1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 31/Table of contributors

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XXXI. TO IDENTIFY CONTRIBUTORS,^[1]

WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES TO WHICH

THESE INITIALS ARE SIGNED.

A. A. LIEUTENANT-COLONEL ALFRED WILLIAM ALCOCK, C.I.E., M.B., LL.D., F.R.S. Indian Medical Service (retired). Professor of Medical Zoology in the University I ,., .. , ,, . , of London, at the London School of Tropical Medicine. Author of A Naturalist 1 Memcal "" in Indian Seas; Entomology for Medical Officers', etc. Falkland Islands Battle; " Goeben and Breslau " ; Heligoland Bight; Jutland, Battle of; Minesweeping and Mine- laying; Naval History of the War.

A. C. D. CAPTAIN ALFRED C. DEWAR, R.N. (RET.), B.Lrrr. (Oxon.). Gold Medallist, Royal United Service Institution. Late of the Historical Section, . Naval Staff, Admiralty.

A. D.* COMMANDANT A. DOUMENC. French Army Staff. Officer of the Legion of Honour. D.S.O. Director of the French Army Mechanical Transport Service during the war. Author of Les Transports Automobiles sur le Front franc.ais.

A. E. ARTHUR ELOESSER, PH.D. (Berlin). Author of Die aelteste deutsche Uebersetzung Molierescher Lustspiele; Das biir- gerliche Drama; Litterarische Portraits aus dem modernen Frankreich; etc.

A. E. D. ALBERT EMIL DAVIES, L.C.C. Hon. Lecturer in Business Finance, Leeds University. Fellow of the Royal Economic Society. Author of The State in Business; The Nationalization of Railways; The Case for Nationalization', Land Nationalization; etc.

A. E. M. A. E. MENDELL, B.L.I. Director of the Analytic Report of the Second Chamber of the States General, Holland.

A. E. S.* ADDISON ERWIN SHELDON, A.M., PH.D. Superintendent, Nebraska State Historical Society. Author of History and Stories of Nebraska; Poems and Sketches of Nebraska; Nebraska Constitutional Conventions. Editor of Nebraska Blue Book.

A. F.* ARTHUR FEILER. On the Staff of the Frankfurter Zeitung. Member of the Economic Council of the German Reich. Author of Die Konjunktur-Periode, 1907-13, in Deutsch- land; Handelspolitik und Krieg; etc.

A. Fx. ABRAHAM FLEXNER. Secretary of the General Education Board, New York. Education in the United States. Author of Medical Motor Transport, Military. German Literature. Nationalization. Holland (in part). Nebraska. Germany: Finance. TTJ * TT j Education: United States.

A. F. Hu. ARTHUR FREDERICK HURST, M.A., M.D. (Oxon.), F.R.C.P. Lieutenant-Colonel, late R.A.M.C. Physician and Neurologist to Guy's Hos- , pital.

A. F. Pr. ALFRED FRANCIS PRIBRAM, PH.D. Professor of Modern History in the University of Vienna. Member of the Vienna Academy of Science, etc. ,, .. . . Me lcme n . JHs ~ eases in the World War. Francis Ferdinand; Francis Joseph I. A. H. E. T. ARTHUR H. E. TAYLOR, B.A. Author of The Future of the Southern Slavs; etc.

A.-K. GENERAL MORITZ AUFFENBERG-KOMAROW. See the biographical article: AUFFENBERG-KOMAROW, MORITZ.

A. L. C. COLONEL ARTHUR LATHAM CONGER, U.S. ARMY. Distinguished Service Medal (U.S.A.). C.M.G. Legion of Honour. Formerly < Meuse-Argonne, Battle of. Co-editor of The Military Historian and Economist.

A. M. BARON ALEXANDER MEYENDORFF. f Teacher of Russian Law, Institutions and Economics, King's College (London University). Formerly Member of the Russian Duma and Senator. Formerly Privatdozent at Petrograd University. s Montenegro. /Lemberg (Lvov), Battles

Round: Part 1. 

Esthonia; Latvia. Inland Water Transport.

A. M. H. LIEUTENANT-COLONEL A. M. HENNIKER.

A. R. A. ARTHUR RICHMOND ATKINSON, B.A. (Oxon.). f Sometime Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford; Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln's Massey, W. F.; Inn; Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of New Zealand; Member of New Zealand, the New Zealand House of Representatives, 1899-1902.

A. R. W. ANDREW R. WARNER, A.M., M.D. Executive Secretary, American Hospital Association. Superintendent Lakeside Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, 1907-19. Member of the War Service Committee on ( Hospitals: United States. Hospitals during the World War. President American Hospital Association -9. Joint-author of Dispensaries.

A. S.* SIR ARTHUR SCHUSTER, PH.D., Sc.D., D.Sc., F.R.S. C Hon. Professor of Physics in the University of Manchester. Author of Inlroduc- I T . lion to the Theory of Optics; etc. Joint-author (with Sir Arthur Shipley) of ] ernational bcience. Britain 's Heritage of Science. See biographical article:

A. Sc. SCHUSTER, SIR ARTHUR. ( AUSTIN SCOTT, A.B., A.M., PH.D., LL.D. f Professor of History and Political Science, Rutgers College, New Brunswick, <j New Jersey. N.J.

A. T. W. SIR ARNOLD TALBOT WILSON, K.C.I.E., C.S.I., C.M.G., D.S.O. Late Civil Commissioner in Mesopotamia and Political Resident in the Persian ! Mesopotamia (in part). Gulf.

A.W.H.E.W. WING-COMMANDER A. W. H. E. WYNN.

B. E. P. GENERAL-OF-BRIGADE BARTHELEMY EDMOND PALAT. Late French Army. Commanded a Division 1915-6. Author of La Grande Guerre sur le Front Occidental; Les Batailles d'Arlois et de Champagne; and, under the pseudonym "Pierre Lebautcourt," of La Defense Nationale, 1870-1 and other works, including a general bibliography of 1870-1.

B. K. L. BASIL KELLETT LONG. / Editor of the Cape Times. Formerly Foreign Editor of The Times. Flying Corps (in part). Frontiers, Battles of the (in part).

B. Z. BELA ZOLNAY, PH.D. University of Budapest.

C. A. B. SIR CHARLES BALLANCE, K.C.M.G., C.B., M.V.O., M.S: Consulting Surgeon to St. Thomas's Hospital and to the British Army in the World War. Vice-President of the Royal College of Science.

C.Br. CARL BROCKHAUSEN, DR. JURIS. Professor of the Science of Administration in the University of Vienna.

C. Ch. CHARLES CHREE, Sc.D., LL.D., F.R.S. Assistant Director, Meteorological Office, Kew. Past Society of London. Hughes Medallist, Royal Society.

C. D. C. LIEUTENANT-COLONEL C. D. CROZIER, R.G.A. / Late Director of Inspection of High Explosives, Ministry of Munitions. Jameson, Sir L. S. Hungary: Literature. Heart and Lung Surgery. Lueger, Karl. President, Physical { Magnetism, Terrestrial. Explosives (in part).

C. E. C. MAJOR-GENERAL SIR CHARLES EDWARD CALLWELL, K.C.B. Director of Military Operations, War Office, 1914-6. Author of Small Wars; { Kitchener, Lord. Military Operations and Maritime Preponderance; The Dardanelles; etc.

C. E. W. B. MAJOR CLAUDE EAGLES WILLOUGHBY BEDDOES, O.B.E. Gloucestershire Regiment. Inspector of Grenade Training, G.H.Q., Great .-, ,. Britain, 1915-8. Experimental Officer for Grenades and Trench Stores, Ministry of Munitions, 1915-9. Control Officer, Inter-Allied Commission of Control, 1919.

