering in the market-place rude jests, like the youths of the present day; nor dragged into court for a petty suit, greedy, pettyfogging, knavish; but you shall descend to the Academy and run races beneath the sacred olives along with some modest compeer, crowned with white reeds, redolent of yew, and careless ease, and of leaf-shedding white poplar, rejoicing in the season of spring, when the plane-tree whispers to the elm. If you do these things which I say, and apply your mind to these, you will ever have a stout chest, a clear complexion, broad shoulders, a little tongue, large hips, little lewdness. But if you practise what the youths of the present day do, you will have, in the first place, a pallid complexion, small shoulders, a narrow chest, a large tongue, little hips, great lewdness, a long psephism; and this deceiver will persuade you to consider every thing that is base to be honourable, and what is honourable to be base; and, in addition to this, he will fill[200] you with the lewdness of Antimachus.
Cho. O thou that practisest[201] most renowned high-towering wisdom! how sweetly does a modest grace attend your words! Happy, therefore, were they who lived in those days, in the times of former men! In reply, then, to these, O thou that hast a dainty-seeming muse, it behoveth thee to say something new; since the man has gained renown. And it appears you have need of powerful arguments against him, if you are to conquer the man, and not incur laughter.
Unj. And yet I was choking in my heart, and was longing to confound all these with contrary maxims. For I have been called among the deep thinkers the "worse cause," on this very account, that I first contrived how to speak against both law and justice: and this art is worth more than ten thousand staters,[202] that one should choose the worse cause, and nevertheless be victorious. But mark how I will confute the system of education on which he relies, who says, in the first place, that he will not permit you to be washed with warm water. And yet, on what principle do you blame the warm baths?
Just. Because it is most vile, and makes a man cowardly.
Unj. Stop! For immediately I seize and hold you by the waist without escape. Come, tell me, which of the sons of Jupiter do you deem to have been the bravest in soul, and to have undergone[203] most labours?
Just. I consider no man superior to Hercules.
Unj. Where, pray, did you ever see cold Heraclean baths? And yet, who was more valiant than he?
Just. These are the very things which make the bath full of youths always chattering all day long, but the palæstras empty.
Unj. You next find fault with their living in the market-place; but I commend it. For if it had been bad, Homer would never have been for representing Nestor as an orator; nor all the other wise men. I will return, then, from thence to the tongue, which this fellow says our youths ought not to exercise, while I maintain they should. And, again, he says they ought to be modest: two very great evils. For tell me to whom you have ever seen any good accrue through modesty; and confute me by your words.
Just. To many. Peleus,[204] at any rate, received his sword on account of it.
Unj. A sword? Marry, he got a pretty piece of luck, the poor wretch! while Hyperbolus,[205] he of the lamps, got more than many talents by his villany, but, by Jupiter, no sword!
Just. And Peleus married Thetis, too, through his modesty.
Unj. And then she went off, and left him; for he was not lustful, nor an agreeable bed-fellow to spend the night with. Now a woman delights in being wantonly treated. But you are an old dotard. For (to Phidippides) consider, O youth, all that attaches to modesty, and of how many pleasures you are about to be deprived—of women, of games at cottabus, of dainties, of drinking-bouts, of giggling. And yet, what is life worth to you, if you be deprived of these enjoyments? Well, I will pass from thence to the necessities of our nature. You have gone astray, you have fallen in love, you have been guilty of some adultery, and then have been caught. You are undone, for you are unable to speak. But if you associate with me, indulge your inclination, dance, laugh, and think nothing disgraceful. For if you should happen to be detected as an adulterer, you will make this reply to him, "that you have done him no injury:" and then refer him to Jupiter,[206] how even he is overcome by love and women. And yet, how could you, who are a mortal, have greater power than a god?
Just. But what, if he should suffer the radish through obeying you, and be depillated with hot ashes? What argument will he be able to state, to prove that he is is not a blackguard?
Unj. And if he be a blackguard, what harm will he suffer?
Just. Nay, what could he ever suffer still greater than this?
Unj. What then will you say, if you be conquered by me in this.
Just. I will be silent: what else can I do?
Unj. Come now, tell me; from what class do the advocates come?
Just. From the blackguards.
Unj. I believe you. What then? from what class do the tragedians come?
Just. From the blackguards.
Unj. You say well. But from what class do the public orators come?
Just. From the blackguards.
Unj. Then have you perceived that you say nothing to the purpose? And look which class among the audience is the more numerous.
Just. Well now, I'm looking.
Unj. What, then, do you see?
Just. By the gods, the blackguards to be far more numerous. This fellow, at any rate, I know; and him yonder; and this fellow with the long hair.
Unj. What, then, will you say?
Just. We are conquered. Ye blackguards, by the gods, receive my cloak,[207] for I desert to you. [Exeunt the two Causes, and re-enter Socrates and Strepsiades.]
Soc. What then? Whether do you wish to take and lead away this your son, or shall I teach him to speak?
Strep. Teach him, and chastise him; and remember that you train him properly; on the one side able for petty suits; but train his other jaw able for the more important causes.
Soc. Make yourself easy; you shall receive him back a clever sophist.
Strep. Nay, rather, pale and wretched.[208] [Exeunt Socrates, Strepsiades, and Phidippides.]
Cho. Go ye then:[209] but I think that you will repent of these proceedings. We wish to speak about the judges, what they will gain, if at all they justly[210] assist this Chorus. For in the first place, if you wish to plough up your fields in spring, we win rain for yon first; but for the others afterwards. And then we will protect the fruits,[211] and the vines, so that neither drought afflict them, nor excessive wet weather. But if any mortal dishonour us who are goddesses, let him consider what evils he will suffer at our hands, obtaining neither wine, nor any thing else from his farm. For when his olives and vines sprout, they shall be cut down; with such slings will we smite them. And if we see him making brick, we will rain; and we will smash the tiles of his roof with round hailstones. And if he himself, or any one of his kindred or friends, at any time marry, we will rain the whole night; so that he will probably wish rather to have been even in Egypt,[212] than to have judged badly. [Enter Strepsiades with a meal-sack on his shoulder.]
Strep. The fifth, the fourth, the third, after this the second; and then, of all days what I most fear, and dread, and abominate, immediately after this there is the Old and New.[213] For every one, to whom I happen to be indebted,[214] swears, and says he will ruin and utterly destroy me, having made his deposits against me; though I only ask what is moderate and just,—"My good sir,[215] one part don't take just now; the other part put off, I pray; and the other part remit;" they say that thus they will never get back their money, but abuse me, as that I am unjust, and say that they will go to law with me. Now therefore let them go to law, for it little concerns me, if Phidippides has learned to speak well. I shall soon know by knocking at the thinking-shop. [Knocks at the door.] Boy, I say! Boy, boy! [Enter Socrates.]
Soc. Good morning,[216] Strepsiades.
Strep. The same to you. But first accept this present;[217] for one ought to compliment the teacher with a fee. And tell me about my son,[218] if he has learned that cause, which[219] you just now brought forward.
Soc. He has learned it.
Strep. Well done, O Fraud, all-powerful queen!
Soc. So that you can get clear off from whatever suit you please.
Strep. Even if witnesses were present when I borrowed the money?
Soc. Yea, much more! even if a thousand be present.
Strep. Then I will shout with a very loud shout:[220] Ho! weep, you petty-usurers, both you and your principals, and your compound interests! for you can no longer do me any harm, because[221] such a son is being reared for me in this house, shining with a double-edged tongue, my guardian, the preserver of my house, a mischief to my enemies, ending the sadness of the great woes of his father. Him do thou run and summon from within to me. [Socrettes goes into the house.] O child! O son! come forth from the house! hear your father![222] [Re-enter Socrates leading in Phidippides.]
Soc. Lo, here is the man!
Strep. O my dear, my dear!
Soc. Take your son and depart. [Exit Socrates.]
Strep.[223] Oh, oh, my child! Huzza![224] Huzza! how I am delighted at the first sight of your complexion! Now, indeed, you are, in the first place, negative and disputatious to look at, and this fashion native to the place plainly appears, the "What do you say?" and the seeming to be injured when, I well know, you are injuring and inflicting a wrong; and in your countenance there is the Attic look. Now, therefore, see that you save me, since you have also ruined me.
Phid. What, pray, do you fear?
Strep. The Old and New.
Phid. Why, is any day old and new?
Strep. Yes; on which they say that they will make their deposits against me.
Phid. Then those that have made them will lose them; for it is not possible that two days can be one day.[225]
Strep. Cannot it?
Phid. Certainly not; unless[226] the same woman can be both old and young at the same time.
Strep. And yet it is the law.
Phid. For they do not, I think, rightly understand what the law means.
Strep. And what does it mean?
Phid. The ancient Solon was by nature the commons' friend.
Strep. This surely is nothing whatever to the Old and New.
Phid. He therefore made the summons for two days, for the Old and New, that the deposits might be made on the first of the month.
Strep. Why, pray, did he add the old day?
Phid. In order, my good sir, that the defendants, being present a day before, might compromise the matter of their own accord; but if not, that they might be worried on the morning of the new moon.
Strep. Why, then, do the magistrates not receive the deposits on the new moon, but on the Old and New?
Phid. They seem to me to do what the forestallers do: in order that they may appropriate the deposits as soon as possible, on this account they have the first pick by one day.
Strep. (turning to the audience). Bravo! ye wretches, why do you sit senseless, the gain of us wise[227] men, being blocks, ciphers, mere sheep, jars heaped[228] together? Wherefore I must sing an encomium upon myself and this my son, on account of our good fortune.—"O happy Strepsiades![229] how wise you are yourself, and how excellent is the son whom you are rearing!" my friends and fellow-tribesmen will say of me,[230] envying me, when you prove victorious in arguing causes.—But first I wish to lead you in and entertain you. [Exeunt Strepsiades and Phidippides.]
Pasias. (entering with his summons-witness). Then, ought a man to throw away any part of his own property? Never! but it were better then at once to put away blushes, rather than now to have trouble; since I am now dragging you to be a witness, for the sake of my own money; and further, in addition to this, I shall become an enemy to my fellow-tribesman. But never, while I live, will I disgrace my country, but will summon Strepsiades—
Strep. (from within). Who's there? [Enter Strepsiades.]
