A new flora of Northumberland and Durham with sketches of its climate and physical geography/Part 2
PART II.
ENUMERATION OF THE PLANTS.
EDITED FOR CHEVIOT-LAND BY DR. G. R. TATE.
FOR TYNE-LAND AND DURHAM BY J. G. BAKER.
Bibliography.—The following are the principal works, arranged in order of time, which contain information about the special localities of Northumbrian and Durham plants:—
1552. Turner's Herbal: a second edition in 1568.
1744. Synopsis of British Plants, by John Wilson, Newcastle-on-Tyne. An English translation of Ray's Synopsis.
1769. The Natural History and Antiquities of Northumberland, 2 volumes quarto, by the Rev. John Wallis, A.M.
1777. The British Flora, by Stephen Robson. Published at York.
1805. Turner and Dillwyn's Botanist's Guide through England and Wales.
1805. The Botanist's Guide through the county of Northumberland, by N. J. Winch, F.L.S., John Thornhill, and Richard Waugh. Vol. 2 in 1867.
1807. Catalogue of Plants in the vicinity of Berwick, by J. V. Thompson.
1825. Winch's Essay on the Geographical Distribution of Plants through the counties of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Durham.
1827. Natural History of the vicinity of Stockton-on-Tees, by John Hogg, A.M.
1829. Flora of Berwick-upon-Tweed, by Dr. George Johnston.
1831. Flora of Northumberland and Durham, by N.J. Winch; from the Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Quarto; an appendix in 1836.
1835. New Botanist's Guide to the localities of the rarer Plants of Britain on the plan of Turner and Dillwyn's Botanist's Guide, by H.C. Watson.
1847. Cybele Britannica; or British Plants and their Geographical Relations, by H.C. Watson. Vol. 2, 1849; vol. 3, 1852; vol. 4, 1859; supplement, 1860.
1848. Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club began.
1853. Natural History of the Eastern Borders: part 1, Botany, by Dr. G. Johnston.
The first three of these works contain only the mention of a few scattered stations. The history of Wallis contains a greater number, but botany was not the author's forte, and he registered a considerable number of species in error. During the first thirty years of the century the botany of the two counties was very thoroughly searched out by Winch and his colleagues, and the Flora of 1831 contains a full resumè of the result of their labours. They did their work so well that the number of species which have been added to the list since that date is very inconsiderable; and the essay of 1825 shows, for that time, a remarkable appreciation of the influences which regulate and modify the distribution of species. The Cybele Britannica is an elaborate work in four volumes, treating of the distribution of plants within the bounds of Britain in the fullest detail. Of the herbaria which we have consulted in the preparation of our enumeration that of Winch is the most extensive, and affords a full opportunity of verifying the nomenclature of the Flora. Circumstances which we need not enter upon here have caused it to be broken into two halves and divided between the Museum at Newcastle and the Linnean Society in London. The collections of Robertson and an interleaved copy of the Guide of 1805, with copious annotations, are in the Newcastle Museum. The collection of the late Wm. Backhouse, of Darlington, was unfortunately consigned to the hands of Mr. Baker for use in the preparation of this work when his herbarium and library were totally destroyed by fire in 1864 and perished in the conflagration, as did also a large number of plants gathered by the late Mr. John Storey, which were the property of the Blyth Mechanics' Institute. Besides these, we have been indebted to the Rev. W. W. Newbould for comparing our Catalogue, after it was written out, with the herbarium of Professor Oliver, now the property of University College, London.
Classes of Citizenship.—A point which requires to be carefully attended to in enumerating the plants of any particular district, is to draw a line of distinction as clearly as circumstances will allow between those which really belong to it as aboriginal inhabitants and those which owe their introduction to human intervention. In any long-settled, long-cultivated tract of country, the modification which has been brought about by human agency is, of necessity, very considerable. Around the place where man fixes his dwelling swamps, moors, and woods disappear to make way for cultivated fields, roads, and gardens: the bog, heath, and shade-loving plants are restricted in their range or altogether exterminated; and the places which these occupied are filled up by the species which man grows for food or other purposes and the weeds which these bring in their train. Out of the eleven hundred and thirty-seven enumerated in the following list, we can only claim with confidence eight hundred and forty-four as genuine natives. But a considerable proportion of the introductions are now very thoroughly settled down. Following the nomenclature of the Cybele Britannica we have called the well-established agricultural weeds by the name of Colonists, and the well-established plants which yet are likely to have been introduced by horticulture by the name of Denizens. Of the first class we have examples in the poppies, fumitories, Chrysanthemum segetum, Centaurea cyanus: of the second in Chelidonium majus, the hellebores, and Saponaria officinalis. The species clearly introduced and not well settled in are called Aliens. These introduced plants have come from various parts of the world. In the Flora of Britain we have instances of American plants which have thus become "naturalised" in Erigeron canadensis, Mimulus luteus, Coronopus didyma, OEnothera biennis, Galinsoga parviflora, and Anacharis alsinastrum. Our four common poppies grow really wild in grassy places, Rheas in Sicily, and the other three in Greece and the Crimea. Centaurea cyanus also comes from Sicily, the common wallflower grows wild upon rocks in Greece, Datura stramonium on the shores of the Caspian, Corydalis lutea, Vinca major, and Petroselinum sativum also in the south-east of Europe. "We have not attempted in this list to trace out the introduced species to their sources, but only to place them in their correct classes of citizenship, so far as the two counties are concerned, as follows:—
1.—The Natives, so far as we can now judge, the aboriginal possessors of the soil.
2 and 3.—The Colonists and Denizens, the well-established importations of the historic period.
4.—The Aliens, importations not fully established.
5.—The Incognita, species to be rejected from the list, either as being extinct or requiring confirmation before they can be claimed with safety.
Types of Distribution.—The readiest means of showing the relation which the Flora of any county or province of Britain bears to that of the whole island is furnished by Mr. Watson's classification of the species under their "types of distribution" as follows, viz.:—
1. British Type.—Species which are more or less generally diffused throughout the whole or nearly the whole of Britain.2. English Type.—Species which have their head-quarters in England, especially in the southern provinces, and become rare and finally cease altogether towards the north.
3. Scottish Type.—Species which in a manner contrary to those which make up the last type have their head-quarters in Scotland or the North of England, and become rare, and finally cease altogether southward.
4. Highland Type.—The boreal Elora in a more intense degree. Species which have their head-quarters amongst the Scotch Highlands, and are only found southward in the vicinity of elevated mountains.
5. Germanic Type.—Species which have their head-quarters in the South-east of England, and run out northward and westward.
6. Atlantic Type.—Species which have their head-quarters in the South-west of England, and run out northward and eastward.