C.F.A. MAJOR CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON, T.D. Late East Surrey Regiment. Distinguished Service Medal (U.S.A.). Order of Saint Anne (Russia). Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Staff Officer for Trench Warfare Research. 1915-7. British Instructor in Intelligence, American Expeditionary Force, 1918. Editorial Staff of the nth edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica. Author of Grant's Campaigns; The Wilderness and Cold Harbor; etc. Flamethrowers; Flying Corps (in part); Foch, Marshal; Grenades (in part); Intel- ligence, Military (in part); Liege; Masuria, Battles in; Maubeuge, Siege of; Namur; Narew, Battles of the (1915); Naroch Lake. C. F. C. CHARLES FREDERICK CROSS, B.Sc., F.R.S. Analytical and Consulting Chemist. Member of the firm of Cross & Bevan. i _., Joint-author (with E. J. Bevan) of Researches on Cellulose; Text-Book of Paper- ' es> making.

C. F. Cl. COLONEL SIR CHARLES FREDERICK CLOSE, K.B.E., C.B., C.M.G., F.R.S. Director-General of the Ordnance Survey of the United Kingdom. Author of { Map. Text Book of Topographical Surveying.

C. H. M. CLIFFORD HERSCHEL MOORE, A.B. (Harvard), PH.D. (Munich ),Lixx.D. (Colorado College). Professor of Latin at Harvard University. Author of Religious Thought of the Greeks; Pagan Ideas of Immortality; etc. Harvard University.

C. J. M. COURTENAY J. MILL. Financial Editor of The Times. National Debt.

C. J. M.* CHARLES JAMES MARTIN, C.M.G., D.Sc., M.B., F.R.S., F.R.C.P. ( Director of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine. Professor of Experi- { Filter-Passing Germs. mental Pathology, University of London. [

C.K.* CARL KARSTEN. Member of the Staff of the Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung.

C. Ma. CUTHBERT MAUGHAN. Contributor on Finance, Shipping and Insurance to The Annual Register; etc. Representative of Admiralty Section of the British Ministry of Information in North America, 1918.

C. M. Wi. C. M. WILSON, M.C., M.D. (Lond.), F.R.C.P. (England). Dean of the Medical School, St. Mary's Hospital, London. Secretary to the Faculty of Medicine, University of London. Physician to Out-Patients, St. Mary's Hospital, and to the Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis, Maida Vale. Consulting Physician to Paddington Infirmary.

C. S. CHARLES SEYMOUR, M.A., PH.D., Lrrx.D. Professor of History in Yale University. Technical Delegate at the Paris Peace Conference. Author of The Diplomatic Background of the War; Woodrow Wilson and the World War.

C. Se. Hon. CATO SELLS, M.A., LL.D. Commissioner of Indian Affairs for the U.S.A., 1912-21.

D. F. T. DONALD FRANCIS TOVEY, MASTER OF Music (Hon., Birm.), Mus.D. (Oxon.). Reid Professor of Music in Edinburgh University. Author of Lessons in Musical Analysis; etc.

D.Hy. DOUGLAS HYDE, LL.D., D.Lrrr. Professor of Modern Irish in University College, Dublin. President of the Irish Texts Society. Author of Literary History of Ireland; tic. See the biographical article: HYDE, DOUGLAS.

E.A.* ERNEST AXON. Deputy Chief Librarian, Manchester Public Libraries. Formerly President, Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society. Editor of Bygone Lancashire.

E. B. M. EDWARD BRADFORD MAXTED, PH.D., B.Sc. Consulting Chemist. Author of Catalytic Hydrogenalion and Reduction; Am- monia and the Nitrides; etc.

E. B. S. ELY BANNISTER SOANE, C.B.E. Civil Administration of Mesopotamia. Examiner in Kurdish to the Civil Ad- ministration of Mesopotamia. Author of To Kurdistan and Mesopotamia in Dis- guise; A Kurdish Grammar; An Elementary Grammar of Kurmanji; etc.

E. D. G. ELMER D. GRAPER, PH.D. Instructor in Government, Columbia University. Author of American Police Administration. Erzberger, M. (in part); Eucken,R. C. (in part); Germany: Political His- tory (in part). Insurance: United Kingdom. Medical Education (in part). Harding, Warren G. j Indians, North American. Music. f

E. E. F. D'A. EDMUND EDWARD FOURNIER D'ALBE, D.Sc. (London and Birmingham), A.R.C.Sc., M.R.I.A. Inventor of the Optophone. Formerly Special Lecturer in Physics in the Punjab University. Author of The Electron Theory; Two New Worlds; Contemporary Chemistry; etc.

E. F.* ERNST FRANCKE. Head of the Bureau for Sozialpolitik. Member of the Economic Council of the German Reich. Publisher and Editor of Soziale Praxis. Ireland: Language and Literature. Manchester. Nitrogen Fixation. Kurdistan. New York State. Optophone. Germany: Social and Industrial Legislation. E. F. L. EDWARD F. LAW. Consulting Engineer. Formerly of the Armour Plate Department, Armstrong < Helmet. Whitworth & Co.

E. G. S. EMMA GURNEY SALTER, M.A., Lrrx.D. / Author of Franciscan Legends in Italian Art; Nature in Italian Art; etc. Morocco.

E.H. EDUARD HEILFRON, GEHEIMER JUSTIZRAT. Judge at the Court of Berlin. Professor at the Commercial University College of < Germany: Administration. Berlin. [

E.J. MAJOR ERNST JOLY. fLemberg (Lvov), Battles Late General Staff, Austro-Hungarian Army. Now of the Kriegsarchiv, Vienna. < Round : Part II ; Part-author of the Austrian Official War Chronology Tables; etc. [Lodz-Cracow, Battles of.

E. J.B. EDWIN JULIUS BARTLETT, A.M., M.D., D.Sc. (Hon., Dartmouth). Emeritus Professor of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H.

E. J. B.* ELBERT JAY BENTON, PH.D. Professor of History in Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Author of The W abash Trade Route; International Law and Diplomacy of the Spanish- American War. Joint-author of Introductory American History; History of the United States.

E. L. C. EDGAR LEIGH COLLIS, M.A., M.D. (Oxon.), M.R.C.P. (Lond.). Mansel Talbot Professor of Preventive Medicine, Welsh National School of Medicine. Late Director (Welfare and Health), Ministry of Munitions. H.M. Medical Inspector of Factories.

E. L. F. ERNEST Louis FRANKLIN, F.S.S. Member of the Royal Economic Society. Samuel Montagu, London. New Hampshire. Ohio. Industrial Medicine. Partner in the banking house of < Exchanges, Foreign.

E. N. McC. MAJOR E. N. MCCLELLAN. U.S. Marine Corps. Officer-in-charge, Historical Section, Marine Corps.

E. Ru. SIR ERNEST RUTHERFORD, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics, University of Cambridge. Author of Radioactivity; Radioactive Substances and their Radiations; etc. See the bio- graphical article: RUTHERFORD, SIR ERNEST.

E. R. J. EMORY RICHARD JOHNSON, M.L., PH.D., Sc.D. Professor of Transportation and Commerce and Dean of the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, University of Pennsylvania. Author of Principles of Railroad Transportation; Principles of Ocean Transportation; etc.

E. S. H. ELIZABETH SANDERSON HALDANE, C.H., LL.D., J.P. Member of Education Authority for Perthshire. Vice-Chairman, Territorial Force Nursing Service Committee. On Royal Commission on the Civil Service. Member of the Scottish Universities Committee. Author of The Life of Des- cartes; etc. | Marines: United States. Matter, Constitution of. Interstate Commerce. Nursing (in part).

E. S. H.* CAPTAIN EDGAR STOPFORD HOLLAND. Late Royal West Kent Regiment. Office. Member of Gray's Inn. Formerly Mobilization Directorate, War < Marines (in part).