Pas. For the Old and New.
Strep. I call you to witness, that he has named it for two days. For what matter do you summon me?
Pas. For the twelve minæ, which you received when you were buying the dapple-grey horse.
Strep. A horse?—Do[231] you not hear? I, whom you all know to hate horsemanship!
Pas. And, by Jupiter, you swore by the gods too, that you would repay it.
Strep. Aye, by Jove! for then my Phidippides did not yet know the irrefragable argument.[232]
Pas. And do you now intend, on this account, to deny the debt?
Strep. Why, what good should I get else from his instruction?
Pas. And will you be willing to deny these upon oath of the gods?
Strep. What gods?
Pas. Jupiter, Mercury, and Neptune.
Strep. Yes, by Jupiter! and would pay down, too, a three-obol piece besides to swear.
Pas. Then, may you perish some day,[233] for your impudence!
Strep. This man[234] would he the better for it, if he were cleansed by rubbing with salt.
Pas. Ah me, how you deride me!
Strep. He will contain six choæ.
Pas. By great Jupiter and the gods, you certainly shall not do this to me with impunity.
Strep. I like your gods amazingly; and Jupiter, sworn by, is ridiculous to the knowing ones.
Pas. You will assuredly suffer punishment some time or other, for this. But answer and dismiss me, whether you are going to repay me my money, or not.
Strep. Keep quiet now, for I will presently answer you distinctly. [Runs into the house.]
Pas. (to his summons-witness). What do you think he will do?
Witness. I think he will pay you. [Re-enter Socrates with a kneading-trough.]
Strep. Where is this man who asks me for his money? Tell me, what is this?
Pas. What this is? a κάρποδος.
Strep. And do you then ask me for your money, being such an ignorant person? I would not pay, not even an obolus, to any one who called the καρπόδη κάρποδος.
Pas. Then won't you pay me?
Strep. Not, as far as I know.[235] Will you not then pack off as fast as possible from my door?
Pas. I will depart; and be assured of this, that I will make deposit against you, or may I live no longer!
Strep. Then you will lose it besides, in addition to your twelve minæ. And yet I do not wish you to suffer this, because you named the κάρποδος foolishly. [Exeunt Pasias and witness, and enter Amynias.]
Amyn. Ah me! ah me![236]
Strep. Ha! whoever is this, who is lamenting? Surely it was not one of Carcinus' deities that spoke.[237]
Amyn. But why do you wish to know this, who[238] I am?—a miserable man.
Strep. Then follow your own path.[239]
Amyn. O harsh Fortune! O Fates, breaking the wheels of my horses! O Pallas, how you have destroyed me!
Strep. What evil, pray, has Tlepolemus ever done you?
Amyn. Do not jeer me, my friend; but order[240] your son to pay me the money which he received; especially as I have been unfortunate.
Strep. What money is this?
Amyn. That which he borrowed.
Strep. Then you were really unlucky,[241] as I think.
Amyn. By the gods, I fell while driving my horses.
Strep. Why, pray, do you talk nonsense, as if you had fallen from an ass?[242]
Amyn. Do I talk nonsense, if I wish to recover my money?
Strep. You can't be in your senses yourself.
Amyn. Why, pray?
Strep. You appear to me to have had your brains shaken as it were.[243]
Amyn. And you appear to me, by Hermes, to be going to be summoned, if you will not pay me the money.[244]
Strep. Tell me now, whether do you think that Jupiter always rains fresh rain on each occasion, or that the sun draws from below the same water back again?
Amyn. I know not which; nor do I care.
Strep. How then is it just that you should recover your money, if you know nothing of meteorological matters?
Amyn. Well, if you are in want, pay me the interest of my money.
Strep. What sort of animal is this interest?[245]
Amyn. Most assuredly the money is always becoming more[246] and more every month and every day as the time slips away.
Strep. You say well. What then? Is it possible[247] that you consider the sea to be greater now than formerly?
Pas. No, by Jupiter, but equal: for it is not fitting that it should be greater.
Strep. And how then, you wretch,[248] does this become no way greater, though the rivers flow into it, while you seek to increase your money?—Will you not take yourself off from my house? Bring me the goad. [Enter servant with a goad.]
Amyn. I call[249] you to witness these things.
Strep. (beating him). Go! why do you delay? Won't you march, Mr. Blood-horse?
Amyn. Is not this[250] an insult, pray?
Strep. Will you move quickly? [Pricks him behind with the goad.] I'll lay on you, goading you behind, you outrigger? Do you fly? [Amynias runs off.] I thought I should stir you,[251] together with your wheels and your two-horse chariots. [Exit Strepsiades.]
Cho. What a thing it is to love evil courses! For this old man, having loved them, wishes to withhold the money which he borrowed. And he will certainly meet with something to-day,[252] which will perhaps cause this sophist to suddenly receive some misfortune, in return for the knaveries he has begun, For I think that he will presently find what has been long boiling up, that his[253] son is skilful to speak opinions opposed to justice, so as to overcome all with whomsoever he holds converse, even if he advance most villanous doctrines; and perhaps, perhaps his father will wish that he were even speechless.
Strep. (running out of the house pursued by his son). Hollo! Hollo! O neighbours and kinsfolk and fellow-tribesmen, defend me, by all means, who am being beaten! Ah me, unhappy man, for my head and jaw! Wretch! do you beat your father?
Phid. Yes, father.
Strep. You see him owning that he beats me.
Phid. Certainly.
Strep. O wretch, and parricide, and house-breaker!
Phid. Say the same things of me again, and more. Do you know that I take pleasure in being much[254] abused?
Strep. You blackguard!
Phid. Sprinkle me with roses in abundance.
Strep. Do you beat your father?
Phid. And will prove, too, by Jupiter, that I beat you with justice.
Strep. O thou most rascally! Why, how can it be just to beat a father?
Phid. I will demonstrate it, and will overcome you in argument.
Strep. Will you overcome me in this?
Phid. Yea, by much and easily. But choose which of the two Causes you wish to speak.[255]
Strep. Of what two Causes?
Phid. The better, or the worse?
Strep. Marry, I did get you taught to speak against justice, by Jupiter, my friend, if you are going to persuade me of this, that it is just and honourable for a father to be beat by his sons![256]
Phid. I think I shall certainly persuade[257] you; so that, when you have heard, not even you yourself will say any thing against it.
Strep. Well now, I am willing to hear what you have to say.
Cho. It is your business, old man, to consider in what way you shall conquer the man; for, if he were not relying upon something, he would not be so licentious. But he is emboldened by something; the boldness of the man is evident. Now you ought to tell to the Chorus from what the contention first arose. And this you must do by all means.
Strep. Well now, I will tell yon from what we first began to rail at one another. After we had feasted, as you know, I first bade him take a lyre, and sing a song of Simonides,[258] "The Shearing of the Ram." But he immediately said it was old-fashioned to play on the lyre, and sing while drinking, like a woman grinding[259] parched barley.
Phid. For ought you not then immediately to be beaten and trampled on, bidding me sing, just as if you were entertaining cicadæ?
Strep. He expressed,[260] however, such opinions then too within, as he does now; and he asserted that Simonides was a bad poet. I bore it at first, with difficulty, indeed, yet nevertheless I bore it. And then I bade him at least take a myrtle-wreath[261] and recite to me some portion of Æschylus; and then he immediately said, "Shall I consider Æschylus the first among the poets, full of empty sound, unpolished, bombastic, using rugged words?" And hereupon you can't think how my heart panted. But, nevertheless, I restrained my passion, and said, "At least recite some passage of the more modern poets,[262] of whatever kind these clever things be." And he immediately sang a passage of Euripides,[263] how a brother, O averter of ill! debauched his uterine sister. And I bore it no longer, but immediately assailed him with many abusive reproaches. And then, after that, as was natural, we hurled word upon word. Then he springs upon me; and then he was wounding me, and beating me, and throttling me, and killing me.
Phid. Were you not therefore justly beaten, who do not praise Euripides, the wisest of poets?
Strep. He the wisest! O, what shall I call you? But I shall get beaten again.
Phid. Yes, by Jupiter, with justice.
Strep. Why, how with justice? Who, O shameless fellow, reared you, understanding all your wishes, when you lisped what you meant? If you[264] said bryn, I, understanding it, used to give you to drink. And when you asked for mamman, I used to come to you with bread. And you used no sooner to say[265] caccan, than I used to take and carry you out of doors, and hold you before me. But you now, throttling me who was bawling and crying out because I wanted to ease myself, had not the heart to carry me forth out of doors, you wretch; but I did it there, while I was being throttled.
Cho. I fancy the hearts of the youths are panting to hear what he will say.[266] For if, after having done such things, he shall persuade him by speaking, I would not take the hide of the old folks, even at the price of a chick-pea.[267] It is thy business, thou author and upheaver of new words, to seek some means of persuasion, so that you shall seem to speak justly.
Phid. How pleasant it is to be acquainted with new and clever things, and to be able to despise the established laws! For I, when I applied my mind to horsemanship alone, used not to be able to utter three words before I made a mistake; but now, since he himself has made me cease from these pursuits, and I am acquainted with subtle thoughts, and arguments, and speculations, I think I shall demonstrate that it is just to chastise one's father.
Strep. Ride then, by Jupiter; since it is better for me to keep a team of four horses,[268] than to be killed with beating.
Phid. I will pass over to that part of my discourse where you interrupted me; and first I will ask you this: Did you beat me when I was a boy?
Strep. I did, through good will and concern for you.
Phid. Pray tell me, is it not just that I also should be well inclined towards you in the same way, and beat you, since this[269] is to be well inclined—to give a beating? For why ought your body to be exempt from blows, and mine not? And yet I too was born free. The boys[270] weep, and do you not think it right that a father should weep? You will say that it is ordained by law that this should be the lot of boys. But I would reply, that old men are boys twice over, and that it is the more reasonable that the old should weep than the young, inasmuch as it is less just that they should err.
Strep. It is no where ordained by law that a father should suffer this.