7. Intermediate Type.—Species which have their head-quarters in the South of Scotland and North of England, and run out both northward and southward.
8. Local Type.—Species too much restricted in their range to fall properly under any of the preceding.
Explanation of the manner in which the Distribution of Species is stated.—In the enumeration of species we have followed Mr. "Watson's list, as given in the fourth volume of the Cybele Britannica, as a standard of nomenclature and species-limitation. As his general and partial numerical summaries are all based upon this list the advantage of adopting it in local works is obvious. Then we give the class of citizenship to which we consider the plant in Northumberland and Durham belongs: then its general type of distribution as just explained. After the word "area" follows the initial letter C, N, D of the vice-county or vice-counties in which the plant occurs, one or all three, as the case may be. After the word "range" we give the climatic zones in which the plant grows, beginning to count from below, so that one denotes the Lower, two the Middle, and three the Upper zone. Then follows, for the plants restricted in the manner which the words are intended to indicate, the adjectives Xerophilous or Maritime.
For an explanation of what is meant by the term Xerophilous we must refer our readers to the postscript to chapter I. The species marked Maritime are those, about fifty in number, which are restricted to the sea-coast. Then follows a paragraph stating in what kinds of situation the plant grows, its frequency and its special localities if it is considered rare enough to make it worth while to enumerate them. It is only for quite the rarer species that the particular stations are stated with any considerable detail. In enumerating the localities we always begin with the north and work southward. "F" means Winch's Flora, and where nothing follows it must be understood that we have no confirmation of the occurrence of the plant as stated since 1831, and in all such cases it may be held that confirmation has become desirable. "R" means recent collectors, and where it is employed implies that we have confirmation of the occurrence of the plant since 1831. The species marked R, generally but not quite invariably, are those which are mentioned in the reports of the Club as having been gathered upon the excursions. A note of admiration implies that a specimen gathered by the collector whose name is mentioned has been examined and that we endorse the name. The other letters used, T. and B., are the initials of the editors of the Catalogue, and where used imply that we have verified, not only the name of the plant, but also the locality. For the figures which relate to the altitudes attained by various species Mr. Baker is responsible where the name of no one else is mentioned. In connection with this point he desires to express his obligations to Sir Henry James, the Director of the Ordnance Survey. At the time when the information was required none of the contour ordnance maps for the higher portions of the two counties were issued; but Sir Henry James, upon application being made to him, kindly furnished from the survey records a list of the altitudes of a large number of easily accessible points; and from these as a basis the elevations which the plants attain were measured by means of the Aneroid barometer, principally during two excursions of a fortnight each, the first, in which he had the company and aid of the Rev. W. W. Newbould in Allendale, Weardale, and Teesdale in the summer of 1865, and the other in Coquetdale and the Cheviots in 1866. We defer a general summary of the list to its conclusion.
I. FLOWERING PLANTS.
Class 1. DICOTYLEDONS OR EXOGENS.
Division 1. THALAMIFLORAE.
Order 1. RANUNCULACEAE.
1. THALICTRUM, L.
1. T. alpinum, L. Native. Highland type. Area D. Range 2.
In Teesdale on Widdy Bank Fell, beginning at the head of the streams and following them downwards, but not abundant, and it has been gathered by Mr. W.H. Brown as low down the river as Winch Bridge. Range of altitude 300-500 yards.
2. T. minus, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common along the coast-line in sandy ground: Alnmouth, Warkworth, Bambro', Newton, Blyth, Hartley, Cullercoats, Tynemouth, South Shields, Castle Eden, Hartlepool, Seaton Carew, &c. Inland we only know the typical plant clearly from Tunstall Hill (W. H. Brown) on the Magnesian Limestone.
3. T. flexuosum, Rich. Native. Intermediate type. Area C, D. Range 1.
The typical form occurs on the bank of the Tweed at Spring Gardens and Milne Garden, and in the neighbourhood of the Tees from Newbiggin and Middleton as low down as Baydales near Darlington. A plant which grows on the basaltic crags at Kyloe, Howick, and Batcheugh, recedes from this in the direction of T. minus by its hollow stem, smaller size, smaller leaflets, which are glaucous and somewhat glandular beneath, and few-flowered, scarcely leafy, panicle. Range of altitude 0-300 yards.
4. T. flavum, L. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Absent from Cheviot-land. In Tyne-land on the bank of the Tyne near Ovingham (F.). In Durham by the Team near Lamesley, the Wear near Sunderland, plentiful in Morden Carr, and occurring also at Hell Kettles and in several places in the low country near the Tees about Greatham, Tarm, and Norton.
2. ANEMONE, L.
1. A. nemorosa, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Everywhere common in woods and shaded and heathy places, ascending high up the Drizzle ravine on Cheviot (J. Hardy), and in the Tees district to 550 yards in Harwood Dale (B.).
3. ADONIS, L.
A. autumnalis, L. Alien.
In a potato-field near Norton (J. Hogg).
4. MYOSURUS, L.
1. M. minimus, L. Native. Germanic type. Area N. Range 1.
On the Cowhill near Newcastle (F. R!). Hedgebank in Coniscliffe Lane, near Darlington (Harriman !), the station now built over.
5. RANUNCULUS, L.
I. R. aquatilis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in ponds and ditches. Of the subordinate forms R. heterophyllus, floribundus, and Drouetii are frequent, the true peltatus and trichophyllus apparently rare. The former grows in the Breamish at Branton, and abundantly in the Weel at an elevation of 500 yards; and the latter we have gathered in a pond near the edge of the cliff a little north of Marsden.
2. R. Baudotii, Godr. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
In the salt-water ditches about Seaton Carew (Rev. F. J. A. Hort). No doubt this occurs in other places in brackish water, but it cannot be distinguished from the preceding without close examination. It is abundant in the salt-marshes at the Tees' mouth on the Yorkshire side.
3. R. circinatus, Sibth. Native. English type. Area C. Range 1.
In the lough at Holy Island, where it was first noted by Professor Babington. Swinhoe Links (W. Richardson). Ponds on Alnwick Moor (T.).
4. R. fluitans, Lam. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in the Cheviot-land streams, Tweed, Breamish, Wooler Water, Aln, and Coquet. In the North Tyne near Bellingham (Mr. Makepeace !). In the Skerne a little above its junction with the Tees (W. Foggitt).
5. R. hederaceus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in watery places, especially in the upland tracts, ascending to 350 yards in Dunsdale, 400 yards in Teesdale, and 300 yards in Allendale, Weardale, and Coquetdale.
6. R. coenosus, Guss. Native. English type. Area N. Range 1.
In the Wansbeck district in a plashy place by the road-side between Hartburn and Scot's Gap Station, 150 yards (B.). 7. R. ficaria, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Everywhere common in damp fields and shaded places, ascending in Teesdale to High Force Wood, 350 yards.