E.T.* EDWARD TUTHILL, M.A., PH.D. Professor of History, University of Kentucky. lucky. Author of Government of Ken- < Kentucky. F. A. Cl.

E. T. H. E. T. HALNAN. Senior Inspector, Intelligence Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisher- ies, Great Britain.

E. VL ETHAN VIALL. Editor of American Machinist. Member A.S.M.E., A.I.E.E., A.S.T.M., S.A.E. Author of Broaches and Broaching; Electric Welding; Gas-Torch and Thermit Welding; United States Rifles and Machine Guns; United Stales Artillery Am- munition; Manufacture of Artillery Ammunition; etc.

E.v.W. EDUARD VON WERTHEIMER. Emeritus Professor of History in the University of Pressburg.

E. W. MacB. ERNEST WILLIAM MACBRIDE, D.Sc. (Lond.),M.A. (Cantab.), HON. LL.D. (McGill), F.R.S. Vice-President of the Zoological Society of London. Vice-Chairman of the Euge- nics Education Society. Formerly Professor of Zoology in McGill University, Montreal. Professor of Zoology in the Imperial College of Science and Tech- nology, London. Author of Textbook of the Embryology of the Invertebrata ; etc.

F. A. Cl. FREDERICK ALBERT CLEVELAND, Pn.B., PH.D., LL.D. Professor of United States Citizenship, Maxwell Foundation, Boston Univer- sity. Author of Organized Democracy; First Lessons in Finance; etc. Milk. Machine Tools. Fej'ervary; Hungary (in part) ; Kossuth, Francis. Eugenics. | Massachusetts. F.B.* FRITZ BOEHM. On the staff of the Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung. /Germany: Reform of the School System.

F. C. E. FRANZ CARL ENDRES. f Major, late General Staff, Turkish Army. Author of a Life of Moltke; Die Ruine Essad. des Orients; etc. Member of Committee, German League of Nations Union.

F. C. H. CAPTAIN FREDERICK CROSSFIELD HAPPOLD, D.S.O. f T . ,,.,. Late General Staff (Intelligence), V. Army, and Lecturer at the Intelligence fMe l Military School. Harrow-on- the-Hill. W P arl )- (

F. C. Mo. FREDERICK CECIL MOORE, H.M.C.S. Head of the Sugar and Rationing Department for Ireland during the World { Ireland: Statistics. War.

F. D. S. F. D. SANER, M.A. (Cantab.), F.R.C.S. Surgeon to Out-Patients, Great Northern Hospital, London. Surgeon, Evelina Hospital for Children. Late Consulting Surgeon, British Rhine Army.

F. E. W.* LIEUTENANT-COLONEL FREDERICK ERNEST WHITTON, C.M.G., B.A. Late Prince of Wales's Leicester Regiment. Formerly Secretary, Historical Section, Committee of Imperial Defence. Author of The Marne Campaign; A History of Poland; M alike; etc.

F. G. Y. FREDERIC GEORGE YOUNG, B.A., LL.D. Dean of the School of Sociology and Professor of Sociology in the University of Oregon. Editor of the Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society and of the Commonwealth Review of the University of Oregon. Author of Financial His- tory of Oregon; etc.

F. H. Br. FRANK HERBERT BROWN, C.I.E. On the Staff of The- Times for Indian Affairs. London Correspondent of The Times of India. Formerly Assistant-editor of the Bombay Gazette and Editor of the Indian Daily Telegraph, Lucknow.

F. H. H.* FRANK HEYWOOD HODDER, Pn.M. Professor of American History in the University of Kansas.

F. I. M. LIEUTENANT-GENERAL SIR IVOR MAXSE, K.C.B., C.V.O., D.S.O. Late Inspector-General of Training to the British Armies in France, 1918-9. Fractures. Frontiers, Battles of the (in part); Guise, Battle of; Marne, Battle of the. Oregon. Gokhale, G. K. ; Hyderabad, Nizam of; Mehta,SirP.M. ! Kansas. Infantry.

F. L. P. Frederic L. Paxson Professor of History in the University of Wisconsin. Sometime Major, U.S. M " mtlons of Wa *: United Conprsl st*ff States. General Staff.

F. M. F. MAYENCE. Professor at the University of Louvain.

F. M. R. LIEUTENANT-COLONEL F. M. RICKARD. Royal Artillery. Chief Instructor, Artillery College, Woolwich (assisted by Instructional Staff, Artillery College).

F. R. C. FRANK RICHARDSON CANA. F.R.G.S. Editorial Staff, nth edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica. Editorial Staff of The Times. Author of South Africa from the Great Trek to the Union ; Problems of Exploration; Africa; The Sahara in 1915; The Great War in Europe; etc. Mercier, Cardinal. Magazines and Shell Stores; Ordnance (in part). Eritrea; Gambia; German East Africa; German South- West Africa ; Kenya Colony ; Liberia; Mauritius; Merri- man, J. X.; Natal; Nyasa- land; Orange Free State.

F.T. FREDERIC THEVENET. I General of Division, French Army. Formerly Governor of Belfort. Commanded Fr ntiers . Battles of the Belfort region in the World War. Author of La Place de Belfort. ( ^ n P a ">-

F.Y. ALEXANDER BELL FILSON YOUNG. f Editor, of the Saturday Review. Author of With the Battle Cruisers; Master- J Fisher, Lord; singers; Ireland at the Cross Roads; Christopher Columbus and the New World; 1 Jellicoe, Lord. The Sands of Pleasure; When the. Tide Turns; etc.

G.A. GEORGE JEFFREYS ADAM. Formerly Correspondent of The Times in Paris.

G. Ab. GRACE ABBOTT, M.A. Chief of the Children's Bureau, U.S. Department of Labor. Formerly Director Child Labor Division, U.S. Children's Bureau, and Executive Secretary, Illinois Immigrants Commission, Chicago.

G. A. Bu. GEORGE ARTHUR BURLS, M.lNST.C.E., M.INST.AUTO.ENG. ( Author, and Joint-author with Sir Dugald Clerk, of works on internal combustion < Internal Combustion Engines. engines. / France (in part) ;

French Equatorial Africa. 

Juvenile Employment: United States.

O. A. J. C. GRENVILLE ARTHUR JAMES COLE, F.R.S., F.G.S. Professor of Geology in the Royal College of Sciencefor Ireland. Author of Aids in Practical Geology; Open- Air Studies in Geology; etc. Geology: Structural Stratigraphical. and G. A. R. GEORGE RAPER. . Formerly Correspondent of The Morning Post in Paris.

G.B.* GIUSEPPE BRUCCOLERI. Barrister-at-Law. Author of La Sicilia di oggi; Dal conflilto europeo alia guerra noslra; etc.

G. B. C. GERALD BAIN CANNY, B.A. Assistant Secretary, Inland Revenue Department, Somerset House.

G. C. S. GILBERT CAMPBELL SCOGGIN, M.A., Pn.D. Sometime Scholar of Harvard University. Formerly Assistant Professor of Greek at the University of Missouri. Associate Editor of The Classical Journal. Member of the American Editorial Staff of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

G. D. H. C. GEORGE DOUGLAS HOWARD COLE, M.A. Formerly Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Hon. Secretary, Labour Re- search Department. Author of The World of Labour; Selj ^-Government in In- dustry; Guild Socialism Restated; Social Theory; etc.

G. E. B. GEORGE EARLE BUCKLE, M.A., HON. LL.D. Formerly Scholar of New College and Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. Editor of The Times, 1884-1912. Authorof Life of Disraeli (vpls. 3, 4, 5, and 6). See the biographical article: BUCKLE, GEORGE EARLE.

G. H. H. GODFREY HAROLD HARDY, M.A., F.R.S. Fellow of New College, Oxford. Savilian Professor of Geometry in Oxford University. Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.