Phid. Was it not then[271] a man like you and me, who first proposed this law, and by speaking persuaded the ancients? Why then is it less lawful for me also in turn to propose henceforth a new law for the sons, that they should beat their fathers in turn? But as many blows[272] as we received before the law was made, we remit; and we concede to them our having been well thrashed without return. Observe the cocks and these other animals, how they punish their fathers; and yet, in what do they differ from us, except that they do not write decrees?
Strep. Why then, since you imitate[273] the cocks in all things, do you not both eat dung and sleep on a perch?
Phid. It is not the same thing, my friend; nor would it appear so to Socrates.
Strep. Therefore do not beat me; otherwise you will one day blame yourself.
Phid. Why, how?
Strep. Since I am justly entitled to chastise you; and you to chastise your son, if you should have one.
Phid. But if I should not have one, I shall have wept for nothing, and you will die laughing at me.
Strep. To me indeed, O comrades, he seems to speak justly; and I think we ought to concede to them what is fitting. For it is proper that we should weep, if we do not act justly.
Phid. Consider still another maxim.
Strep. No; for I shall perish if I do.
Phid. And yet[274] perhaps you will not be vexed at suffering what you now suffer.
Strep. How, pray? for inform me what good you will do me by this.
Phid. I will beat my mother, just as I have you.
Strep. What do you say? what do you say? This other, again, is a greater wickedness.
Phid. But what if, having the worst Cause, I shall conquer you in arguing, proving that it is right to beat one's mother?
Strep. Most assuredly, if you do this, nothing will hinder you from casting[275] yourself and your Worse Cause into the pit along with Socrates.—These evils have I suffered through you, O Clouds, having intrusted all my affairs to you.
Cho. Nay, rather, you are yourself the cause of these things, having turned yourself to wicked courses.
Strep. Why, pray, did you not tell me this then, but excited with hopes a rustic and aged man?
Cho. We always do this to him whom we perceive to be a lover of wicked courses, until we precipitate him into misfortune, so that he may learn to fear the gods.
Strep. Ah me! it is severe,[276] O Clouds! but it is just; for I ought not to have withheld the money which I borrowed.—Now, therefore, come with me, my dearest son, that you may destroy the blackguard Chærephon and Socrates, who deceived you and me.
Phid. I will not injure my teachers.
Strep. Yes, yes, reverence Paternal Jove.[277]
Phid. "Paternal Jove," quoth'a! How antiquated you are! Why, is there any Jove?
Strep. There is.
Phid. There is not, no; for Vortex reigns, having expelled Jupiter.
Strep. He has not expelled him; but I fancied this, on account of this Vortex here. Ah me, unhappy man! when I even took you who are of earthenware for a god.[278]
Phid. Here rave and babble to yourself.[279] [Exit Phidippides.]
Strep. Ah me, what madness![280] How mad, then, I was, when I ejected the gods on account of Socrates! But, O dear Hermes, by no means be wroth with me, nor destroy me; but pardon me, since I have gone crazy through prating. And become my adviser, whether I shall bring an action and prosecute them, or whatever you think.[281]—You advise me rightly, not permitting me to get up a law-suit, but as soon as possible to set fire to the house of the prating fellows. Come hither, come hither, Xanthias! Come forth with a ladder and with a mattock, and then mount upon the thinking-shop, and dig down the roof, if you love your master, until you tumble the house upon them. [Xanthias mounts upon the roof.] But let some one bring me a lighted torch, and I'll make some of them this day suffer punishment, even if they be ever so much impostors.
1st Dis. (from within). Hollo! hollo![282]
Strep. It is your business, O torch, to send forth abundant flame. [Mounts upon the roof.]
1st Dis. What are you doing, fellow?
Strep. What I am doing? why, what else, than chopping[283] logic with the beams of your house. [Sets the house on fire.]
2nd Dis. (from within). Ah me! who is setting fire to our house?
Strep. That man, whose cloak you have taken.
3rd Dis. (from within). You will destroy us! you will destroy us!
Strep. For I also wish this very thing; unless my mattock deceive my hopes, or I should somehow fall first and break my neck.
Soc. (from within). Hollo you! what are you doing, pray, you fellow on the roof?
Strep. I am walking on air, and speculating about the sun.
Soc. Ah me, unhappy![284] I shall be suffocated, wretched man!
Chær. And I, miserable man, shall be burnt to death!
Streps. For what has come into your heads that you acted insolently towards the gods, and pried into the seat of the moon? Chase, pelt, smite them, for many reasons, but espe- cially because you know that they offended against the gods! [The thinking-shop is burned down.]
Cho. Lead the way out; for we have sufficiently acted as chorus for to-day.[285] [Exeunt omnes.]
END OF THE CLOUDS.
- ↑ "Hoc dicit: τὸ χρῆμα τῶν νυκτῶν τόσον ἐστὶν, ὅσον ἀπέραντον. Mirabundus, nescio hercle, inquit, qui fiat, ut noctes plane sint immensæ." Herm. See Liddell's Lexicon in voc. χρῆμα.
"O König Zeus, was ist doch eine Nacht so lang,
Ohn' ende lang! ob 's Tag denn gar nicht werden will?" Droysen. - ↑ See Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 69, 89, obs. 1.
- ↑ ὅτ᾽ must not be mistaken for ὅτι, which is never elided in the comic writers. ὅτε is often found in old Attic in the place and force of ὅτι. See Krüger's Gr. Gr. § 54, 16, obs. 2 and obs. 3.
"But my people lie and snore,
Snore in defiance, for the rascals know
It is their privilege in time of war,
Which with its other plagues brings this upon us,
That we mayn't rouse these vermin with a cudgel," Cumberland.Who adds in a note, "The Athenians had granted them certain exemptions for their services on board the fleet." Voss observes, "they were in the habit of going over to the enemy, when too harshly treated." Cf. Pax, 451.
- ↑ Comp. Equit 580. Plut. 170.
- ↑ "Interest at Athens was paid at the end of the month." Droysen.
- ↑ τοῦ = τίνος ἕνεκα.
- ↑ "Sanbrennlinge." Voss.
- ↑ The commentators are divided in their readings and opinions, whether it should be ἐξεκόπην or ἐξεκόπη; i. e. whether Strepsiades wishes his own eye or that of the horse to have been knocked out; and whether there be a play of words between ἐκκόπτειν and κοππατίαν. See note on Lys. 940. Cf. Eccles. 938.
- ↑ There is a further dispute, whether Philo be the name of a horse, of the charioteer of Phidippides, or of a rival in the race; but there can be little doubt that the last is the right interpretation.
"He! Philon, falsch gefahren! bleib in deinem Gleis!" Droysen.
- ↑ "Das ist das Unglück, das mich ganz zu Nichte macht!" Droysen.
"There 'tis! that's it! the bane of all my peace—
He's racing in his sleep." Cumberland. - ↑ "Wie viele Gänge machst du im Ringelrennen denn?" Droysen.
- ↑ A burlesque upon the following fragment of Euripides, τί χρέος ἔβα με; There is a play upon the double meaning of χρέος.
- ↑ "Demarchus, sive cogitatio de demarcho, quem metuo ne a me pignus sumat, mordet me tanquam cimex aut pulex in lecto." Berg.
- ↑ See Becker's Charicles, p. 351. "ὤφελον non nisi tum adhibetur, quum quis optat, ut fuerit aliquid, vel sit, vel futurum sit, quod non fuit, aut est, aut futurum est. ὤφελον ϑανεῖν, utinam mortuus essem; at non sum mortuus. ὤφελον μὴ ζῆν, utinam ne viverem; at vivo. ὤφελον μὴ ἀθάνατος ἔσεσθαι, utinam ne futurus sim immortalis; at futurus sum." Hermann. Cf. Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 54, 3, obs. 4.
- ↑ For the parentage and descent of this famous Cœsyra, see Walsh's note, and Thirlwall, Hist. Greece, vol. ii. p. 59.
- ↑ Colias was a name under which courtesans invoked Aphrodite. Genetyllis was also a name of Aphrodite, and may be compared with the "Venus Genetrix" of the Romans. See Liddel's Lex. in voc. Cf. Lys. vs. 2.
- ↑ "Aye, 'tis a drunken lamp; the more fault yours;
Whelp, you shall howl for this." Cumberland."Hiess Ich das Saufgeschirr dich brauchen?" Droysen.
- ↑ "My wife
Would dub her colt Xanthippus or Charippus,
Or it might be Callippides, she cared not,
So 'twere a horse which shared the name." Cumberland. - ↑ Phidippides stands for Alcibiades, and Strepsiades for his uncle Pericles, who had himself been a pupil of Socrates, and involved in similar pecuniary embarrassments, in which he was assisted by the shrewd advice of his nephew, Alcibiades. Alcibiades' mother, Dinomache, was a daughter of Megacles, of the family of the Alcmæonidæ, from whom he inherited his passion for horses. See Süvern, Clouds, p. 46, foll, and 53, foll.
- ↑ This was a long state robe for festal occasions.
- ↑ ἵππερων, Dindorf, from ἵππος and ἔρως.
- ↑ Pointing to a statue of this deity near his bed. See Fritzsche, Thesm. vs. 748, who understands the passage in the same way.
- ↑ Or, as it is given by the translator of Süvern's Essay on The Clouds, the subtlety-shop.
"Das ist 'ne Denkanstalt von weisen Geistern, Sohn.
Es wohnen drinnen Männer, die überzeugen dich,
Dass der Himmel eigentlich so 'ne Art Backhofen ist,
Der uns umwölkt rings, und wir Menschen die Kohlen drin." Droysen. - ↑ "De Socrate vere hoc dici non potuit, qui nunquam ab audi- toribus suis mercedem accepit. Sed hoc faciebant plerique alii sophistæ." Brunck.
- ↑ "Ideengrübeldenker." Droysen.
- ↑ "This Chærephon was a hanger-on of the philosopher, and appears to have been laughed at even by his fellow-scholars for the mad extremes to which he carried his reverential attachment. He was nicknamed 'Bat,' on account of his being a little, dark, dirty fellow." Walsh. Comp. Av. 1564.
- ↑ Cf. vss. 409, 740. Mr. Walsh (quite as accurately) translates it by the slang word cut.
- ↑ There is also an allusion to συκοφάντης (φαίνω); see note on Acharn. 726. Cf. Av. 68. "For these pheasants, (not horses in this passage,) see Av. 68." Droysen.