8. R. flammula, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in watery places, especially in the upland tracts, ascending to 600 yards in Harwood Dale and Coal Cleugh, West Allendale.
9. R. lingua, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Watery places, not rare. In Cheviot-land in Newham Lough, Learmouth Bog, a pond at Spindlestone, and the fosse of Dunstanbro' Castle. In Tyneland in a pond at Widehaugh near Corbridge (F.), Prestwick Carr, and a pond on the moor top near Wall Town Crags, where it grows amongst Typha at an elevation of 250 yards (Rev. Dr. Cundal). In Durham in Shincliffe Beck (Miss Wharton), Houghall near Durham (Mr. Bungey), Hell Kettles near Darlington, and very fine and plentiful in Morden Carrs.
10. R. auricomus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Woods and shaded hedge-banks, frequent, ascending to 1600 feet in Dunsdale (J. Hardy).
11. R. acris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1–3.
Everywhere common in grassy places, ascending to 750 yards on Cheviot, 650 yards on Highfield, 550 yards in East and West Allendale.
12. R. repens, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in damp and grassy places, ascending to 800 yards on Cheviot, 750 yards on Highfield, and 2000 feet on Stangend Rigg. 13. R. bulbosus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in grassy places, ascending in Teesdale to Langdon Bridge, 400 yards.
14. R. hirsutus, Curt. Colonist. English type. Area C. Range 1.
Cultivated fields, very rare. Alnwick (R. Embleton, A.). Bambro' and Long Houghton (T.).
15. R. sceleratus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Ditches and banks of ponds in the low country, not unfrequent.
16. R. parviflorus, L. Native? English type. Area D. Range 1.
Hedgebank between Cockerton and Archdeacon Newton, north of Darlington, gathered there by Jas. Ianson and W. Backhouse (F!). Newton is misprinted Norton in the Flora, which may perhaps have led astray some seekers for the plant.
17. R. arvensis, L. Colonist. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
A frequent weed in cultivated fields in the low country.
6. CALTHA, L.
1. C. palustris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1–3.
Everywhere common in ditches and swamps, ascending to 650 yards on Highfield, 600 yards on Coal Cleugh, and 550 yards on Cheviot. The narrow-petalled variety (C. Guerangerii, Boreau) has been gathered near Staindrop (James Backhouse), and near the Wansbeck at Mitford (B.).
7. TROLLIUS, L.
1. T. europaeus, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1–3.
Frequent amongst the hills by the stream sides and in damp meadows, ascending to the Henhole and Brizzle ravines on Cheviot and to 650 yards in Hare wood Dale, descending to Rugley, Hulne, and Calish Woods, Hartford Bridge on the Blyth, Whittle Dene and the Tyneside at Bywell; and it even occurs in the low Bed Sandstone country, as in the flat between Norton and Billingham (J. Hogg), and in a field near the brick-yard at Great Stainton (M. A. Lawson).
8. HELLEBORUS, L.
1. H. viridis, L. Denizen. Germanic type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Banks of the Aln near Alnwick Abbey (T.). Bank of the Wansbeck near Morpeth (Rev. T. Finch !). In a small ravine at South Hylton near Sunderland (W.H. Brown !). Banks of the Tees near Whorlton (Rev. J. Harriman. F.).
2. H. foetidus, L. Denizen. Germanic type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Wood on the north side of the Tyne a little above the Chain Bridge at Hexham (A. Hancock). In Tunstall Hope, half a mile south of Sunderland (W. H. Brown!). Road-side between Herrington and Houghton-le-Spring (Miss Wharton). Banks of the Tees a little below Winston Bridge (Rev. J. Harriman. F.).
9. AQUILEGIA, L.
1. A. vulgaris, L. Native. Xerophilous. English type. Area N. D. Range 1.
In Cheviot-land in a wood near Malcolm's Cross, Alnwick, alien (T.). Truly wild at Ninebanks in West Allendale (R. Murray), in Teesdale about Middleton, 250 yards, in most of the Magnesian Limestone denes, and perhaps also about the Derwent at Allansford. It has been gathered in several other places as a straggler from garden cultivation.
10. DELPHINIUM, L.
1. D. Ajacis, L. Alien.
Very rare as a weed of cultivated fields. Clover field near the Lough House on Holy Island (Winch. F!). A single specimen in a field near Tuggall, 1864 (R. Embleton). In a limestone quarry near Bishopwearmouth (W. Backhouse. F!). Corn-fields at Norton (J. Hogg).
11. ACONITUM, L.
1. A. napellus, L. Alien.
An occasional garden escape. By a stream behind Cullercoats (W.H. Brown). Bank of a stream near Riding Mills (E. Procter). Grown in gardens up to 550 yards.
Order 2. BERBERACEAE.
1. BERBERIS, L.
1. B. vulgaris, L. Denizen. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Bare in thickets and hedgerows and not clearly indigenous. Chatton and Hulne Woods (T.). Hedge between Weetwood and Wooler (B ). Pandon Dene and Elswick near Newcastle (Robertson). Bearpark near Durham (Rev. J. Symons. F.). Hedges near Darlington, Witton-le-Wear, Picktree, and Chester-le-Street.
Order 3. NYMPHAEACEAE.
1. NYMPHAEA, L.
1. N. alba, L. Native. British type. Area N. Range 1.
Truly wild only in Greenley and Broomley Loughs, and in a pond south-east of Wall Town Crags: elevation about 700 feet. Often planted, as in the Aln near Alnwick, and ponds at Howick and Wallington.
2. NUPHAR, Sm.
2. N. lutea, Sm. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Ponds and streams, frequent in the low country. Kemmer Lough near Eglingham, Crag Lough, Prestwick Carr, and in the Blyth, Ouseburn, Pont, Skerne, &c. It ascends from sea-level nearly to 250 yards. A plant found long ago by Sir John Trevelyan in Chartners Lough on the Wallington Moors, and thence transported to Wallington, appears to agree with the north European N. intermedium of Ledebour, a subspecies not known elsewhere in Britain. This is considered by Professor Caspary a hybrid between N. lutea and pumila, but it cannot possibly be so here.
Order 4. PAPAVERACEAE.
1. PAPAVER, L.
1. P. hybridum, L. Colonist. English type. Area D. Range 1.
In the Magnesian Limestone tract to be seen occasionally about Whitburn, Cleadon, Fulwell, and Sunderland. It is given by Winch as an Alnwick plant on Miss Forster's authority, but has not been seen lately.
2. P. argemone, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Cultivated fields, frequent, ascending to 350 feet near Wooler.