G. H. M. SIR GEORGE HENRY MAKINS, G.C.M.G., C.B., LL.D., F.R.C.S. Consulting Surgeon to St. Thomas's Hospital, London. Late Consulting Surgeon to the British Expeditionary Force; etc.

G. I. H. L. G. I. H. LLOYD. Assistant Director, Department of Overseas Trade.

G.P. GIFFORD PINCHOT, A.B. (Yale), HON. A.M. (Yale and Princeton), Sc.D. (Michigan Agricultural College), LL.D. (McGill). Professor of Forestry, Yale University. U.S. Forester, 1898-1910. President of the National Conservation Association. Pennsylvania Commissioner of For- estry. Author of The Adirondack Spruce; The Training of a Forester; The Fight for Conservation ; etc.

G. P. L.-C. COLONEL SIR GERALD PONSONBY LENOX-CONYNGHAM, R.E., F.R.S. Superintendent of the Trigonometrical Survey of India.

G. R. S. LIEUTENANT-COLONEL GEORGE REDFIELD SPALDING. Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army. Instructor in Supply, General Staff College, Washington, D.C.

G.S. GEORGE SAUNDERS, O.B.E., B.A. (Oxon.), HON. LL.D. (Glasgow). Correspondent of the Morning Post in Berlin, 1888-97; and of The Times in Berlin, 1897-1908, and in Paris, 1908-14.

G. T. B. SIR GEORGE THOMAS BEILBY, F.R.S., LL.D., D.Sc. Director of Fuel Research, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. See the biographical article: BEILBY, SIR GEORGE THOMAS.

G. W. Ri. GEORGE WASHINGTON RILEY, Pn.B., D.O. Late President, New York State and City Osteopathic Societies. President, American Osteopathic Association, 1917-8. I France (in part). Italian Literature. ( Excess Profits Duty: United Kingdom. Hoover, Herbert Clark. Guild Socialism. Grey, 4th Earl; Grey, Vis- count ; Haldane, Lord ; Hen- derson, Arthur ;Lansdowne, 5th Marquess; Law, A. Bonar; Lloyd George, D.; Long, Lord ; Lyttelton, Al- fred ; McKenna, Reginald ; Milner, Viscount; Morley of Blackburn, Viscount. Mathematics: Theory of Num- bers; Theory of Series; The- ory of Functions. Medicine and Surgery: Surgery During the War. Munitions of War: United Kingdom (in part). Forestry: United States. Geodesy (in part). I Light Railways, Military I (in part). Erzberger, M. (in part); Eucken, R. C. (in part). Fuel. | Osteopathy.

H. A. B. BRIGADIER-GENERAL HENRY ARTHUR BETHELL, C.M.G. f Late Royal Field Artillery. Author of Modern Guns and Gunnery; Modern < Ordnance (in part). Artillery in the Field. {

H. A. G.* HAROLD ATHELING GRIMSHAW, B.A., M.Sc. (Econ.). Lecturer in Public Administration at the London School of Economics, London University. Member of the International Labour Section of the League of Nations, Geneva.

H.B.* HERBERT BRANDE. Formerly Editorial Writer on The Chicago Tribune.

H. B. B. HAROLD BERESFORD BUTLER, C.B., M.A. Deputy-Director, International Labour Office, League of Nations. Formerly Principal Assistant Secretary, Ministry of Labour. Member of the British Delegation at the Peace Conference. Hours of Labour (in part). < Newspapers (in part). International Labour Organization. H. Ca.

REV. HENRY CARTER.

Member of British Central Licensing Control Board (Liquor Traffic), 1916-21. Author of The Control of the Drink Trade; The Church and the New Age; etc.

H. Ch.

HUGH CHISHOLM, M.A.

Formerly Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Editor of the loth, nth and 1 2th editions of the Encyclopedia Britannica. Financial Editor of The Times, 1913-20. See the biographical article: CHISHOLM, HUGH.

H. Cl.

SIR HUGH CLIFFORD, G.C.M.G.

Governor of Nigeria. In the Federated Malay States, 1883-1903; in the West Indies, 1903-7; in Ceylon, as Colonial Secretary, 1907-9. Administered the British Sphere of Occupation in Togoland throughout the World War. Author of Studies in Brown Humanity; Further India; The German Colonies; etc.

H. C. D.

HARRISON CLIFFORD DALE, A.M.

Fellow of the American Geographical Society. Professor of Economics and Political Science, University of Idaho. Author of The Ashley-Smith Explorations and the Discovery of a Central Route to the Pacific : 1822-1829; etc -

H. E. A. C.

HENRY EVAN AUGUSTE COTTON, C.I.E., L.C.C.

Formerly Scholar of Jesus College, Oxford, and Advocate of the High Court at Calcutta. Author of Calcutta Old and New. Late Editor of India.

H. F. Ba.

HENRY FREDERICK BAKER, Sc.D., F.R.S.

Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry, Cambridge. John's College, Cambridge.

H. I. P.

HERBERT INGRAM PRIESTLEY, M.A., PH.D.

Associate Professor of Mexican History and Librarian of the Bancroft Library, University of California. Author of Jose de Gdlvez, Visitor-General of New Spain; etc.

H. Jn.

SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B.E., F.R.S.

Director of Research, British Scientific Instruments Research Association. Emeritus Professor of Chemistry, University of London.

H. J. W.

H. J. WILSON, C.B., C.B.E.

H. L. C.

HUGH LONGBOURNE CALLENDAR, M.A., LL.D., C.B.E., F.R.S.

Professor of Physics in the Imperial College of Science, South Kensington. Author of Properties of Steam; Thermodynamic Theory of Turbines.

H. M. Sa.

HERBERT MITCHELL SANDERS, M.A.

Assistant Secretary to the Board of Inland Revenue. Assistant Secretary to the Royal Commission on the Income Tax, 1919-20.

H.P.

HENRI PIRENNE.

Rector of the University of Ghent. Member of the Royal Academy of Belgium and of the Institute of France. Corresponding Member of the Royal Historical Society. Author of Histoire de Belgique; etc.

H. P.*

HUGO PREUSS, DR. JURIS.

Formerly Lecturer at the University of Berlin and Professor Public Law at the Berlin University College of Commerce. Municipal Deputy and Municipal Councillor in Berlin. After the Revolution Secretary of State for the Interior and Minister of the Interior for the Reich up to the German acceptance of the Peace of Versailles. Member of the Prussian Constituent Assembly and of the first Diet of the Republic of Prussia. Bore the leading part in drafting, and carrying through the Constituent Assembly of the Reich, the new Republican Constitution of Germany. Author of Das deutsche Volk und die Politik ; etc.

H. P. G.

HARRY PIRIE-GORDON, D.Sc., M.A.

Served in the World War. Deputy Governor of Jerusalem, 1918. Editor of A Brief Account of the Advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force.

H. P. W.

HENRY PARKER WILLIS, PH.D.

Professor of Banking in Columbia University. Director of Research, Federal Reserve Board. Author of American Banking; The Federal Reserve; etc.

H. Sa.

HIROSI SAITO, M.A.

Secretary of Embassy and Consul in the Japanese Diplomatic and Consular Service. Member of the Japanese Delegation to the Peace Conference in Paris, 1919, and to other Inter-Allied and International Conferences in Europe, 1919-21.

H. Si.

H. SINZHEIMER.

Professor in the University of Frankfort-on-Main.

H. v. H.

MAJOR-GENERAL HANS VON HAEFTEN.

Late General Staff, German Army. Director in the Archives of the Reich. Formerly member of the Historical Section of the Great General Staff. During the World War a General Staff Officer with the troops. Representative of the Supreme Command at the Foreign Office, 1918. Guatemala; Honduras;

---

Liquor Laws and Liquor Control: United Kingdom.

English Literature (in part);

Finance ;

George V. ;

Holden, Sir E.H.;

Montessori System.