"Nor I, so help me
Dionysus, our patron, though you bribed me
With all the racers that Leonoras
Breeds from his Phasian stud." Cumberland. - ↑ A horse bearing the mark of the σαμπί.
- ↑ Cumberland has justly remarked, "If there is any thing in this scene open to critical reprehension, I conceive it to be, that the speakings of Strepsiades are of a higher cast here than in his succeeding dialogues with Socrates; where the poet (for the sake, no doubt, of contrasting his rusticity with the finesse of the philosopher) has lowered him to the style and sentiment of an arrant clown."—The French critics compare Strepsiades with the "Bourgeois Gentilhomme" of Molière; but the inconsistency of character spoils the parallel. Strepsiades appears in the opening of this play with a strong dash of the bluffness, humour, and shrewdness of John Bull; hut he soon degenerates into the stupidity and absurdity of the Pachter Feldkümmel of German farce.
- ↑ i. e. Distorter. See vss. 434, 1455, 88. Cf. Süvern, Clouds, p. 41.
"A citizen of the tribe of Acamas." Cumberland.
- ↑ "Allusio ad Socratis matrem, quæ obstetrix erat: ipse autem dicere solebat se eandem artem exercere, ὅτι τέχνην ἔχω τὴν μαιευτικὴν, καὶ διὰ ταύτης ποιῶ τοὺς νέους ἀποτίκτειν τὰ νοήματα ἐν τῇ ἐαυτῶν ψυχῇ. Schol." Brunck. See Plato, Theæt. p. 149, foll.
- ↑ As Strepsiades himself pleads his rusticity in excuse for the unmannerly vehemence with which he had assaulted the door of the Phrontisterium, Mr. Mitchell might have spared us the fanciful note, in which he reminds Schütz, "that Strepsiades is not a clown, but rather a country-gentleman, and that he approaches the door of Socrates with too deep a feeling of reverence to allow of any act of discourtesy on his part."
- ↑ See note on Equit. 1098.
- ↑ See Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 61, 6, obs. 2. "This flea's-foot geometry is noticed in Xenophon's Symposium; perhaps in reference to this very passage, or to some anecdote, to which Aristophanes also may have had access." Welcker.
- ↑ See note on Lys. 967.
- ↑ The word is comic, says Passow, as if one should say, Darmsichtigkeit for Scharfsichtigkeit, innersight instead of insight.
"O zwei und dreimal seliger Därmenforscher du!" Droysen.
- ↑ The commentators and critics have laboured in vain to discover sense or coherence in this speech. The explanation of Süvern is ingenious. But Wieland has probably hit the truth, in supposing that the Disciple talks intentional nonsense, for the mere pleasure of mystifying the absurd Strepsiades. The translation given in the text is that recommended by Hermann, Dobree, Dindorf, and Fritzsche. See Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 57, 3, obs. 1.
- ↑ "Plautus, cap. ii. 2, 24: 'Eugepæ! Thalem talento non emam Milesium: nam ad hujus sapientiam ille nimis nugator fuit.' Contra Av. 1010, ille, qui se simulat admirari sapientiam Metonis, dicit: ἄνθρωπος Θαλῆς." Berg. On the demonstrative, see Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 51, 7, obs. 7.
- ↑ "Proprie non in Pylo capti sunt isti Lacedæmonii, sed in Sphacteriâ; in quâ insulâ, jacente prope Pylum, in continenti sitam et ab Athenn. munitam, plusquam quadringentos Lacedæmoniorum Athenienses obsidione cinxerant tandemque expugnaverant, et ex iis fere trecentos captivos abduxerant. His autem Lacedæmoniis similes dicit esse philosophos illos, quos apertis foribus intus conspicabatur, nempe squalidos et macie confectos; tales autem reddiderat Lacedæmonios in insulâ illâ desertâ fames diuturna. Rem omnem accurate narrat Thucydides, lib. iv." Berg. See Thuc. iv. 27—40.
- ↑ Τί δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ οἵδε, Brunck; which is Homeric, and unknown to the Attic writers. See Herm. Vig. not. 292, 343. In vs. 410, Dindorf (from an oversight, it would seem) reads ἡ δ᾽ ἄρ᾽.
- ↑ "Sie verfolgen die Urgrundslehre bis unter den Tartaros." Droysen.
"Marry, because
Their studies lead that way: they are now diving
To the dark realms of Tartarus and night." Cumberland. - ↑ See Krüger's Gr. Gr. § 68, 37, obs. 2.
- ↑ "Fatuitas ridetur hominis rustici, qui totum orbem terrarum divisum iri pauperibus putat. Idemque pulcrum hoc dicit et lepidum inventum, quod sit populate et ad ditandos cives utilissimum." Schütz.
- ↑ "Quasi hoc præcipuum sit signum, unde Athenn. urbs a cæteris dignosci possit, si nempe judices in foro sedeant; perstringit autem hic etiam τὸ φιλόδικον eorum de quâ re ex professo edidit Vespas." Berg.
- ↑ "Du Kannst dich drauf verlassen, diess ist Attisch Land." Droysen.
- ↑ "This refers to the reduction of the revolted Eubœans, twenty-two years before the first representation of this play, by the good generalship of Pericles. See Thirlwall's Hist. Greece, iii. p. 41, 42."
- ↑ See note on Thesm. 520.
- ↑ See Krüger's Gr. Gr. § 51, 7, obs. 8.
- ↑ "Quoniam nunc magister adest, discipulus, cui antea multum erat otii ad nugandum, se occupatum fingit" Wiel.
- ↑ See Süvern's Clouds, p. 6.
- ↑ "So, so! von der Flak' aus denkst du über die Götter weg,
Und nicht von ebner Erde; nicht?" Droysen."Ah, then I see you're basketed so high
That you look down upon the gods—good hope
You'll lower a peg on earth." Cumberland. - ↑ οὐ γὰρ ἀλλὰ = simpl. καὶ γάρ. See Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 67, 14, obs. 2. Viger, p. 462. Cf. Eq. 1205; Ran. 58, 192, 489. Eur. Suppl. 580; Bacch. 784; Iph. T. 1005.
- ↑ "Aristophanes alludit ad consuetudinem Socratis decreta sua exemplis vitæ communis illustrandi." Wiel.
- ↑ "Drum lehre von deinen Redenschaften die zweite mich, Die nichts bezahlende." Droysen.
- ↑ See Böckh's Publ. Econ. Athen. book iv. chap. 19.
- ↑ "So setz' dich nieder auf das heilige Denksopha." Droysen.
- ↑ "Respicit ad Sophoclis Athamantem, qui in dramate cognomine introductus fuerat coronatus a poëtâ, quum debuerat immolari, ex responso Apollinis, quia Phrixum filium, instigatus ab ejus novercâ, voluerat occidere." Berg.
- ↑ "Dum autem hæc dicit, comminuit super Strepsiadis capite lapides friabiles, aut eum farinâ conspergit, ut victimæ solebant molâ conspergi; nam et iste tanquam victima coronatus erat," Berg.
"Ita Berglerus e Scholiastâ. Sed aliter hæc acceperunt veteres magistri. Glossa καταπαττόμενος ὑπό σου ταῖς πληγαῖς διὰ τὰ μαθήματα, παιπάλη γενήσομαι. Ita me pugnis comminues ut facile pollen fiam." Brunck.
- ↑ Cf. vs. 813. Aves, 5. Ran. 741. Vesp. 835. Eun. Alc. 842. Med. 1051. See Valckn. Adon. p. 384, C. Herm. Vig. n. 19, 159. Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 55, 1, obs. 6. Bernhardy, W. S. pp. 855, 358. Monk, Alc. 848.
- ↑ "Gewährt den Genuss ihm eueres Anblicks." Droysen.
- ↑ "Or in the azure vales
Of your own father Ocean sporting weave
Your misty dance, or dip your golden urns
In the seven mouths of Nile." Cumberland. - ↑ "Mimas is a mountain in Thrace, mentioned also by Homer." Dindorf.
- ↑ Cf. Equit. 759, 823, 1188. Lys. 1142. Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 59, 2, obs. 3, and index to Krüger's Thucydides, voc. καί.
- ↑ "And I too am your Cloudships' most obedient.
And under sufferance trump against your thunder." Cumberland. - ↑ See note on Ran. 299.
- ↑ "i. e. the sophists, among whom Socrates is made to reckon himself: they being idle persons, and taking no part in state affairs." Schütz.
- ↑ Strepsiades would treat opinions (γνώμας) as he would a suspicious-looking haggis, and pricking them—not with a pin, but with a little notion (γνωμιδίῳ) of his own, discover what was in them. Cf. Liddell's Lex. voc. νύσσω.
- ↑ "Now called Casha; lying to the south of Attica." Dindorf.
- ↑ "For the second αὖται, see Soph. Gr. Gr. § 163, n. 2." Felton. Cf. also Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 50, 11, 22, and § 51, 7, obs. 9.
- ↑ "λημᾷς κολοκύνταις, to have rheum-drops in the eyes, as thick as gourds." Mitch. Cf. Liddell's Lex. voc. λημάω.
- ↑ Voss has coined a similar German equivalent, Ringfingerigschlendergelockvolk.
- ↑ The passages which follow are either quotations from the Dithyrambic poets, or parodies and imitations of their extraordinary phraseology. Cumberland remarks: "The satire is fair; but perhaps the old clown is not strictly the person who should be the vehicle of it."
- ↑ Bentley and Herman render, "darting zigzag lightning." Felton, "Lightning-whirling." Others, "Light-averting."
- ↑ The pike, or the conger, according to Liddell's Lex.
- ↑ "Und haben sie 's nicht um jene verdient?" Droysen.
"And proper fare;
What better do they merit?" Cumberland. - ↑ See Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 51, 13, obs. 3.
- ↑ Porson has referred to parallel passages in Shakspeare, Swift, and Cicero. To Dobree we are indebted for the following extract, from the Worthy Communicant of Jeremy Taylor:—"We sometimes espie a bright cloud form'd into an irregular figure; when it is observed by unskilful and phantastic travellers, looks like a centaure to some, and as a castle to others: some tell that they saw an army with banners, and it signifies war; but another, wiser than his fellow, says it looks for all the world like a flock of sheep, and foretells plenty; and all the while it is nothing but a shining cloud, by its own mobility and the activity of the wind cast into a contingent and inartificial shape."