3. P. dubium, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in cultivated fields, seen at 150 yards near Roddam, in Coquetdale at Holystone, and in Weardale as high as Frosterley (500 feet).
4. P. rhoeas, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in cultivated fields, ascending in Coquetdale above Rothbury, and seen in Teesdale at 700 feet. Var. strigosum in a field of lucerne near Cleadon (B.).
5. P. somniferum, L. Alien.
An occasional straggler from garden cultivation. Alnwick, once cultivated (R. Embleton), stream side below Wooler, Mitford, St. John's in Weardale, Norton, Seaton Carew, &c. 2. CHELIDONIUM, L.
1. C. majus, L. Denizen. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in hedges in the neighbourhood of farm-houses and country villages, ascending in Weardale to Eastgate, 850 feet.
3. GLAUCIUM, Tourn.
1. G. luteum, Scop. Denizen. English type. Maritime. Area D. Range 1.
On the sea-bank at Seaton Carew, once plentiful, but now nearly or quite extinct.
Order 5. FUMARIACEAE.
1. CORYDALIS, D.C.
1. C. claviculata, D.C. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent on the hilly tracts from the Cheviot to the Tees, especially on sandstone, ascending to Chattlehope Spout in Redesdale (Professor Oliver and W.H. Brown) and 250 yards near Wooler (T.), descending to Heaton Dene.
2. C. lutea, D.C. Alien.
An occasional straggler from garden cultivation. Hulme Abbey (T. ). Tuggal Hall near Embleton (R. Embleton). Old walls at Harnham and Netherwitton (F.) Ruins of the old Roman station at Chesters (W.H. Brown!). A native of Italy.
3. C. solida, Sm. Alien.
An occasional garden escape. Plantation at Beadnell (R. Embleton!), and the commonly cultivated Dielytra formosa is also occasionally seen in the same way.
2. FUMARIA, L.
1. F. capreolata, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Of the subspecies F. Boroei, Jord., is much the commonest with us, and has been seen at Wooler, Roddam, Holy Island, Alwinton (at 250 yards), Harbottle, Embleton, Hexham, North Shields, Elswick, Gateshead, Sunderland, Durham, and in many other places. For F. pallidiflora, Jord., the only certain stations we can quote are fields at Staindrop (J. Backhouse!), and at Stainton (W. Backhouse!), both in Durham.
2. F. officinalis, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Everywhere common in cultivated ground, ascending in Teesdale to 700 feet.
3. F. micrantha, Lag. Colonist. English type. Area C. Range 1.
Field near the lough on Holy Island (T.).
Order 6. CRUCIFEREA.
1. CAKILE, Gaertn.
1. C. maritima, Scop. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in sandy ground all along the coast-line.
2. CORONOPUS, Gaertn.
1. C. Ruellii, Gaertn. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Occasionally in waste ground, especially near the sea. Berwick, Alnmouth, Holy Island, Newcastle, Cullercoats, Sunderland, Hartlepool, &c.
2. C. didyma, Sm. Alien.
Embleton, a weed in cultivated ground (R. Embleton).
3. ISATIS, L.
1. I. tinctoria, L. Alien.
Has been sometimes cultivated and found occasionally in waste places. 4. THLASPI, L.
1. T. arvense, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
A rare weed of cultivated ground. Ord fields and other places near Berwick (Johnston). Field a short distance north of Wooler (James Hardy). Dunstan Square and between Lesbury and Warkworth (R. Embleton). Heaton Dene and fields near Gateshead (F!).
2. T. alpestre, L. Native. Intermediate type. Area N, D. Range 1-3.
This species shows a curious preference for lead-mines, and has a wide vertical range in the lead-districts. There are two varieties, of which T. sylvestre, Jordan, grows near the Allen at Thornhaugh (G.S. Brady!); plentifully with Cochlearia about the Langlee mines not far distant from the first station; by the Tyne in various places from Featherstone Castle as low down as Bywell; and in the wood on the north side of the Tees at Winch Bridge (B.); and T. occitanum, Jord., in Weardale, on the north side of the stream below Eastgate, where it was first noticed by Mr. T.J. Foggitt (250 yards); and about the Grasshill mines on Highfield, ascending to 750 yards (B.).
5. CAPSELLA, Vent.
1. C. bursa-pastoris, D. C. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Everywhere common in cultivated fields and waste ground, ascending to 1200 feet in Teesdale, 1340 feet on Rookhope Moor, 1500 feet on Kilhope, and 1530 feet above Allenheads.
5. TEESDALIA, R. Br.
1. T. nudicaulis, B. Br. Native. English type. Area C, N. Range 1, 2.
Not unfrequent about Wooler amongst the porphyritic debris. Yevering Bell (nearly 400 yards), Maiden Well, Hellpath near Common Burn, banks of the Wooler Water between Langlee-ford and the town, Ingram, Powburn, &c. Gathered also upon the basalt at Wall Town Crags by the Rev. A. Headley and others, and near Embleton by Mr. Embleton.
7. IBERIS, L.
1. I. amara, L. Alien.
A casual weed in cultivated fields and by road-sides. Waste ground at Alnmouth (T.). Road-side between Holystone and Harbottle (B.). Corn-field near Tarset (Professor Oliver!). Ouseburn (Robertson!). Hoferd Banks and Tyne side near Hexham Bridge (P.).
8. LEPIDIUM, L.
1. L. latifolium, L. Denizen. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Sandstone quarry above the old ford at Norham (Miss Douglas, Dr. Johnston). Cliff between Priors' Haven and the castle at Tynemouth (F. R!), now destroyed there. Wear side near Durham Abbey (F!). Limestone quarry at Hartlepool (J. Hogg!). Bank facing the sea north of Seaton Carew (E Robson, F! M. A. Lawson). The Hexham plant is L. campestre.
2. L. Smithii, Hook. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Occasionally in cultivated fields in dry soil, less frequent with us than the next. Bamborough, Rothbury, Riding Mills, Winlaton, Newcastle, &c.
3. L. campestre, R. Br. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not uncommon in similar places to the preceding, ascending to the limestone quarries at Lowick (400 feet), and in Tynedale to fields at Slealey (600 feet). 9. COCHLEARIA, L.
1. C. officinalis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1–3.
The typical form is common along the coast-line. The var. alpina is very rare amongst the Cheviots, occurring sparingly only in the Brizzle and Henhole, but frequent in Allendale, Weardale, and Teesdale, and carried down into the low country along the streams.
2. C. danica, L. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Scattered on rocks along the coast; Farne Islands, Holy Island, Newbiggin, Cullercoats, Tynemouth, Hartlepool, Seaton Carew, &c.