Gold Coast; Nigeria.

Idaho.

Gandhi, M. K.

Fellow of St. < Mathematics: Geometry.

Huerta; Madero; Mexico; Nicaragua; Obregon.

Glass (in part).

Labour Legislation: United Kingdom.

I Heat.

Income Tax: United Kingdom.

Fredericq, Paul.

Germany: Republican Constitution.

Hejaz Railway.

Federal Reserve Banking System.

Formosa; Japan; Korea.

Germany: Law.

Factory Council

Noyon, Battle of.

H.W.	HARTLEY WITHERS. Editor of the Financial Supplement of the Saturday Review. Formerly Editor of The Economist. Author of The Meaning of Money; Case for Capitalism; etc.	Money Market.
H.Wf.	HUMBERT WOLFE, C.B.E.	Labour Ministry: United Kingdom; Labour Supply and Regulation: United Kingdom.
H. W. W.	HERBERT WRIGLEY WILSON, M.A. Sometime Scholar of Trinity College, Oxford. Author of Ironclads in Action. Contributor to The Cambridge Modern History. Assistant Editor of The Daily Mail.	Northcliffe, Lord.
J. A. Ro.	JAMES ALEXANDER ROBERTSON, Pn.B., L.H.D. Chief of the Near Eastern Division, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. Managing Editor of The Hispanic American Historical Review. Co-editor of Blair and Robertson's The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 (55 vols.). Compiler of Bibliography of the Philippine Islands; etc.	Guam.
J.A.W.	JAMES ALBERT WOODBURN, A.B., PH.D., LL.D. Professor of American History, Indiana University. Member of the American Historical Society. Author of The American Republic and its Government; etc.	Indiana.
J. Bro.	JOHN BROWNLEE, M.A., M.D., D.Sc. Director of Statistics, Medical Research Council.	Epidemiology (in part).
J. C. P.	JOHN CARL PARISH, PH.D. Associate Editor of the State Historical Society of Iowa. Lecturer in Iowa History in the State University of Iowa. Robert Lucas; John Chambers; etc. Author of The Man with the Iron Hand;	Iowa.
J. de G. H.	J. DE GRAFF HUNTER, M.A., Sc.D. Mathematical Adviser to the Survey of India. Author of Formulae for Atmos- pheric Refraction and their Application to Terrestrial Refraction and Geodesy; Survey of India, Prof. Papers Nos. 14, 1913 (The Earth's Axes and Triangulation), and 16, 1918.	Geodesy (in part).
J. E. W.*	JEANNE ELIZABETH WIER, B.Bi., B.A. Professor of History and Political Science in the University of Nevada. Executive Secretary of the Nevada Historical Society.	Nevada.
J.F.	JAMES FORD, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Social Ethics in Harvard University. Sometime Division Manager, U.S. Housing Corporation. Editor of the Report of the U.S. Housing Corporation. Author of Co-operation in New England; etc.	Housing: United States
J. F. M.	JAMES F. MUIRHEAD, M.A., L.H.D., F.R.G.S. Author of America, the Land of Contrasts, and of Baedeker's Handbooks to London, England, the United States and Canada. Editor of Muirhead Guidebooks, Limited (The Blue Guides).	London.
J.G.deR.H.	JOSEPH GREGOIRE DE ROULHAC HAMILTON, M.A., PH.D. Kenan Professor of History and Government in the University of North Caro lina. Author of Reconstruction in North Carolina; North Carolina since 1860; etc.	North Carolina.
J. H. Ho.	JACOB H. HOLLANDER, PH.D. Professor of Political Economy in Johns Hopkins University. Author of David Ricardo; The Abolition of Poverty; War Borrowing; etc. Treasurer of Porto Rico, 1900-1. Financial Adviser of the Dominican Republic, 1908-10.	Haiti.
J.J.	JAMES JOHNSTONE, D.Sc. Professor of Oceanography in the University of Liverpool. Author of Conditions of Life in the Sea; British Fisheries; etc.	Oceanography.
J. J. C.	BRIGADIER-GENERAL JOHN JOHNSTON COLLYER, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O. Late Chief of the General Staff, Union of South Africa.	German South-West Africa.
J. J. T.	SIR JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON, O.M., D.Sc., HON. F.R.S.E., LL.D., PH.D., F.R.S. See the biographical article: THOMSON, SIR JOSEPH JOHN.	Gases, Electrical Properties of.
J.K.	JOSEPH KITCHIN, F.S.S. Manager in London of the Union Corporation, Limited.	Gold.
J.K.*	LIEUTENANT-COLONEL JOHANN KUBENA. Austro-Hungarian Engineer Corps. Formerly of the Munitions Department of the Austro-Hungarian War Ministry.	Munitions of War: Central Powers (in port).
J. M. L.	JAMES MILLER LEAKE, A.B., Pn.D. Professor of History and Political Science in the University of Florida. Author of The Virginia Committee System and the American Revolution; etc.	Florida.

J.N.	JEAN NICOD, AGREGE DE PHILOSOPHIE (Paris), B.A. (Cantab.). Teacher of Philosophy in the Lycee of Laon, France.	{	Mathematics: Logic and Foundations.
J. N. M.*	JOHN NICOLAS MAVROGORDATO, M.A. Author of Cassandra in Troy; Letters from Greece; The World in Chains; etc.	{	Greece.
J. O. P. B.	JOHN OTWAY PERCY BLAND. Author of China; Japan and Korea; Houseboat Days in China. Joint-author of China under the Empress Dowager. Served in Chinese Maritime Customs, 1883-96. Shanghai Correspondent for The Times, 1897-1910.	{	Hankow; Hart, Sir Robert; Manchuria; Mongolia.
J. R. Co.	JOHN ROGERS COMMONS, A.B., A.M., LL.D. Professor of Economics, University of Wisconsin. Author of Documentary History of American Industrial Society; History of Labor in the United States; Principles of Labor Legislation; etc.	{	Hours of Labour: United States; Labour Legislation: United States; Labour Supply and Regulation: United States.
J.S.*	JULIUS SZEKFU, PH.D. Lecturer at the University of Budapest.	{	Hungary (in part).
J. S. D.	JOHN STEWART Dow, B.Sc., A. C.G.I. Assistant Editor of the Illuminating Engineer. Joint-author of Modern Illuminating Engineering; etc.	{	Illuminating Engineering; Lighting, Electric.
J. S. Ha.	MAJOR JULIAN SOMERVILLE HATCHER. Ordnance Department, U.S. Army. Member of the American Institution of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. Life Member of the National Association of America. Experimental Engineer at the Government Small Arms Plant, Springfield Armory. Formerly Chief of the Machine-Gun and Small Arms Section, Ordnance Department.	{	Machine-Guns.
J. S. N.	JOSEPH SHIELD NICHOLSON, Sc.D., LL.D., F.B.A. Professor of Political Economy in the University of Edinburgh. Author of Principles of Political Economy; Money and Monetary Problems; etc.	{	Inflation.
J. S. Nc.	JOSEPH SINCLAIR NICHOLSON, M.A.		{	Juvenile Employment: United Kingdom.
J.Vi.	JONAS VILES, PH.D. Professor of American History in the University of Missouri.	{	Missouri.
J. Wa.*	JANE HARRIETT WALKER, L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S.E., M.D. (Brussels). Medical Superintendent, East Anglian Makings Farm and East Anglian Children's Sanitoria, Mayland, Suffolk. Member of Departmental Committee on Provision for Treatment of Tuberculosis, 1911-2. President, Medical Women's Federation, 1917-20. Consulting Physician, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital, London, etc.	{	Infantile Mortality: Kingdom United.
J. We.*	JOSEPH WELLS, M.A. Warden of Wadham College, Oxford. Author of Oxford and its Colleges; A History of Wadham College.	{	Oxford
J. W. G.	JOHN WALTER GREGORY, D.Sc., F.R.S., M.I.M.M. Professor of Geology in the University of Glasgow. Author of The Great RiftValley; The Dead Heart of Australia; British Museum Catalogues of Fossil Bryozoa, etc. Victoria Medallist of the Royal Geographical Society. Bigsby Medallist of the Geological Society.	{	Geology: Cosmic.
J. W. H.-M.	JAMES WYCLIFFE HEADLAM-MORLEY, M.A., C.B.E. Historical Adviser to the Foreign Office. Formerly Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. Author of Election by Lot at Athens; Life of Bismarck; Special Reports issued by the Board of Education on Classical Studies in Germany; The History of Twelve Days; The Issue; etc.	{	Europe.
J. W. S.	JOHN W. SCANE, M.D. Assistant Dean, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University.	{	Medical Education: Canada.
K. C. M. S.	KENNETH CHARLES MORTON SILLS, M.A., LL.D. President of Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine. Candidate of the Democratic Party in Maine for the U.S. Senate, 1916. President of the Board of Visitors to the Naval Academy at Annapolis, 1920-1.	{	Maine.
K.W.	SIR KINGSLEY WOOD, M.P. Parliamentary Private Secretary to the British Minister of Health. Author of The Law and Practice of Housing; etc.		{	Housing (in part).
L. C. W.	LAWRENCE C. WROTH, A.B. First Assistant Librarian, Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore. Author of Parson Weems: A Biographical and Critical Study; etc.	{	Maryland.
L.J.	MAJOR-GENERAL SIR Louis JACKSON, K.B.E., C.B., C.M.G. Commander of the Legion of Honour. Knight of St. Stanislas. Late Royal Engineers. Formerly Director-General of Trench Warfare Supply, and Controller of Chemical Warfare Research, British War Office.	{	Mining, Military,