- ↑ See Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 62, 3, obs. 11.
- ↑ So vs. 104, ὦν ὁ κακοδαίμων Σωκράτης καὶ Χαιρεφῶν. Cf. 527. Lys. 819, ὑμῶν τοὺς πονήρους ἄνδρας, Shakspeare, Sonnets,
"On whose tops the pinks that grow,
Are of those that April wears."Cf, Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 47, 9, For πάνθ᾽ ὅ τι, cf. Thesm. 248. Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 58, 4, obs. 5.
- ↑ A famous sophist, native of Ceos, and a disciple of Protagoras, founder of the title, whose writings were condemned to the flames by decree of the Athenians: the fate of Prodicus was more severe, inasmuch as he was put to death by poison, as a teacher of doctrines which corrupted the youth of Athens. There was something prophetic in thus grouping him with Socrates." Cumberland.
- ↑ "Sensus est: Et nobis fretus supercilium tollis; vel, gravitatem quondam et fastum vultu præ te fers." Kust.
- ↑ Comp. vss. 817, 1187, 1465. Aves, 514, 1355. Thesm. 558. Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 50, 7, obs. 9, and obs. 10.
- ↑ See Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 51, 17, obs. 12.
- ↑ "Wolf translates this by an epithet applied to the philosopher Kant by Moses Mendelsohn,—Du Alleszermalmer." Felton.
- ↑ "Put a comma after ὄμβου, so that δι᾽ ἀνάγκην may depend upon ἀναγκασθῶσι." Walsh.
- ↑ Comp. vs. 215, and see note on Thesm. 520. Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 51, 7, obs. 4.
- ↑ "Alluding to Homer, Od. Γ. 278, Ἀλλ᾽ ὅτε Σούνιον ἵρὸν ἀφικόμεθ᾽, ἄκρον Ἀθηνῶν." Kust.
- ↑ "The Greek haggis was roasted instead of being boiled; but in other respects it appears to have resembled its Caledonian successor very closely. There was the same necessity in both for "nicking" or "pricking," in order to let out the expanding air, as may be seen from the eloquent receipt in Meg Dod's Cookery Book." Walsh.
- ↑ See Krüger's Gr. Gr. § 68, 19, obs. 2. Cf. Ach. 386, 958.
- ↑ "ἐπιχαλκεύειν is a proverbial expression, as Wolf says, like the German, for a man who submits to any thing, 'Er lässt auf sich schmieden.'" Felton. "Ut ferrum in me cudant." Brunck. "I can stand, like an anvil, the hammer." Walsh. "To forge to your purpose." Liddel's Lex. in voc.
- ↑ See Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 62, 3, obs. 8.
- ↑ See Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 56, 11, obs.
- ↑ Cf. Ran. vs. 91.
- ↑ "ὅσα is Attic for ὅσον, that is, μόνον, solum, tantum." Brunck.
- ↑ Cf. Eq. vs. 370. "For the construction, see Soph. Gr. Gr. § 185." Felton. Cf. also Krüger's Gr. Gr. § 55, 3, obs. 7.
"Now let them work their wicked will upon me;
They're welcome to my carcase; let 'em claw it,
Starve it with thirst and hunger, fry it, freeze it,Nay, flay the very skin off; 'tis their own;
So that I may but fob my creditors." Cumberland. - ↑ "Passow and Pape, a rogue that deserves the cat-o'-nine-tails." Felton.
- ↑ See Krüger's Gr. Gr. § 56, 11, obs.
- ↑ ἄξια = ἀξίως = ut tuo ingenio dignum est. So Ach. vs. 8, ἄξιον τῇ Ἑλλάδι. Cf. ibid. 205. συμβ. μετὰ σοῦ is a mere gloss upon vs. 470." Bothe.
- ↑ "By μηχανὰς Socrates understands new arts and methods, but the old man warlike machines; hence his absurd question in the following verse." Harles.
- ↑ See note on Lys. 316.
- ↑ "Ich fürchte Graukopf, dass du viele Hiebe brauchst." Droysen. An example of "Anticipation." See Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 61, 6, obs. 2. δέῃ is the second person of the deponent form.
- ↑ "τύπτομαι = patior me verberari." Dindorf.
- ↑ Accusativus respectûs. See Krüger's Gr. Gr. § 46, 4.
- ↑ See note on Ran. 299.
- ↑ "They threw a honeyed cake to the serpents in the cave of Trophonius, in order to pacify them." Bergler.
- ↑ "This is a very learned parabasis, and contains much that is worthy of perusal, and much that relates to the history of the old comedy." Kuster. "This address was written after the first edition of the play had been damned." Walsh.
- ↑ "The poet uses the aor. opt., because he refers to his hopes of victory in a single case, unâ de re, i. e. the present dramatic representation; but in the same sentence he employs the present optative, (νομιζοίμην,) because duration of time is to be expressed,—the continuance of his fame as a poet." Felton.
- ↑ "Aristophanes declares this play to be the most elaborate of all bis works; but in such expressions we are not always to take him exactly at his word. On all occasions, and without the least hesitation, he lavishes upon himself the most extravagant praises; and this must be considered a feature of the license of comedy." Schlegel.
- ↑ "ὑπ᾽ ἀνδρ. φορτ. judicibus imperitis pronunciantibtus." Ern.—The author's tact would unquestionably have prevented him from applying so direct a censure to the audience; and we willingly agree in opinion with Dobree and Mitchell, that the sarcasm was aimed at successful rivals. So also Walsh.
- ↑ See Krüger's Gr. Gr. § 47, 9.
- ↑ Alluding to his Δαιταλεῖς.
- ↑ "Ja seitdem ist fest wie ein Fels mein Vertraun auf eure Huld." Droysen.
- ↑ The allusion is to the means employed by Æschylus in his Chöephoræ to bring about Electra's recognition of her brother Orestes. Æschylus had represented her as assured of her brother's arrival by having found a lock of hair at Agamemnon's tomb resembling her own. Euripides in his Electra sneers at this contrivance as improbable, and requiring a supernatural amount of cleverness and discernment. Aristophanes promises that his Muse shall be equally clever, and shall recognise their good-will if they only give this play the applause awarded to his Daitaleis. For the demonstrative, see Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 51, 7, obs. 7. For the matter, see Schlegel, Dram. Lit. pp. 122, 128.
- ↑ "Aristophanes was bald-headed." Droysen.
- ↑ "Nor does the aged gentleman, who
Spouts the witty lines to you,
Strike his friend with cudgel of oak,
To conceal a stupid joke. Walsh. - ↑ Exclamations, with which this very play opens.
- ↑ The Scholiast has very justly found fault with these boasts of our poet; and proved, from his own works, that he has been guilty of all the offences against decency and good taste which he reprehends so freely in others. The justifications attempted by Schütz and Süvern are lame in the extreme.
- ↑ Liddell's Lex. voc. σοφίζομαι.
- ↑ "Aristophanes refers to that very elegant passage of the Equites, vs. 864, which has often been imitated, according to our author, by other poets." Kuster.
- ↑ "You'll be thought, and not without reason,
Men of sense—till next year's season." Walsh.Who adds the following note: "That is to say, till the exhibition of fresh comedies in the next February and March, when your 'sense' and judgment will be tested anew by having to decide upon their merits."
- ↑ "Dich, der du hoch in Himmel's Höh'n
Waltest der Götter, Herrscher Zeus,
Ruf' Ich zuerst zum Festreihn." Droysen. - ↑ A quotation from the Teucer of Sophocles.
- ↑ So Equit. 803, ἃ πανουργεῖς = your knaveries. Demosth. Cor. P. 321, 4, οἷς εὐτυχήκεσαν ἐν Λεύκτροις = their successes at Leuctra.
- ↑ "Wird 's nach alter Weise wieder, wo ihr dummgewesen seid
Euch zum Besten sich verkehren, mehren des Staats Glückseligkeit." Droysen. - ↑ "This verse is constructed in imitation of the dithyrambic poets, whose compositions frequently began with these words; on this account, according to a Scholiast, they were called Amphianactes." Felton.
- ↑ Governed by ὠφελοῦσα.
- ↑ For this anacoluthon, cf. Aves, 535, 1456. Lys. 560. Equit 392. Horn. Il. Α. 478.
- ↑ "Said satirically of the school of Socrates, as if it were a den of wild beasts." Ernesti. "i. e. because the φροντιστήριον was dark and gloomy. Hence Strepsiades compares it to the cave of Trophonius." Schütz.
- ↑ "The Attic medimnus was divided into 48 chœnices. The ἑκτεὺς, sextarius, or modius, was the sixth part of a medimnus, and contained 8. chœnices; therefore the ἡμιεκτέον, or semisextarius, = 4 chœnices." Brunck.
- ↑ Cf. Ach. 772, 1115, 791. Hom. Il. ψ. 485.
- ↑ "It is very stupid of the rustic to reckon a cock among quadrupeds; Socrates, however, does not notice this, but censures what is more trifling." Bergler.
- ↑ This is certainly wrong. Repeated questions are always in the relative (ὅπως) form, as in 677. See Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 61, 17, obs. 3. An obvious emendation is ΣΤΡ. πῶς δή; φέρ᾽. ΣΩΚ. ὅπως;
- ↑ See Herm. Vig. n. 235.
- ↑ "Whether, in this obscure passage, the round mortar implies Sicily, as it does in Vesp. (924, Br. ed.), I do not undertake to say; but in that case the meaning would perhaps be, that Cleonymus, through the interest of his patron Cleon, had obtained some appointment in that island, where, like Laches, he had made considerable pickings." Mitch.
- ↑ This line will serve to illustrate a principle in the Greek language little known and less noticed: when a finite verb and a participle are accompanied by an objective case of a noun, that objective case depends on the participle in preference to the finite verb. Mr. Walsh (note ad Acharn. p. 120, fin.) has grievously erred in this matter. Eur. Hippol. 659, τῆς σῆς τόλμης εἴσομαι γεγευμένος. "The Greeks always refer the participle to the same noun as the verb, even though the case of the noun will not suit the construction of the participle." Hermann. Comp. Ran. 1176.
