The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar
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The Kural Or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar (1916)
by Thiruvalluvar, translated by V. V. S. Aiyar
by Thiruvalluvar, translated by V. V. S. Aiyar
Thiruvalluvar3808874The Kural Or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar1916V. V. S. Aiyar
THE KURAL
OR
THE MAXIMS OF TIRUVALLUVAR
☞ Books can be had of the Author V. V. S. Aiyar, 89 Dharmaraja Covil Street, Pondichery, South India.
Price: Cloth bound Rs 2.12 Wrapper Rs 2.4.
THE KURAL
OR
The Maxims of Tiruvalluvar
TRANSLATED BY
V. V. S. AIYAR
One of the highest and purest expressions of human thought.—M. Ariel.
As essentially the highest type of verbal and moral excellence among the Tamil people as ever Homer was among the Greeks.—Gover.
PUBLISHED BY
SUBRAHMANYA SHIVA
8 Pichu Pillai Street, Mylapore, Madras S.
1916
COPYRIGHT REGISTERED
PRINTED AT THE BRAHMAVADIN PRESS
14 BAKER STREET, MADRAS.
CONTENTS
Page PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................i-xliv INTRODUCTION Chapter 1. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3 2. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5 3. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7 4. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9 PART I RIGHTEOUSNESS SECTION i THE LIFE OF THE HOUSEHOLDER 5. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................13 6. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................15 7. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................17 8. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................19 9. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21 10. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23 11. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................25 12. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................27
Chapter Page 13. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................29 14. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31 15. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................33 16. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................35 17. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................37 18. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................39 19. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................41 20. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43 21. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................45 22. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................47 23. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................49 24. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................51 SECTION ii THE LIFE OF THE ASCETIC SUBDIVISION A DISCIPLINE 25. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................53 26. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................55 27. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................57 28. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................59 29. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................61 30. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................63 31. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................65 32. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................67 33. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................69
Chapter Page SUBDIVISION B WISDOM 34. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................71 35. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................73 36. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................75 37. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................77 38. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................79 PART II WEALTH SECTION THE PRINCE 39. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................83 40. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................85 41. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................87 42. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................89 43. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................91 44. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................93 45. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................95 46. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................97 47. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................99 48. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................101 49. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................103
Chapter Page 50. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................105 51. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................107 52. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................109 53. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111 54. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................113 55. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................115 56. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................117 57. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................119 58. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................121 59. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................123 60. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................125 61. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................127 62. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................129 63. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................131 SECTION ii THE MEMBERS OF THE BODY POLITIC 64. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................133 65. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................135 66. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................137 67. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................139 68. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................141
Chapter Page 69. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................143 70. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................145 71. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................147 72. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................149 73. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................151 74. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................153 75. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................155 76. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................157 77. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................159 78. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................161 79. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................163 80. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................165 81. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................167 82. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................169 83. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................171 84. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................173 85. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................175 86. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................177 87. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................179
Chapter Page 88. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................181 89. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................183 90. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................185 91. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................187 92. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................189 93. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................191 94. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................193 95. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................195 SECTION iii MISCELLANEOUS 96. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................197 97. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................199 98. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................201 99. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................203 100. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................205 101. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................207 102. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................209 103. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................211 104. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................213 105. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................215 106. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................217 107. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................219 108. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................221
Chapter page PART III LOVE SECTION i THE SECRET MARRIAGE 109. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................225 110. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................227 111. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................229 112. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................231 113. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................233 114. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................235 115. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................237 SECTION ii CHASTITY 116. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................239 117. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................241 118. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................243 119. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................245 120. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................247 121. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................249 122. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................251 123. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................253
Chapter Page 124. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................255 125. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................257 126. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................259 127. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................261 128. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................263 129. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................265 130. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................267 131. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................269 132. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................271 133. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................273 - ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
275-278
N.B.—In the transliteration of Tamil words occurring in the book, the letter j is italicised in order to indicate that it is to be pronounced as in French.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1925, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 98 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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