XIV

L. J. S.

L.M. L.Ro.

L.V.*

M. C. L.

M. G.*

M. K. W. M. Pa.

M.R.*

M.V.* N.B.

N. N. G.

O.B. O. G. L.

O. J. R. H.

O.Kr. P.B. -P.C.P.

P.G.*

INITIALS AND HEADINGS OF ARTICLES

LEONARD JAMES SPENCER, M.A., Sc.D., F.G.S. f

Assistant Keeper in the Mineral Department, British Museum Natural History. < Mineralogy. Editor of the Mineralogical Magazine. Author of The World's Minerals.

LEWIS MELVILLE. [

Author of biographies of Thackeray, Sterne and William Cobbett, and of many < Newspapers (in part). works on the social life of the Georgian period.

SIR LEONARD ROGERS, C.I.E., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S., I.M.S. (retired).

Physician and Lecturer, London School of Tropical Medicine. Late Professor of Pathology, Calcutta. Author of works on fevers in the tropics and bowel dis- eases in the tropics; etc.

LUIGI VILLARI.

Officer of the Crown of Italy. Chevalier of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus. Italian Croce di Guerra. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. French Croix de Guerre. British Military Cross. Member of Staff of League of Nations. Formerly at- < tached to the Italian Foreign Office. During the war, Liaison Officer with the Allied Armies in Macedonia, and after the Armistice at Constantinople, and Secretary, Inter-Allied Commission, Smyrna.

MORRIS CHARLES LAMB, F,C.S., F.R.M.S.

Director of the Light Leather Department of the Leathersellers' Company's Technical College, London. Author of Leather Dressing, including Dyeing, Staining and Finishing; etc.

Italy.

MAJOR M. GREENWOOD, M.R.C.P., M.R.C.S.

Medical Officer (Medical Statistics), Ministry of Health. Statistics, University of London.

CAPTAIN M. K. WARDLE.

Reader in Medical | Epidemiology (in part).

MAURICE PAIN.

General Secretary of the French Ministry of the Devastated Regions.

MAURICE RECLUS. Conseiller d'Etat.

Colonial Editor of Le Temps.

{ France (in part).

France: Invaded Regions.

France (in part);

French Equatorial Africa (in

part); Indo-China, French.

HON. MARTIN VOGEL, A.B. (Columbia).

Formerly Assistant Treasurer of the United States, New York.

SIR EDWARD NAPIER BURNETT, K.B.E., M.D., F.R.C.S., F.R.C.P. (Edin.).

Director of Hospital Services, Joint Council of the British Red Cross and the Order of St. John. Formerly Chairman, Hospitals Economy Committee, War Office.

LIEUTENANT-GENERAL N. GOLOVINE.

Russian Cross of St. George. British Military C.B. French Croix de Guerre. Commander of the Legion of Honour. Formerly Professor in the Russian Gen- eral Staff College.

OTMAR BEST.

Member of the Staff of the Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung.

ORIN GRANT LIBBY, PH.D. (Wisconsin).

Professor of American History, University of North Dakota. Secretary of the State Historical Society. Editor of Collections of State Historical Society of North Dakota (vols. i.-iv. and vi. ).

OSBERT JOHN RADCLIFFE HOWARTH, O.B.E., M.A.

Assistant Secretary of the British Association. Sometime of the Geographical Section, Naval Intelligence Department. Editor of the Oxford Survey of the British Empire.

OTTO KRIEGK, PH.D. (Gottingen).

Member of the Staff of the Weser Zeitung, Berlin Office.

PAUL BOURSON.

Member of the Commissariat-General of the French Republic at Strasbourg.

PAUL CHRISLER PHILLIPS, M.A., PH.D.

Professor of History in the University of Montana. Joint-author (with N. J. Lennes) of The West in the Diplomacy of the American Revolution. Author of The Story of Columbus; etc.

PIETER GEYL, LiTT.D. (Leiden).

Professor of Dutch Studies in the University of London.

/ Liberty Loan Publicity Cam- \ paigns.

Hospitals: United Kingdom; Medicine, International.

Kaledin, Alexei.

/Germany: Political History \ (in part).

North Dakota.

Geography;

Malay States, Federated; Malay States, Non-Federated ; Netherlands India.

Hamburg.

France (in part).

Montana.

Holland (in part). P. H. N.

PAUL HENRY NYSTROM, PH.D.

Formerly Professor of Economics in the Universities of Wisconsin and Minnesota. Director of the Retail Research Association. Author of Economics and Retailing; Retail Selling and Store Management; Textiles; etc.

Marketing.

P. M. H.

PETER MARTIN HELDT.

Engineering Editor of A utomotive Industries. Author of The Gasoline A utomobile.

Motor vehicles.

P. T. M.

HON. SIR PATRICK THOMAS MCGRATH, K.B.E., LL.D.

Editor of the Newfoundland Evening Herald. President of the LegislativeCouncil, Newfoundland.

Newfoundland.

P.Vi.

SIR PAUL VINOGRADOFF, M.A., D.C.L., LL.D., DR. HIST., DR. JURIS.

Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence, Oxford. Author of Villainage in England; The Growth of the Manor; Outlines of Historical Jurisprudence; etc. See the biographical article: VINOGRADOFF, SIR PAUL.

Gutchkov ;

Kornilov (in part);

Lenin;

Milyukov ;

Nicholas II.

R. A. V.

ROLLAND A. VANDERGRIFT, M.A.

Assistant in History in the University of California.

Los Angeles.

R. B. F.

RAYMOND ELAINE FOSDICK, B.A., M.A., LL.B.

Formerly Commissioner of Accounts, City of New York. Author of American Police Systems; European Police Systems; Keeping our Fighters Fit; etc.

New York City.

R.C.

RT. HON. LORD ROBERT CECIL, M.P.

Representative of Great Britain on the League of Nations Commission at the Peace Conference, 1919. Representative of South Africa at the Assembly of the League of Nations at Geneva, 1920. Chairman of the League of Nations Union. See the biographical article: CECIL, LORD ROBERT.