- ↑ "Instead of the usual ὅστις, I have given ἥτις from the Ravenna MS., as suiting what has preceded, and very contemptuous." Hermann. "ὅστις fits Strepsiades better, as he just before said τὸν Ἀμ." Dindorf.
"Soc. There, there! you make a wench of him at once.
Strep. And fit it is for one who shuns the field;
A coward ought not to be called a man." Cumberland. - ↑ Comp. Vesp. 1166. Pax, 110. Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 68, 36, obs, 7.
- ↑ "Curse it! What swingeing damages the bugs will get!" Walsh.
- ↑ "Jetzt, Freund, studirt! jetzt meditirt!
Nimm den Verstand zusammen
Und grüble rastlos.
Doch schnell, wenn zu bunt es dir werden will,
Spring ab und über
Zu andrem Forschen. Ferne nur
Bleibe dera Auge der holde Schlaf." Droysen. - ↑ "He calls them Corinthians, with a play on their proper name, κόρεις." Droysen.
- ↑ "Instead of the future ὀλῶ, the Attics occasionally use ὀλέσω; the later writers pretty often." Krüger. Brunck has mistaken it for a present tense.
- ↑ The Athenian sentinels used to sing at their posts, in order to prevent their falling asleep unawares during their night-watches. "It would seem that a short choral ode has dropped out here." Droysen. "The genitive φρουρᾶς denotes time. See Soph. Gr. Gr. § 196. and Kühner, Gr. Gr. § 273, 4." Felton.
- ↑ "As Socrates is throwing (ἐπιβάλλει) the lamb or sheep-fleeces (ἀρνακίδας) upon Strepsiades, the latter, before he is finally covered up, delivers himself of a wish, suggested by the equivoque in the words ἀρνακὶς and ἄρνησις." Mitch. "From these lamb-fleeces knowledge how to fleece. It is a common Greek idiom to express a wish in the form of a question." Felton.
"O weh! wer schafft mir armen Kauz
Aus diesem Löcherkittel eine Lugidee!" Droysen. - ↑ See Liddell's Lex. in voc. "Slicing small your reason." Walsh. "Cutting the thought fine." Felton. This seems better to suit the following words, κατὰ μικρόν.
- ↑ See Liddell's Lex. in voc. ζυγωϑρίζω.
"Nur still! und kannst du mit der Idee nicht weiter fort,
So lass sie fallen, geh hinweg; dann wieder lass
Den Verstand auf selbe jagden und halt die Beute fest." Droysen.Comp. Süvern, Clouds, p. 6.
- ↑ Comp. Vesp. 6. Pax, 1215. Ran. 1047. Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 51, 2, obs. 8.
- ↑ Comp. Ran. 60, 289. Vesp. 530, 1186. Thesm. 76. Eccles. 349. Equit. 1324, 1339. Pax, 674. The sense of τὶς in this construction may be expressed by our about. See Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 51, 16, obs. 3.
- ↑ "The ancients sometimes used the crystal, or lapis specularis, for burning-glasses, which would be a correct enough translation in this passage. Glass itself may be alluded to here, for its use was certainly known among the ancients, perhaps as early as the time of Aristophanes. 'We find mention or burning-glasses as early as the time of Socrates; and a number of lenses, more powerful than those employed by our own engravers, have been found among the ruins of Herculaneum.' St. John's Ancient Greece." Felton.
- ↑ ἀντιδικῶν. Dindorf. I would prefer ἀντιδίκων.
"Wie wahrst im Process du dich gegen Klägers Forderung,
Wenn du weisst, du musst verlieren, da aller Beweis dir fehlt?" Droysen. - ↑ "Something appears to have been omitted after this verse." Droysen.
- ↑ "ὅτι τι is merely τί, ὅτι; and something must be repeated from the foregoing sentence. Here ὁτιὴ τί = τί, ὁτιὴ οὐκ ἄν με διδάξαις; quid est, quod me docere amplius nolis?" Hermann. Cf. Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 61, 17, obs. 8.
- ↑ "Say'st thou the first? The very first—what was it?
Why, let me see; 'twas something, was it not,
About the meal.—Out on it! I have forgotten it." Cumberland.See Liddell's Lex. voc. μὲν, ii. 10. Hermann, Vig. n. 339, and note on Thesm. 630.
- ↑ See note on Lys. 884.
- ↑ "Das leidest du so?" Droysen.
- ↑ "The order of the construction is this: σὺ δὲ ταχέως ἀπολάψεις ὅτι πλεῖστον δύνασαι ἀνδρὸς ἐκπεπληγμένου καὶ φανερῶς ἐπηρμένου, γνοὺς οὕτως ἔχοντα αὐτὸν." Brunck.
"Du siehst, wie ganz verschroben schon,
Ganz er benommen ist; darum
Rupfe den Narrn, beutle ihn aus, was du nur kannst." Droysen. - ↑ "Observe the new oath 'By Mist,' evidently suggested by his recent intercourse with the philosophers." Felton.
- ↑ Brunck and others put a comma after μωρίας and read τὸν Δία νομίζειν, which is a gross error. The exclamatory infinitive is always accompanied by its article, when another exclamation has gone before. Xen. Cyrop. ii. 2, 3, τῆς τύχης· τὸ ἐμὲ νῦν κληθέντα δεῦρο τυχεῖν. See note on vs. 268.
- ↑ See Krüger's Gr. Gr. § 51, 9, obs. 1. For ὅπως, see note on Lys. 316.
- ↑ See Süvern, Clouds, p. 12. Socrates borrowed this idea from Anaxagoras.
- ↑ "In this witty and malicious expression he is brought into comparison with the well-known atheist Diagoras of Melos, as if the poet had said, Σωκράτης ὁ ἄθεος." Süvern.
- ↑ "So weit gekommen in seiner Tollheit ist er schon,
Dass er übergeschnappten Narren glaubt." Droysen. - ↑ Comp. Plut. 85, and Süvern, Clouds, p. 5. The same is related of the painter Nicias, and of Archimedes.
- ↑ Comp. Thuc. i. 141.
- ↑ This I believe the most proper way of expressing the force of καὶ in formulæ of this kind. On the other side, see Krüger's Gr. Gr. § 69, 32, obs. 16. Cf. 785, 1244. Aves, 508, 1446. Ach. 917. Lys. 171, 526, 836, 910. Ran. 737, 935.
- ↑ See Süvern, Clouds, p. 9.
- ↑ γηγενεῖς = ϑεόμαχοι, ἀσεβεῖς. " Himmelsstürmer." Droysen.
- ↑ "I have not lost, but studied it away." Walsh. "Ich hab' ihn verstudirt." Felton.
"Verloren keinesweges, sondern verstudirt." Droysen.
- ↑ "Plutarchus in Pericle, p. 363: τοῦ δὲ Περικλέους ἐν τῷ τῆς στρατηγίας ἀπολογισμῷ δέκα ταλάντων ἀνάλωμα γράψαντος, ἀνηλωμένων εἰς τὸ δέον, ὁ δῆμος ἀπεδέξατο, μὴ πολυπραγμονήσας, μηδ᾽ ἐλέγξας τὸ ἀπόῤῥητον. That money had been expended in corrupting the Spartan leaders." Brunck. Comp. Thirlwall's Hist. Greece, vol. iii. p. 41.
- ↑ "εἶτα is sometimes placed before the participle; in such a manner, however, that it must be construed after it. Here εἶτα τῷ π. πιθομ. ἐξαμ. = πιθόμενος τῷ πατρὶ εἶτα ἐξάμαρτε. Cf. Plut. 1004, 1148." Hermann.
"Verthu' so viel du willst,
Nur thu' dem Vater diess zu Lieb'!" Droysen. - ↑ Cf. Equit. 1080. Lys. 834. Kruger, Gr. Gr. § 51, 12. Note on Thesm. 502. Böckh's Publ. Ec. Athen. i, p. 311, foll, τούτου is the genitive of price. See Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 47, 17.
- ↑ Comp. Vesp. 460.
- ↑ The meaning of this passage is disputed. Seager says, "Socrates uses τρίβων for 'accustomed;' Phidippides, for 'an old cloak.' In κρέμαιο there is an allusion both to Socrates suspending himself in air on the κρεμάθραι, and to the hanging up of clothes on pegs." Mitchell, following up this notion, has remarked, "The young knight, after a contemptuous look at the Socratic cloak (τρίβων), observes, 'If you were suspended yourself, i. e. hung upon a nail, the word τρίβων might be strictly applied to you: for what are you, after all?—an old cloak, and nothing better."
"Gerichtet selber wärst du gerecht, wenn du hoch so hingst."
Droysen. - ↑ See Liddell's Lex. voc. χαύνωσις.
- ↑ Comp. Ran. 54.
- ↑ "Wo beide nicht, so die ungerechte doch platterdings." Droysen.
- ↑ "The causes twain shall teach your son in person." Walsh.
- ↑ "The interlude which now ensues between these allegorical personages, contending for the possession of their pupil Phidippides, after the manner of the Choice of Hercules, forms a very curious passage in this celebrated comedy. It is in some parts very highly elevated; in others, very pointedly severe. The object of the poet is, to bring before his audience the question between past and present education, into full and fair discussion; comparing the principles of the schools then existing with the pure and moral discipline of former times." Cumb. These allegorical characters appeared in the dresses of Æschylus and Euripides respectively. According to Wieland and Droysen, they are represented by two game cocks in wicker cages. Süvern ("Clouds," p. 16) rejects this idea, and thinks the Unjust Cause may have worn the mask of some of the notorious wranglers of the day. From the epithets bestowed on him (890, 915) he thinks he may have been Thrasymachus, and the Just Cause in the mask of Aristophanes himself.
- ↑ See Krüger's Gr. Gr. § 56, 13, obs. 2.
- ↑ Taken from the Telephus of Euripides. For the sentiment, see Hippol. vs. 986.
- ↑ Comp. vs. 895, 900. Ran. 1062, 1064, 1297. Soph. Phil. 1264. Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 56, 8, obs. 7.
- ↑ "Wie das freilich im Flor ist hei dem Volk,
Dem so thörichten Volk." Droysen. - ↑ Τουτὶ καὶ χωρεῖ τὸ κακὸν. Vesp. 1483. Cf. Ran. 1018.