3. C. anglica, L. Native? Maritime. English type. Area N. Range 1.
On the coast, not seen recently. Bank of the Tyne at the mouth of Coble Dene, North Shields (Robertson, F!). Reported also in the Flora from Holy Island and by the Wear at Sunderland.
10. ARMORACIA, Rupp.
1. A. rusticana, Rupp. Alien.
An occasional straggler from gardens.
11. DRABA, L.
1. D. incana, L. Native. Xerophilous. Highland type. Area D. Range 2.
Confined to the high limestone scars of Upper Teesdale and Weardale. In the former dale we have seen it on Falcon Clints, Widdy Bank Fell, Newbiggin Moor, and ascending to the Upper Limestone of Bleak Law, and in the latter in Kilhope and Burnhope. Range of elevation 450–600 yards.
2. D. verna, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common on walls and dry banks, ascending to the Main Limestone scars of Kilhope and Bleak Law (600 yards). The short round-podded variety (Erophila brachycarpa, Jord.), has been gathered by Mr. W. H. Brown on a wall in Tynedale at Riding Mills.
12. CAMELINA, Crantz.
1. C. sativa, Crantz. Alien.
An occasional weed in cultivated fields.
13. ALYSSUM, L.
1. A. calycinum, L. Alien.
Like the preceding. On the railway side south of Warkworth Station (W. Richardson!).
14. CARDAMINE, L.
1. C. amara, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent by the side of streams, ascending in Teesdale to the foot of the High Force, 300 yards (W.H. Brown).
2. C. pratensis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1–3.
Common in damp grassy places, ascending to 600 yards in Coal Cleugh and East Allendale, 700 yards on Highfield, and 800 yards on Cheviot.
3. C. hirsuta, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1–3.
Frequent in damp places, ascending on Highfield to 650 yards.
4. C. sylvatica, Link. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1–3.
Frequent in shaded and damp situations, ascending to 650 yards in Dunsdale, the Brizzle, and on Highfield, and 600 yards in Welhope and East Allendale. 15. ARABIS, L.
1. A. thaliana, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Walls, rocks, and dry sandy ground, not uncommon, ascending in Teesdale to 500 yards on Falcon Clints, and in Coquetdale to porphyritic crags at Shillmoor.
2. A. hirsuta, R.Br. Native. Xerophilous. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Not known upon any of the Cheviot crags in the Wooler neighbourhood, but occurring on the porphyry about Alwinton, and frequent on the basalt and Mountain and Magnesian Limestone from the Aln to the Tees, ascending in Harwood Dale to 550 yards.
16. TURRITIS, L.
1. T. glabra, L. Native. Germanic type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Dry banks, rare. Warden near Hexham (R. Wigham). Hedge-bank between Corbridge and Anick Grange (F. Scott). Walls at Ovingham (F.). Stanley Burn near Wylam (R.B. Bowman, A.). Side of the high-road near Gainford (F.B.).
17. BARBAREA, R.Br.
1. B. vulgaris, R.Br. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in damp places and by the side of streams, ascending in Weardale to Frosterley (200 yards). The Northumbrian plant which has been referred to B. arcuata, gathered by Mr. Borrer near Alnwick, differs from the type by its subpatent pods and less developed lateral leaf-lobes.
2. B. praecox, R.Br. Alien.
An occasional weed. Hedge-bank between Wooler and Earl (Dr. Johnston). In Weardale by the road-side near Frosterley (B.). 18. NASTURTIUM, R.Br.
1. N. officinale, R.Br. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Everywhere common in streams and ditches, ascending in Teesdale to Middleton, in Weardale above St. John's Chapel (350 yards).
2. N. terrestre, R.Br. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Damp places, rare. Bank of the Tweed between Norham and West Ord (Dr. Johnston). Old quarry at Stamford (T.). Banks of the Aln near Alnwick (R. Embleton, A.). Borders of Prestwick Carr (F!). Blaydon (John Storey!). Banks of the Skerne near Darlington (E. Robson, F.).
3. N. sylvestre, R.Br. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
By the Tweed at Birgham Haugh down to the Union Bridge (Dr. Johnston). Shores of the Tyne at Corbridge, Benwell, and Stella (F. R!) Banks of the Team near Redheugh and of the Derwent below Swalwell (R.B. Bowman). Wear side at Finchale Abbey (Miss Wharton). Banks of the Skerne near Darlington (Miss M.J. Hancock). Not unfrequent in ditches abont Norton (John Hogg).
19. SISYMBRIUM, L.
1. S. officinale, Scop. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common by road-sides and in waste ground, ascending Coquetdale above Alwinton and in Weardale to Westgate (300 yards).
2. S. Sophia, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent in similar situations to the preceding. East Ord, Learmouth, Bamborough, Budle, Bulmer, Holy Island, Belford, Alnwick, Embleton, Beadnell, Morpeth, Corbridge, Hexham, Newcastle, Cleadon, Hartlepool, Boldon, Dunsdale, Port Clarence, &c.
20. ERYSIMUM, L.
1. E. cheiranthoides, L. Alien.
Very rare as a weed of cultivated fields.
2. E. alliaria, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common on hedge-banks, ascending in Teesdale to Newbiggin (300 yards).
21. CHEIRANTHUS, L.
1. C. Cheiri, L. Alien.
Often established on old ruins. Hulne Abbey, Warkworth Castle and Priory, Holy Island Priory, Brinckburn Priory, Norham Castle, walls at Durham, rocks at Southwick, Priors' Haven, &c. A native of the South-west of Europe.
22. HESPERIS, L.
1. H. matronalis, L. Alien.
An occasional straggler from garden cultivation. Hulne woods near the abbey (T.) Embleton (R. Embleton). Meadow at Chester-le-Street (G.T. Fox). Road-side on Cleadon Hill (W.H. Brown).
23. BRASSICA, L.
1. B. oleracea, L. Alien.
Plentiful down the face of the steep cliff on the sea-ward side of Tynemouth Priory.
2. B. rapa, L. Colonist. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent by stream-sides and as a weed in cultivated fields. It is cultivated in Allendale up to 550 yards, and has been grown at Grasshill at 2000 feet.30. B. napus, L. Colonist. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in similar places to the preceding.
24. SINAPIS, L.
1. S. arvensis, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Everywhere common in cultivated fields and waste ground, ascending to 450 yards in Weardale and Allendale.
2. S. alba, L. Colonist. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in cultivated ground, ascending in Teesdale to Eglestone (700 feet). The commonest species on Holy Island (R. Embleton).
3. S. nigra, L. Colonist. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
In similar stations to the two preceding, but less frequent.