League of Nations.

R. C. F.

R. C. FARMER, D.Sc., PH.D.

Late Chief Chemist, Explosives Department, Ministry of Munitions.

Explosives (in part).

R. D. O.

RICHARD DIXON OLDHAM, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S.

Author of numerous papers on various aspects of Geology and kindred subjects.

Geology Dyamical

Isostasy

R. E. F.

CAPTAIN RAYMOND ERNEST FIELD, O.B.E.

Medals and Decorations.

R. Gi.

ROY GITTINGER, PH.D.

Dean of Undergraduates and Professor of English History in the University of Oklahoma. Author of The Formation of the State of Oklahoma ; etc.

Oklahoma.

R. G. C.

R. G. COLLINGWOOD, M.A., F.S.A.

Fellow and Tutor of Pembroke College, Oxford.

Luxembourg

R. G. H.-V.

LIEUTENANT-COLONEL RlCHARD GRANVILLE HYLTON HOWARD-VYSE, C.M.G., D.S.O.

Royal Horse Guards. Served during the World War as Chief-of-Staff of 5th Cavalry Brigade and 5th Cavalry Division in France, and of Desert Mounted Corps in Palestine.

Mounted Troops

R. G. L.

RAPHAEL GEORGES LEVY.

Senator of France. Member of the Finance Committee of the Senate.

France: Finance

R. H. B.

RALPH HARRUB BLANCHARD.

Assistant Professor of Insurance at Columbia University. Author of Liability and Compensation Insurance.

Insurance: United States

R. J. D.

LIEUTENANT-COLONEL REGINALD JOHN DRAKE, D.S.O.

Late North Stafford Regiment and General Staff

Intelligence, Military: Secret Service.

R. Jo.

SIR ROBERT JONES, K.B.E., C.B., D.S.M. (U.S.A.), F.R.C.S., HON. D.Sc. (Wales), HON. LL.D. (Aberdeen).

Lecturer in Orthopaedic Surgery, Liverpool University. Director of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Thomas's Hospital. Surgeon to the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital. Hon. Adviser in Orthopaedic Surgery, Ministry of Pensions.

Orthopaedic Surgery.

R. K.

LIEUTENANT-COLONEL RUDOLF KISZLING.

Late General Staff, Austro-Hungarian Army. Now of the Kriegsarchiv, Vienna.

Luck, Battles of.

R. K. H.

LIEUTENANT-COLONEL ROBERT KNOX HEZLET, C.B.E., D.S.O.

Royal Field Artillery. Superintendent of External Ballistics, Ordnance Committee. Author of Nomography; Interior Ballistics; etc.

Nomography.

R. L. W.

RAY LYMAN WILBUR, A.M., M.D., LL.D.

President of Leland Stanford Jr. University, Cal.

Leland Stanford Jr. University.

R. M. Wi.

R. McNAiR WILSON, M.B., Cn.B.

Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine. Editor, Oxford Medical Publications. Late Research Worker in Cardiology, Medical Research Committee. Consultant to the Ministry of Pensions in Trench Fever.

Fasting; Heart Disease; Immunity; Medicine and Surgery: General Progress. R.P.*

ROBERT PEELE, E.M

Professor of Mining in the School of Mines, Columbia University. Hon. Member of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London. Author of Compressed Air Plant. Editor-in-chief of Peele's Mining Engineer's Handbook; etc.

Mining

R. P. B.

ROBERT PRESTON BROOKs, PH.D

Dean of the School of Commerce, University of Georgia; formerly Professor of History. Author of A History of Georgia; The Agrarian Revolution in Georgia; etc.

Georgia (U.S.A.).

R. P. D.

R. Palme Dutt.

Late Scholar of Balliol College, Oxford. Author of The Two Internationals. Editor of The Labour International Handbook.

International, The.

R.R.*

RÉMY ROURE.

Labour Correspondent of the Éclair, Paris.

France (in part)

R. Ro.

COLONEL SIR RONALD Ross, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S., F.R.C.S., HoN. M.D D.Sc., etc.

Nobel Medical Prizeman, 1902. Author of The Prevention of Malaria; etc. See the biographical article: Ross, Sir Ronald.

Malaria.

R. S. T.*

ROBERT SCOTT TROUP, M.A., C.I.E.

Professor of Forestry in the University of Oxford. Author of The Silviculture Indian Trees; etc.

Forestry (in part).

R. Wi.

ROBERT WILSON, M.A., B.Sc., F.R.EcoN.S.

Industrial Councils.

S. C. H.

S. C. HAMMER, F.R.S.A

Chief Archivist and Librarian of the Nerwegian Foreign Office, Christiania.

Norway.

S. J. B.

SOLON JUSTUS BUCK, PH.D

Superintendent of the Minnesota Historical Society. Associate Professor ofHistory in the University of Minnesota. Author of The Granger Movement; Illinois in 1818; The Agrarian Crusade; etc.

Minnesota.

S. J. B.*

JOSEPHINE BAKER, M.D., D.P.H.

Director, Bureau of Child Hygiene, Department of Health, New York City. Consultant in Child Hygiene, US. Public Health Service. Former President, American Child Hygiene Association

Infantile Mortality: United States

S. L. C.

STEVENSON LYLE CUMMINS, M.D., LL.D., C.B., C.M.G,

Colonel, Army Medical Service (retired). David Davies Professor of Tuberculosis, University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire. Principal Medical Officer, King Edward VII. Welsh National Association.

Influenza

S. McC. L.

SAMUEL McCUNE LINDSAY, PH.D., LL.D

Professor of Social Legislation in Columbia University. President of New York Academy of Political Science. Editor of American Social Progress Series. Author of Railway Labour in the United States; Financial Administration of Great Britain; etc.

Liquor Laws and Liquor Control: United States

S. S.

SOMERVILLE STOREY.

Literary Critic of Le Monde Nouveau, Paris.

French Literature.

S. S. L.

MAJOR-GENERAL SIDNEY SELDEN LONG, C.B

Assistant Director of Supplies, 1909-12. Director of Supplies and Quartering, 1913-4. Director of Supplies and Transport, War Office, 1914-6

Food Supply: Feeding of the British Army During the World War.

S. T. H. W.

CAPTAIN STANLEY T. H. WILTON,R.N

Assistant Director of Naval Ordinance, British Admiralty.

Ordinance (in part)

S. W. M.

S. W. MORRISON.

Board of Trade, London

Glass (in part)

T. A. R.

THOMAS ARTHUR RUSHTON.

Editor and writer on social subjects.

Housing (in part).

T.Ba.

SIR THOMAS BARCLAY

Barrister-at-Law. Vice-President and Acting President of the Institute of International Law. Author of Problems of International Practice and Diplomacy; New Methods of Adjusting International Disputes; Collapse and Reconstruction; etc.

International Law.

T.C.P.

THEODORE CALVIN PEASE, PH.B., PH.D

Assistant Professor of History in the University of Illinois. Author of The Leveller Movement; The Frontier State (Vol. II. of Illinois Centennial History); etc.

Illinois.

T. N. C.

THOMAS NIXON CARVER, PH.D., LL.D.

Professor of Political Economy in Harvard University. Author of The Distribıution of Wealth; Principles of Rural Economics; Principles of Political Economy; etc

Federal Farm Loan System. T. Se.

THOMAS SECCOMBE, M.A

Professor of English Literature, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. Assistant Editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, 1891-1901. Author of Age of Johnson; etc.

The English Literature (in part).

T.S.A

Thomas Sewall Adams Ph.D.

Professor of Political Economy in Yale University. Advisor on U.S. Treasury Department.

Excess Profits Duty: United States;

Income Tax United States.

T. W. Ho.

SIR THOMAS WILLIAM HOLDERNESS, BART., G.C.B., K.C.S.I.