"Pfui! wie des Unsinns Dunst
Mir zu Kopf schon steigt." Droysen. - ↑ "Was Gold du dir nennst, sonst galt es für Jucks." Droysen.
- ↑ "For the construction of the genitive, see Matth. Gr. Gr. § 317." Felton. Cf. Eq. 822. Ran. 1046.
- ↑ See Krüger's Gr. Gr. §56, 13, obs. 2.
- ↑ "The pathos-loving Euripides had brought the unfortunate king Telephus on the stage as a beggar furnished with a wallet. Aristophanes, however, in order to hit two birds with one stone, calls the maxims Pandeletian, after a pettifogger and sycophant of that name, who had been ridiculed by Cratinus." Wolf.
- ↑ Cf. vs. 1249. Plut. 79. Aves, 910. Ach. 578.
- ↑ "Alle Gefahr stürmet ja jetzt
Wider dich an, Philosophie,
Hier wo um dich den grössten" Kampf
Unsere Freunde wagen." Droysen. - ↑ "Arrived, and seated wide apart, the master
First taught them how to chaunt Athena's praise." St. John's Ancient Greece.See Dr. Franz's German-Greek Lexicon in voc. Schlagen, p. 445.
- ↑ This verse contains the commencement of two old songs. The first was composed by Lamprocles, son of Midon, an ancient Athenian poet. The second was composed by Cydides, a harper of Hermione.
- ↑ "Im gehaltenen Ton, im gemessenen Takt, wie die Väter vor
Zeiten gesungen." Droysen. - ↑ "Phrynis of Mitylene, the scholar of Aristoclydes, is frequently alluded to by the comic poets for having introduced a new species of modulation in music, deviating from the simplicity of the ancient harmony. When Callias was archon, Phrynis bore away the prize for minstrelsy at the Panathenæa." Cumb.
"Wie man jetzt beliebt nach Phrynis Manier, Solfeggienschnörkelgeziere." Droysen.
- ↑ See Kruger's Gr. Gr. § 43, 3, obs. 3.
- ↑ See Dr. Franz's German-Greek Lexicon in voc. Schlagen, p. 445.
- ↑ "Among the remains of ancient art there is, perhaps, not one representing a man, woman, god, or dæmon sitting cross-legged." Felton.
- ↑ An ancient dithyrambic poet. He is mentioned by Cratinus in his Panoptæ. "The Dipolia was one of the oldest festivals in Attica in honour of Jupiter the protector of cities. Oxen were driven up to the sacrificial table, and that one which first came forward to eat the sacrificial bread was slaughtered by the priest, who then fled away as though he were a murderer (βουφόνος), The priest's axe was then brought to trial, condemned, and cast into the pit as a malefactor. More enlightened ages made light of ridiculing such ceremonies." Droysen.
- ↑ "As you mean to engrave on your heart the image of Honour." Walsh. "Quoniam Verecundiæ simulacrum (vitâ tuâ) expressurus es." Fritzsche.
"Um der Keuscheit Bild an dir selbst niemals zu besudeln." Droysen.
- ↑ "Hippocrates was a nephew of Pericles. His sons Telesippus and Demophon were frequently derided for their silliness. 'Boobies' (βλιτομάμμαι) was the name given to the two sons of Pericles." Droysen.
- ↑ "Dubitari potest an activum sit, (ut Ach. 798,) an passivum." Hermann. There is, in reality, no doubt about it at all. No such future as πλήσομαι ever existed. On the contrary, the active future πλήσω is of common occurrence. See Plat. Legg. ix. 13, 35; Eur. Hipp. 687; Arist. Eccl. 1042. For Antimachus, see Acharn. 1150.
- ↑ "Oh sage instructor, how sublime,
These maxims of the former time!
How sweet this unpolluted stream
Of eloquence, how pure the theme!
Thrice nappy they whose lot was cast
Among the generations past." Cumberland. - ↑ Cf. vs. 1065. Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 49, 2, obs. 3. Matthiä, § 450, obs. 2. Jelf. § 780, obs. 2. Hermann, Vig. n. 247, on Soph. Antig. 1266. Bremi, Dem. Cor. § 178. Toup on Longin. XVIII. i. Schäfer, Greg. Cor. p. 89.
- ↑ The Greeks in general use the short form, (πονέσω, &c.,) exclusively of physical suffering. Yet we have πεπόνηκα τὼ σκέλη in Arist. Pax, 820.
- ↑ "Peleus, having withstood the solicitations of Atalante, wife of Acastus, was rewarded for his continence, by the gods, with a sword of celestial temper, the workmanship of Vulcan. But Atalante, having accused him to her husband, and stimulated Acastus to revenge a supposed attempt upon her honour, Peleus found himself driven to declare war against him: and to this Adicus alludes, in his retort upon Dicæus." Cumb.
- ↑ He was a lamp-seller, and was accused of adulterating the bronze of his lamps with lead, and thus obtaining a greater price for them than they were worth. He became a noted demagogue after the death of Cleon. Comp. Aves, 13.
"Hyperbolos dagegen hat, der Lampner, Tonnen Goldes
Erworben durch Unredlichkeit, doch allerdings ein Schwertnicht." Droysen. - ↑ "For Jove shall take the blame from off your shoulders,
Being himself a cuckold-making god,
And you a poor, frail mortal. How should you
Be wiser, stronger, purer than a god?" Cumberland.For the infinitive, cf. vs. 856, 996. Equit. 1187. Pax, 551. Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 55, 1, obs. 5, and note on Ran. 169.
- ↑ "The action of throwing off his coat alludes to Socrates' ceremony of stripping his disciples before they were initiated into his school." Cumberland.
- ↑ Mitchell, who follows Dindorf in assigning this speech (with the reading of ἔγωγε, instead of οἴμαι γε) to Strepsiades, thus paraphrases the passage: "Nay rather, instead of δεξιὸν, let me find him ὠχρὸν and κακοδαίμονα; in other words, the exact counterpart of Chærephon and yourself."
- ↑ "Χωρεῖτέ νυν, addressed to father and son conjointly, who now retire from the stage. The σοι is to be applied to Strepsiades, as he turns his back on the Chorus." Mitch.
- ↑ See Liddell's Lex. voc. ἐκ, iii. 6.
- ↑ Brunck's edition gives εἶτα τὸν καρπὸν τεκούσας ἀμπέλους φυλάξομεν. But it is an invariable rule in the Greek language that the leading noun (what ought to be taken up first) should have the article, the other not. This solecism is avoided in Dindorf's edition.
- ↑ Where rain seldom falls. Perhaps Bergler is nearer the truth, in supposing the allusion to glance at the evil repute of the Egyptians. The aorist infinitive retains its proper force as a past tense in the construction of the accusative with the infinitive and an article, as vs. 268, and after verba declarandi et putandi, as Vesp. 1422, 1447, and sometimes, as here, after βούλομαι, Cf. Ran. 673. Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 53, 6, obs. 9.
- ↑ The last day of the month, to which Solon gave the name of the ἔνη καὶ νέα, as partaking of the light both of the old moon and the new. To Strepsiades it is a day of horror, as placing him in danger of legal proceedings by his creditors.
- ↑ "Da verschwört's denn jeder Gläubiger; alle, Kosten gleich
Deponiren, sagt er, will er, mich jagen von Haus und Hof." Droysen. - ↑ "Vortrefflicher, sag' Ich, press' mich doch um das Sümmchen nicht!
Diess schiebe noch auf! ja diess erlass mir!" Droysen. - ↑ Strepsiadem salvere jubeo, in the language of Terence.
- ↑ The promised bag of meal. There is an allusion to the contributions of the friends and pupils of Socrates towards the maintenance of their instructor. See Süvern, Clouds, p. 125.
- ↑ "Accusativus de quo." See Mus. Crit. i. p. 532, and for this use of "Anticipation," see Krüger, Gr. Gr. 61, 6, obs. 2. Cf. vss. 1155, 1185. Ran. 432, 750, 932, 1454. Eccles. 1125. Soph. Phil. 573.
- ↑ "The antecedent of ὅν is not υἱὸν, but λὀγον. Strepsiades was very anxious that his son should learn the ἄδικος λόγος in order to defraud his creditors. This ἄδικος λόγος had just before been brought on the stage as a person: to which circumstance those words, ὅν ἀρτίως εἰσήγαγεσ, refer." Seager. So also Walsh, Droysen, and Felton.
- ↑ See Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 46, 5. Cf. Ach. 1201. For τἄρα, see Mus. Crit. i. p. 74.
- ↑ οἷος = ὅτι τοιοῦτος. See Krüger's Gr. Gr. § 51, 13, obs. 17; Jelf, § 804, 9; Matth. § 480, obs. 3.
- ↑ An adaptation of Hecuba's address to Polyxena.
- ↑ Here the scene changes to the front of Strepsiades' house.
- ↑ See Süvern, Clouds, p. 114.
- ↑ "Phidippides wishes to show that the ἕνη καὶ νέα, being two days, cannot be reckoned as one, therefore the words ἡμέραι δύο must be the subject, and not μί᾽ ἡμέρα. This would be contrary to his argument. Nor can we urge in this place a Schema Pindaricum. Although that is found in Tragedy, (Hermann, Soph. Trach. 517,) it is wholly abhorrent from the style of Aristophanes. Aristophanes wrote (vs. 1182) γένοιντ᾽ ἂν, and (vs. 1133) γένοιντο." Fritzsche. So good a scholar as Fritzsche ought to have known that the Greeks prefer to make the verb agree in number with the predicate, rather than with the subject. Herod. ii. 16, αἱ θῆβαι Αἴγυπτος ἐκαλέετο. See Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 63, 6. Matth. § 305.
- ↑ "ἂν appears also m the protasis, when the speaker would express an inclination to assume a contingent realization. It corresponds to the opt. with ἂν in independent propositions. Only in this view is εἰ ἂν, if perhaps, similar." Krüger. Cf. Aves, 1018. Harper, p. 90. Stallbaum, Plat. Men. p. 98, B. Hermann, Vig. n. 303, 287, ad Eur. Alc. 48. Reisig, Com. Crit. Col. p. 399. Bachmann's Anecd. ii. p. 371, 10.