4. S. tenuifolia, Br. Denizen. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Frequent upon embankments and by road-sides about Shields, Sunderland, Hartlepool, &c., but perhaps originally introduced with ballast.
25. RAPHANUS, L.
1. R. raphanistrum, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
A common weed in cultivated ground, ascending to 350 yards in Weardale, and 450 yards in West Allendale. There are two forms, one with sulphur-coloured and the other with white flowers and violet veins, both frequent. Order 7. RESEDACEAE.
1. RESEDA, L.
1. R. luteola, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent upon dry banks and by road-sides in the low country, ascending Coquetdale to Rothbury, Weardale to Frosterley, and Teesdale to Eglestone (820 feet).
2. R. lutea, L. Native? English type. Area D. Range 1.
Frequent upon the coast-line, but probably native in Durham only, upon the Magnesian Limestone.
Order 8. CISTACEAE.
1. HELIANTHEMUM, Gaertn.
1. H. vulgare, Gaertn. Native. Xerophilous. British type. Area C, N, D. Eange 1-3.
In the Cheviot tract frequent amongst the lower hills about Mindrum, Wooler, and Alwinton, but not ascending to the peaks. Frequent everywhere upon the basalt and limestone, ascending to the Main Limestone scars of Burnhope (550 yards), Newbiggin Moor, Bleak Law, and Highfield (700 yards), and found occasionally upon the sand-hills of the coast-line, as at Holy Island. An excellent example of a widely-diffused xerophilous species.
Order 9. VIOLACEAE.
l. VIOLA, L.
1. V. palustris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent in damp grassy places, especially in the hilly tracts, ascending to 800 yards on Cheviot, 650 yards on Stangend Rigg, 600 yards on Highfield. 2. V. odorata, L. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
We claim this as a true native only for the denes of the Magnesian Limestone country. In Cheviot-land it is quite a rare plant, having been seen by Mr. Tate only in Hulne Woods and by Mr. Embleton near Ellingham. In Tyneland it is quite scattered, but in Durham more frequent, especially about Darlington, Middleton-one-Row, Stockton, and Yarm.
3. V. hirta, L. Native. Xerophilous. English type. Area C. N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent amongst the limestone and basalt, ascending in Teesdale to 300 yards, and occasionally found upon the coast links, as at Cullercoats and Tynemouth.
4. V. sylvatica, Fries. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common upon hedge-banks and in grassy places, ascending to 600 yards on Cheviot, 650 yards on Highfield. The subspecies V. Reichenbachiana, Jord., is abundant in Dinsdale Woods and no doubt elsewhere.
5. V. canina, L. Native. British type. Area N. Range 1.
The only specimens of this from our district which we have seen were gathered by Mrs. J.G. Baker upon the coast sand-hills between Hartley and Whitley, but it is very liable to be passed over for the preceding.
6. V. arenaria, D.C. Native. Local type. Area D. Range 2.
In Teesdale plentiful upon the Sugar Limestone of Widdy Bank Fell and westward north of the Weel. Elevation 500-550 yards. Discovered by James Backhouse and James Backhouse, jun., of York. In the type the leaves are hairy, but in our plant nearly naked.
7. V. tricolor, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-2.
Common in cultivated fields, ascending to 850 feet in Teesdale, in Weardale above St. John's Chapel to 1000 feet. 8. V. lutea, Huds. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
In the Cheviot tract frequent on the lower hills about Wooler and Alwinton, but not ascending to the peaks. Scattered over the moors north of the Tyne, common in the upper part of Allendale, Weardale, and Teesdale, ascending to the Main Limestone of Highneld, 650 yards, and frequent down as low as Sinderhope and Eglestone; sometimes carried lower by the streams.
Order 10. DROSERACEAE.
1. DROSERA, L.
1. D. rotundifolia, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common on swampy heaths, ascending to 600 yards on Cheviot, 550 yards at the head of the Beldon Burn (Derwent), and 500 yards in Teesdale. Probably a plant of the Upper zone, but we have not seen it there.
2. D. anglica, Huds. Native. Scottish type. Area N. Range 1.
Long known as a plant of Muckle Moss (150 yards) and Prestwick Carr, but doubtless now eradicated at the latter station. Wallis reports a D. longifolia from a bog on the north side of Slaterfield, near Simonburn, which may be this.
Order 11. POLYGALACEAE.
1. POLYGALA, L.
1. P. vulgaris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in grassy places, ascending to 550 yards in Dunsdale and Harwood Dale. The subspecies P. depressa, Wend., is frequent on heaths; and the variety oxyptera occurs in Coquetdale near Alwinton. Order 12. CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
1. DIANTHUS, L.
1. D. deltoides, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
About Wooler and Alwinton in several places on the porphyry, ascending to Windyhaugh, 250 yards, and frequent along the basalt from Gunnerton to Belford and Spindlestone. In Durham it is reported from the neighbourhood of Shotley Bridge by John Storey, and of Wolsingham by W. Backhouse.
2. D. armeria, L. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
On the moor above Shull near Wolsingham, springing up after the ling has been burnt (W. Backhouse). Probable altitude 200-250 yards.
2. SAPONARIA, L.
1. S. officinalis, L. Denizen. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
On the mound of Wark Castle (W. Richardson!). Near the abbey at Hexham (Robertson). Eound formerly by the Tyne at Gateshead, and occurring in several places about the lower part of the Wear and Tees. Castle Eden Dene (M. A. Lawson).
3. SILENE, L.
1. S. inflata, Sm. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent upon hedge-banks and by road-sides, ascending in South Tynedale to fields above Gatton (920 feet). The variety puberula is not uncommon.
2. S. maritima, With. Native. Submaritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent on rocks along the coast-line, and gathered in the Dunsdale ravine of Cheviot by Dr. E. Douglas.3. S. noctifiora, L. Colonist. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent as a weed of cultivated fields. Berwick, Hetton, Howick, Embleton, Holy Island, Chollerford, Hartley, Preston, Gateshead, South Shields, Cleadon, Whitburn, Bishop Middleham, Castle Eden, &c.
4. LYCHNIS, L.
1. L. flos-cuculi, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent in ditches and damp fields, ascending to 550 yards on Cheviot and in East and West Allendale, to 650 yards on Highfield.
2. L. diurna, Sibth. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in woods and upon shaded hedge-banks, ascending to Falcon Clints (500 yards), and the Main Limestone scars of Harwood Dale (550 yards).
3. L. vespertina, Sibth. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent, principally in cultivated fields, ascending in Coquetdale above Rothbury (150 yards). The red-flowered variety near the Wansbeck at Morpeth, and by the road-side between Beal and the sea (B.).
4. L. githago, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D.
Common in cultivated fields, ascending to 450 yards in East Allendale.