Late Permanent Under-Secretary of State for India. Author of Peoples and Problems of India; Narrative of the Indian Famine, 1896-97. Editor of the 4th edition of Strachey's India.

India

U. B. P.

ULRICH BONNELL PHILLIPS, PH.D., F.R.H.S.

Professor of American History in the University of Michigan. Author of The Michigan. Life of Robert Toombs; American Negro Slavery; etc.

Michigan

V.G.

VALTYR GUDMUNDSSON, M.A., D.PH.

Knight of the Dannebrog. Professor of Icelandic Language and Literature in the University of Copenhagen. Member of the Icelandic Parliament, 1894-1914. Editor of the Periodical Eimreidin. Author of Privatboligen paa Island i Sagatiden; Islands Kultur; etc.

Iceland.

V.L. E. C.

GENERAL VICTOR LOUIS ÉMILIEN CORDONNIER.

See the biographical article: CORDONNIER, VICTOR LOUIS ÉMİLIEN.

Frontiers, Battles of the: Part III

W. A. La.

SIR WILLIAM ARBUTHNOT LANE, BART., с.В., MS.

Consulting Surgeon to Guy's Hospital, etc.

Intestinal Stasis.

W. A. P.

WAITER ATISON PHILups, M.A. (Oxford and Dublin)

Lecky Professor of Modern History in the University of Dublin. Member of the Royal Irish Academy. Author of Modern Europe; The Confederation of Europe; etc.

Ireland: History.

W. Bn.

WILLIAM BATESON, M.A., F.R.S

Author of Materials for the Study of Variation; Mendel's Principles of Heredity; Problems of Genetics; etc. See the biographical article: BATESON, WILLIAM.

Genetics;

Mendelism.

W. B. S.

W. B. SHAW.

General Secretary, Alumni Association, University of Michigan. Author of History of University of Michigan.

Michigan, University of.

W. C. M.

WILLIAM CLINTON MULLENDORE, A.B., J.D

Attorney-at-Law. Late Assistant Counsel and Liquidator, United States Administration. Representative, American Relief Administration, Berlin, Germany, 1920

Food Supply: United States

W. C. M.

WALLACE CARLTON MURPHY, B.A., M.A.

Professor of History in the University of Mississippi.

Mississippi.

W. E. El.

WALTER ELLIOT ELLIOT, B.Sc., M.B., CH.B., M.P

Secretary, Medical Committee, House of Commons.

Health Ministry.

W.F.F.

WALTER FRANCIS FREAR, LL.D.

Formerly Chief Justice and late Governor of Hawaii. Chairman of the Hawaiian Code Commission. Hon. Member f the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia. Author of The Evolution of the Hawaiian Judiciary; The Development of Hawaiian Statule Law; etc.

Hawaii.

W. F. W.

WALTER FRANCIS WILLCox, PH D., LL.D

Professor of Economics and Statistics, Cornell University. Author of The Divorce Problem-a Study in Statistics; Supplementary Analysis and Derivative Tables, 12th Census; etc.

Negro

W. Gr.

WALTER GRAVELL, PH.D

Regierungsrat in the Statistical Offices of the Reich, Berlin. Member of the German Statistical Society. Author of Abhandlungen über Berölkerungs-, Berufs-und Betriebsstatistik; etc.

Germany: Statistics

W. G. D.

W. G. DUFFIELD.

Professor of Physics, University College, Reading.

Moseley, H. G. J

W. H. B.

SIR wILLIAM HENRY BEVERIDGE. К.С.В., М.A., BC.L

Director of London School of Economics and Political Science.Formerly Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Food. Author of Unemployment: A Problem of Industry; etc.

Food Supply (in part)

W. H. Di.

WILLIAM HENRY DINES, BA. (Cantab.), F.R.METS., FR.Ae.S., F.İNST.P., F.RS.

See the biographical article: DINES, WILLIAM HENRY

Meteorology. W. H. W.

SIR WILLIAM HENRY WILLCOX, K.C.I.E., C.B., C.M.G., M.D., F.R.C.P

Consulting Physician to the Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force, 1916-9. Physician to St. Mary's Hospital, London.

Mesopotamia: Medical Conditions.

W. J.*

LIEUTENANT-COLONEL WILHELM JUNCK.

Austro-Hungarian Engineer Corps. Formerly of the Munitions Section of the Austro-Hungarian Military Technical Committee and the Munitions Department of the War Ministry

Munitions of War: Central Powers (in part).

W. J. C.

W. J. CHILDS.

Late of the Intelligence Department of the Admiralty (Geographical Section).

Georgia; Ottoman Empire.

W. K. McC.

WILLIAM KIDSTON McCLURE, M.A. (Oxon.)

Late Correspondent of The Times in Rome. Correspondent of The Times on the Italian Front, 1915-7. Author of Italy's Part in the War; Italy in North Africa; Chapters on Italy in The Times History of the War; etc.

Italian Campaign

Italo-Turkish War

W. L. B

CAPTAIN WILLIAM LEWIS BLENNERHASSETT, D.S.O., O.B.E.

French Croix de Guerre. Acting British Vice-Consul at Kovno, Lithuania.

Finland; Isvolsky, A. P;

Lithuania.

W. L. G.*

WILLIAM L. GRIFFITH.

Permanent Secretary, Office of the High Commissioner for Canada, London. Author of The Dominion of Canada; article on "Canada," Oxford Survey of the British Empire.

Manitoba; New Brunswick;

North-West Territories;

Nova Scotia; Ontario.

W. M. Lo.

LIEUTENANT-COLONEL WILHELM MÜLLER-LOEBNITZ

Late General Staff, German Army. Ober-Archivrat in the Reichsarchiv. Formerly in the Military History Section of the Great General Staff. During the World War served on the General Staff of XII. Corps and VI. and "A" Armies

and as a Regimental Commander. Author of Der Wendepunkt des Weltkriegs and other monographs.

Lys, Battles of the.

W. O. S.

WILLIAM OSCAR SCROGGS, A.M., PHD.

Financial writer on the New York Evening Post. Formerly Professor of Economics and Sociology, Louisiana State University. Author of Filibusters and Louisiana, Financiers.

Louisiana

W. R. N

WALTER ROSENHAIN, B.A., D.Sc., F.INST.P., F.R.S.

Superintendent, Metallurgy Department, National Physical Laboratory. Author of Introduction to the Study of Physical Metallurgy; Glass Maufadure; etc.

Metallurgy.

W. R. Ma.

WILLIAM R. MANNING, PH.D.

Economist, Latin-American Division. Department of State. Author of Nootka Sound Controversy (Justin Winsor Prize Essay of American Historical Association, 1904); Early Diplomalic Relations Belween the United States and Mexica

(Albert Shaw Lectures, Johns Hopkins University, 1913); etc.

Havana.

W. T

WILFRED TROTTER, M.S. (Lond.), F.R.C.S.

Surgeon, University College Hospital.

Nervous System (Surgery)

W.T.L

WALTER THOMAS LAYTON, M.A., C.H.

Fellow of Caius College, Cambridge. University Lecturer, Cambridge University. Lecturer, Workers' Educational Association, 1916-9. Member of British Munitions Council during the World War. Temporary Director, Economic and Financial Section, League of Nations. Director, National Federation of Iron and Steel Manufacturers. Director, Welwyn Garden City. Author of Capital and Labour; Introduction to the Study of Prices.

Munitions of War: United Kingdom (in part).

W. W. M.

WILLIAM WATTS MACON.

Editor of The Iron Age, New York.

Iron and Steel.

X.

Initial used for anonymous contributors.

Y.D.

GENERAL YOURI DANILOV.

Kornilov (in part).

1. A complete list, showing all contributors to the New Volumes (arranged according to the alphabetical order of their surnames) toith the articles signed by them, appears at the end of Volume XXXII.