- ↑ Cf. Ach. 919. Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 61, 2, obs. 11.
- ↑ "The reader must bear in mind that the spectators sat in rows, one above another." Droysen.
- ↑ "'O du glückseliger Papa,
Wie bist du selbst schon so klug,
Und welchen Sohn hast du jetzt!'
So preist mich bald Vetter, Freund,
Gevattersmann." Droysen.Cf. Vesp. 1180. Lvs. 845. Pax, 1125.
- ↑ "Accusativus de-quo." See Mus. Crit. i. p. 532.
- ↑ "Sententia ergo est: οὐκ ἀκούετε αύτοῦ διαβάλλοντός με, ὃν πάντες ὑμεῖς γιγνώσκετε μισοῦντα τὴν ἱππικῆν;" Brunck. Dindorf's 3rd edition (printed by Didot) reads "Ἵππον; οὐκ ἀκούτε ὃν πάντες ὑμεῖς ἴστε μισοῦνϑ᾽ ἱππικήν.
"Ich ein Pferd? Ihr hört 's doch, Ich,
Von dem ihr wisst, wie Ich Alles hasse, was Pferde heisst!" Droysen. - ↑ "I grant you, in my folly I did swear;
But then my son had not attained the art
Of the new logic unconfutable." Cumberland. - ↑ "Ernesti says ἔτι is redundant, Attically; Hermann translates it, Pereas etiam præter impudentiam. Not so; ἀπόλοιο ἔτι means, pereas aliquando, mögest du noch einmal zu Schanden werden." Fritzsche. Comp. Soph. El. 471. Eur. Hel. 57. Æsch. Prom. 518.
- ↑ Cf. Plut. 1062. Pasias was, it seems, a corpulent man; therefore Strepsiades compares him to a wine-skin, which was usually rubbed with salt to keep the leather sweet.
"Gut ausgelauget g'ab'er einen wackem Schlauch." Draysen
- ↑ "Not if I know it;
So bundle off directly from my door." Walsh.Cf. Eccles. 350. Thesm. 34. Pax, 857. Vesp. 1288. Thuc. vi. 25. Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 55, 3, obs. 5. Hermann, Vig. n. 154, Append. p. 720.
- ↑ Vss. 1259, 1264, 1265, 1272, are quotations from the Licymnius of Xenocles, the son of Carcinus. "Euphronius (ap. Schol.) informs us that these verses are from the Licymnius of Xenocles, and that they were spoken by Alcmena, when Licymnius had perished through the fault of Tlepolemus." Fritzsche. Cf. Thesm. 169, 440. Vesp. 1501. Ran. 86.
- ↑ Comp. Pax, 1211. Lys. 354.
- ↑ See Krüger's Gr. Gr. § 51, 8. Other editions punctuate differently.
- ↑ "So gehe deines Wegs." Droysen.
- ↑ See note on Equit. 1017.
- ↑ Comp. Plut. 390, 1035.
- ↑ "He plays upon the ambiguity of the words; for if you write ἀπὸ νοῦ, it will be from your senses. ἀπ᾽ ὄνου πεσὼν is said proverbially of an unskilful man, who cannot even sit an ass." Bergler.
- ↑ "Gleichsam ein Erdstoss, will mich bedünken, traf's Gehirn." Droysen.
- ↑ "He does not actually summon him, because he has no "bailiff" with him, and therefore the notice would not hold good in law." Walsh.
- ↑ "What sort of animal is this same interest?" Walsh.
"Was ist das für ein Geschöpf?" Droysen.
- ↑ "Nun, Lieber, dass mit jedem Monat, jedem Tag
Die Summe Geldes gross und immer grösser wird,
Je lang und längere Zeit verfliesst." Droysen.Comp. note on vs. 1448.
- ↑ Comp. vs. 1345.
- ↑ "Oh thou miser!
That would'st stint the ocean, and vet cram
Thy swelling coffers till they overflow." Cumberland. - ↑ Comp. Ran. 528. Plut. 932.
- ↑ Comp. Ran. 21. Plut. 886. Soph. Col. 883.
- ↑ See on Ran. 268.
- ↑ "Doch zuverlässig diesen Tag
Macht sich noch ein Ungemach,
Das den Erzsophistennarrn
Sonder Harrn,
Für all' die abgeschwornen Schulden
Lässt die Strafe dulden.
Ich glaube das, wonach er strebt mit aller Kraft,
Er wird 's zu bald nur haben." Droysen. - ↑ See Krüger, Gr. Gr. § 51, 2, obs. 4, and § 25, 1.
- ↑ See note on Thesm. 351.
- ↑ "So choose which of the Causes you'll defend." Walsh.
So also Droysen.
"Elige utrum ex duobus sermonibus me velis perorare." Brunck. If so, Aristophanes would have written βούλει λέγειν με.
- ↑ "You have learned the art with a vengeance, if this is the way you are going to apply it." Felton. "Certe te docendum curavi, justitiæ repugnare, si demonstraturus es, justum esse patrem verberari. The commentators are mistaken." Fritzsche. See Hermann Vig. n. 389.
- ↑ "That I'll do
By process clear and categorical,
That you shall fairly own yourself a convert
To a most wholesome cudgelling." Cumberland. - ↑ "O ye, who patiently explore
The wreck of Herculanean lore!
What rapture, could you seize
Some Theban fragment, or unroll
One precious, tender-hearted scroll
Of pure Simonides!" Wordsworth. - ↑ "Women while grinding used to beguile their labours with a song; and they had a peculiar class of songs, called ἐπιμύλιοι ᾠδαί." Brunck. Plutarch has preserved one of these,—
Ἄλει, μύλα, ἄλει·
καὶ γὰρ Πιττακὸς ἀλεῖ,
μεγάλης Μιτυλήνης βασιλεύων.
Grind, mill, grind,
For Pittacus too is a grinder,
Of great Mitylene the king. - ↑ "Dasselbe hat er drinnen, ganz dasselbe schon geäussert." Droysen.
- ↑ See Süvern, Clouds, p. 37, 38.
- ↑ "Was Neues nach dem Zeitgeschmack voll philosoph'scher Schule." Droysen.
- ↑ Alluding to the Æolus of Euripides, which turned upon the loves of Macareus and Canace. Ovid. Trist. ii. 884.
"Nobilis est Canace fratris amore sui."
- ↑ "Here γὲ may be expressed in Latin by certe. δὲ, in vs. 1383, corresponds to the μὲν in vs. 1382. Cf. vs. 1171." Hermann.
- ↑ For this remarkable construction, see Krüger's Gr. Gr. § 56, 5, obs. 5.
- ↑ For similar examples of conciseness, see vs. 1084, 1447. Eccles. 207. Ach. 748. Ran. 780, 873, 939. Thuc viii. 50.
- ↑ "So geben wir für solches alten Kauzen Fell
Keinen Pfifferling weiter." Droysen. - ↑ See Süvern, Clouds, p. 43.
- ↑ See note vs. 380, and on Thesm. 520.
- ↑ A parody on vs. 691 of the Alcestis of Euripides. Cf. Hec. 1225, and Arist. Thesm. 124. Lys. 763. Ach. 553.
- ↑ "Was not the author of this law,
Like you and me, a man, sir?
And did he not persuade and draw
The rest to adopt his plan, sir?
Then have not I, too, I would learn,
A right to be the author
Of a new law, that in return
The son should beat the father?" Walsh. - ↑ "Was Hiebe wir vorweg empfahn, eh' dies Gesetz gegeben,
Quittiren wir und schenken 's euch als Schulden, die verjährten." Droysen. - ↑ "If you are thus for pecking at your father
Like a young fightmg-cock, why don't you peck
Your dinner from the dung-hill, and at night
Roost on a perch?" Cumberland. - ↑ "The young ruffian seems to speak ironically and covertly:—'And yet the γνώμη, which I am now about to propose for your consideration, is of such a nature, that, upon hearing it, all your late and present feelings and sufferings will go for nothing;'—implying, that they will be succeeded by feelings so much more painful, that the former will, comparatively, vanish from his mind. Strepsiades, catching only at the open, and not at the covert sense, naturally expresses himself as impatient for any information which is to be of benefit to him in his present condition." Mitch.
"Strep. Nun geht's mir an den Kragen.
Phid. Vieleeicht zum Troste wird 's ihm sein, für das, was er erfahren." Droysen. - ↑ "ἐμβαλεῖν ἐς τὸ βάραθρον. Eqq. 1356, ἄρας μετέωρον ἐς τὸ βάραθρον ἐμβαλῶ. Vid. ad Plut. 431. It means to destruction." Berg.
"If you should make so fine a hit,
You have my full consent to throw
Your carcase down the Felon's Pit;—
Where else could you expect to go?
And carry with you, if you please,
The Weaker Cause, and Socrates." Walsh.τί δ᾽ ἄλλο γε = certissime. Cf. vs. 1287.
- ↑ "Ei Wetter! ärgerlich ist 's, ihr Wolken, doch gerecht." Droysen.
- ↑ "Evidently a line from some tragedy or other. The Athenians worshipped a Paternal Apollo, but not a Paternal Jove, because Apollo was fabled to have been the father of the Ionian race. Other tribes, supposed to have been descended from Jove, worshipped a Paternal Jove, but not a Paternal Apollo." Walsh.
- ↑ Vs. 1474 is in Dindorf's ed. bracketed as spurious. Shakspeare, Tempest, act v. sc. 1.
"What a thrice-double ass
Was I, to take this drunkard for a god,
And worship this dull fool.""The old man here points to an ill-made, round earthen vase, which stood in front of Socrates' house; such as were probably set outside in the country, instead of the city Hermæ." Wolf.
- ↑ "Stop here, and rave and drivel to yourself." Walsh.
- ↑ For the omission of the article, see note on Lys. 967.
- ↑ "Oder was dir beliebt." Droysen.
- ↑ See Süvern, Clouds, p. 118.
- ↑ "Was anders als
Ich nehm' an eurem Hause die Dachdialektik vor." Droysen. - ↑ See Süvern, Clouds, p. 108.
- ↑ "Lead out, and conclude the redoubtable play;
We have chanted and caper'd enough for to-day." Walsh.See Hermann, Vig. App. p. 710.
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| Translation: |
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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