5. MOENCHIA, Ehrh.
1. M. erecta, Sm. Native. English type. Area C, D. Range 1.
In Northumberland on the basalt at Ratcheugh, Howick, Spindlestone, and Embleton. Gravel pits on Durham Moor (Rev. J. Symons. F.), and gathered long ago near Sunderland by Weighell, but not seen in Durham recently.
6. SAGINA, L.
1. S. procumbens, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1–3.
Common upon walls and in damp places, ascending to 750 yards on Highfield, 890 yards on Cheviot. The pentamerous form is not unfrequent amongst the hills.
2. S. maritima, Don. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent along the coast-line; Alnmouth, Howick, Bambro', Holy Island, Farne Islands, Dunstanbro', Blyth, Hartley, Willington, Hartlepool, Seaton Carew, &c.
3. S. apetala, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in the low country in sandy soil. The highest station we know is the road-side near the Forest Lodge on Alnwick Moor (T.).
4. S. ciliata, Fries. English type. Area C, N. Range 1.
Bed of the Wooler Water from the Langlee-ford ravine down to the town with Teesdalia and Glyceria rigida (Jas. Hardy. B.) Near Bamborough (T.). On the coast sand-hills at High Pans near Blyth (R.B. Bowman!).
5. S. subulata, Wimm. Native. Scottish type. Area C. Range 1.
On the basalt at Ratcheugh, Howick, Spindlestone, Dunstanbro', Craster, &c. The Cullercoats plant mentioned by Ray, Syn., Ed. 2, p. 207, referred here by Winch, is more likely S. maritima. There is no specimen of it in Buddle's Herbarium, but he writes that he thinks the plant a var. of that now called S. ciliata.6. S. nodosa, E. Meyer. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1–3.
In sandy ground liable to be inundated, found principally amongst the coast sand-hills or high up amongst the hills. It ascends to 350 yards in Welhope and Harwood Dale, and we have seen it with Saxifraga stellaris at 600 yards in West Allendale.
7. SPERGULA, L.
1. S. arvensis, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
A common weed in cultivated ground, ascending in Coquetdale above Alwinton (250 yards), and to 300 yards near Gatton.
8. HONCKENEJA, Ehrh.
1. H. peploides, Ehrh. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in sandy ground all along the coast-line.
9. SPERGULARIA, Pers.
1. S. marina, Camb. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
All along the coast-line in muddy places; not so plentiful as the next.
2. S. neglecta, Syme. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common all along the coast-line in damp places.
3. S. rubra, St. Hil. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Sandy ground, somewhat local. Frequent about Wooler, Akeld, Ilderton, Roddam, &c. Alnwick Moor, Harbottle, Newcastle Town Moor, Gateshead Fell, Durham, &c. A maritime form is found on the coast occasionally, which must not be confounded with the preceding. 10. ARENARIA, L.
1. A. serpyllifolia, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common on walls and in dry places, ascending in Teesdale to the Main Limestone scars of Newbiggin Moor (550 yards). The var. leptoclados is not unfrequent.
2. A. verna, L. Native. Xerophilous. Intermediate type. Area C, N, D. Range 1–3.
Absent from the Cheviot, and in the northern district known only on the basalt at Spindlestone (R. Embleton). Frequent throughout the lead country, ascending to 750 yards on Highfield and 600 yards above Allenheads, descending to the Tees at Middleton and the Tyne at Wylam.
3. A. uliginosa, Schl. Native. Local type. Area D. Range 2.
In Teesdale very sparingly beside the streamlet that runs from the Sugar Limestone of Widdy Bank Fell to the Weel, and more abundant in the swamp above Widdy Bank House with Elyna and Juncus triglumis, 500–550 yards.
4. A. trinervis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent upon hedge-banks and in bushy places, ascending in Coquetdale above Rothbury and in Teesdale to High Force (980 feet).
11. STELLARIA, L.
1. S. nemorum, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Damp and shaded woods, not unfrequent. By the Tweed at Wark, Cornhill, and Norham, the Aln in Hulne and Rugley Woods, the Coquet at Warkworth, the North Tyne at Simonburn, in the Derwent district at Cawsey and Ravensworth, ascending the Wear to Elm Ford west of St. John's Chapel (350 yards), descending to Chester-le-Street and Lambton Woods, ascending the Tees to Middleton-Teesdale, descending to Baydales.2. S. media, With. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1–3.
Everywhere common in cultivated and waste ground, ascending on Highfield to 750 yards. Var. neglecta is frequent in woods and by stream sides, and var. Boreana grows on the basaltic dike at Gunnerton.
3. S. holostea, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1,2.
Common upon hedge-banks and in woods, ascending to 500 yards in East Allendale, and 550 yards in Harwood Dale.
4. S. glauca, With. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Rare in swamps. Margin of Newham and Spindlestone Loughs (Johnston. T.). Prestwick Carr (R.B. Bowman!). Morden Carr (Rev. A. M. Norman!). Rice Carr near Darlington (W. Backhouse!).
5. S. graminea, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in damp and shaded places, ascending to 550 yards in Welhope and 1700 feet in West Allendale.
6. S. uliginosa, Murr. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1–3.
Frequent in swampy spots, especially amongst the hills, ascending to 800 yards on Cheviot, 700 yards on Highfield, 600 yards in Welhope.
12. CERASTIUM, L.
1. C. glomeratum, Thuill. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in dry and grassy places, ascending to 400 yards in Burnhope, 350 yards in Teesdale.
2. C. triviale, Link. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1–3.
Everywhere common in grassy places, ascending to 800 yards on Cheviot and 750 yards on Highfield. A subglabrous variety (holostioides, Fries,) grows near the Tyne above Redheugh, in Langdon Dale, &c.
3. C. semidecandrum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in sandy ground both along the coast and inland, ascending Coquetdale to Holystone. On the basaltic dike at Gunnerton and Kyloe. In the Wansbeck district very fine on walks near Hartburn Grange, 150 yards.
4. C. tetrandrum, Curt. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in sandy ground along the coast-line. C. pumilum is given as a plant of the province by Winch, but his specimens are a mixture of this and the preceding.
5. C. arvense, L. Native. Xerophilous. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent on the Magnesian Limestone and occasionally upon the coast-links, and in dry sandy soil elsewhere. Banks of the Tweed at Norham. On the limestone at Ratcheugh. Not known in the porphyritic tract.
Order 13. LINACEÆ.
1. LINUM, L.
1. L. usitatissimum, L. Alien.
Occasionally cultivated and casually subspontaneous.
2. L. perenne, L. Native. - Xerophilous. Germanic type. Area D. Range 1.
Dry places, almost confined to the Magnesian Limestone; Marsden, Tunstall Hill, dry banks between Coxhoe and Trimdon, by the Tees at Baydales, and in several places lower down about Middleton-one-Row and Yarm.
3. L. catharticum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in dry grassy places, ascending to 600 yards in Harwood Dale and the Main Limestone scars of Kilhope and Newbiggin Moor, 550 yards.
Order 14. MALVACEAE.
1. MALVA, L.
1. M. moschata, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent by road-sides in dry sandy or calcareous soil, ascending in Weardale above Stanhope, 250 yards. Plentiful in the lower part of Tynedale about Hexham and Corbridge.
2. M. sylvestris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common by road-sides and in waste ground in the country, ascending near Wooler to 150 yards.
3. M. rotundifolia, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in similar places to the preceding.
Order 15. TILLAGEAE.
1. TILIA, L.
1. T. intermedia, D. C.
Is not unfrequent in hedge-rows and plantations. T. grandifolia and parvifolia may be seen occasionally.
Order 16. HYPERICACEAE.
1. HYPERICUM, L.
1. H. Androsoesmum, L. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Planted in Hulne Woods. In Durham in a plantation at Twinkham Lea near Seaton Carew (John Hogg); and at Birch Carr near Middleton-one-Row (W. Backhouse! F.).
2. H. perforatum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common by road-sides and on the edge of fields, ascending in Teesdale to 800 feet. Var. lineolatum has been gathered in North Tynedale not far from Hexham by Mr. W.H. Brown.
3. H. dubium, Leers. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Tweed bank near the Chain Bridge and other places near Berwick (Johnston). In Coquetdale below Rothbury, and by the river side near Alwinton (B.). In several places in the lower part of Tynedale, Teesdale, and Weardale, ascending above Stanhope and Middleton, 800 feet.
4. H. quadrangulum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in ditches and swampy places, ascending to 350 yards in Harthope (Wear district), and to 400 yards in Teesdale west of the High Force.
5. H. humifusum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent on sandy banks, ascending in Teesdale to High Force Wood, 350 yards (W. Foggitt).
6. H. pulchrum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent on sandy heaths, ascending to 500 yards in the Dunsdale ravine of Cheviot, and nearly as high in Teesdale (Caldron Snout and Falcon Clints) and East Allendale.
7. H. hirsutum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in woods and upon hedge-banks, especially on the limestone, ascending Coquetdale to porphyritic cliffs at Windyhaugh (250 yards), and Weardale to the wood above the village of Wearhead (1150 feet).
8. H. montanum, L. Native. Xerophilous. English type. Area D. Range 1.
In several of the Magnesian Limestone denes, as Castle Eden, Dalton, Hawthorne, and Ryhope.
9. H. calycinum, L. Alien.
Planted near Cornhill (R. Embleton. A.); and at Hulne Abbey near Alnwick (T.). A native of Turkey.
Order 17. ACERACEAE.
1. ACER, L.
1. A. campestre, L. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Clearly native in the denes of the Magnesian Limestone, but doubtfully so north of the Tyne. It may be indigenous in the woods on the steep banks of the Wansbeck about Morpeth and Mitford, where there are trees by the stream side 30 to 40 feet high, but in Cheviot-land it seems evidently introduced.
2. A. pseudo-platanus, L. Alien.
Common in woods and hedge-rows, frequent in the low country, and one of the commonest trees about farm-houses in the dales, ascending in Harwood Dale to 1600 feet, and in East and West Allendale to 1650 feet. Winch regarded it as indigenous, and it is considered to be so by Mr. Carr, whose remarks on the subject will be found in the third volume of the Transactions, page 9.
Order 18. GERANIACEAE.
1. ERODIUM, L’Herit.
1. E. cicutarium, Sm. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in dry sandy soil, especially near the sea. Near Wooler at 350 feet. 2. GERANIUM, L.
1. G. phaeum, L. Alien.
Twizell House Dene (Johnston). Mr. Cook's woods at Newton-on-the-Moor near Alnwick (J. Davison. F.). Tyne side near Bywell (R.). In Durham in Hardwick Dene (M.A. Lawson), and Lumley Woods near Chester-le-Street (G.T. Fox! F.). Indigenous in Holland and France.
2. G. sylvaticum, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in woods and fields amongst the hills, descending to the denes of the Coal country and Magnesian Limestone. In the Dunsdale ravine of Cheviot at 1400 feet, in East Allendale at 1600 feet, in Teesdale as high as the Caldron Snout, and in Harwood Dale up to 550 yards, descending to Morpeth, Holywell Dene, Haydon Bridge, Staindrop, &c.
3. G. pratense, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in meadows and by the side of streams, ascending in Teesdale to Langdon Bridge (400 yards).
4. G. pusillum, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent upon hedge-banks and in cultivated fields, ascending in Weardale to Stanhope (700 feet).
5. G. molle, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in similar situations to the preceding, ascending in Rookhope (Wear district) to 500 yards. The station near Hexham assigned to G. rotundifolium in the Flora is no doubt a mistake.
6. G. dissectum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in similar places to the preceding two, ascending to 800 yards in Teesdale and Weardale, and rather higher in Allendale.
7. G. columbinum, L. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
On the basaltic dike at Walltown and Gnmnerton, 150 yards (F. R!). Lane at Anick Grange near Hexham (F. Scott. F.). On the Magnesian Limestone on Cleadon Hill and at Coniscliffe (F!).
8. G. lucidum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Scattered throughout the province, occurring principally in the dales. Wooler (Akeld Dene, Caldgate Mill, Humbledon Dene, all on the porphyry), Alwinton, Ratcheugh Crag, Barrasford, Stanhope, Cocken, Gainford, Upper Teesdale between Middleton and Langdon Bridge, 400 yards.
9. G. Robertianum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in woods and on shaded banks, ascending to the high limestone scars of Harwood Dale and Welhope (550 yards).
10. G. sanguineum, L. Native. British type. Xerophilous. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent upon the coast links from Berwick to the Tees, inland known only upon the basalt at Ratcheugh, and in the lower part of Castle Eden Dene.
Order 19. BALSAMINACEAE.
1. IMPATIENS, L.
1. I. noli-me-tangere, L. Alien.
Hulne Woods, now extinct (T.). Wood near the Muckle Moss (Miss Meredith, 1855). See note by Mr. Wailes, Trans., vol. II, p. 332. Order 20. OXALIDACEAE.
1. OXALIS, L.
1. O. acetosella, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 3.
Common in woods and on shaded banks, ascending to 700 yards on Cheviot, 600 yards in Welhope, 550 in Harwood Dale, 500 yards near the head of Knucton Burn (Derwent).
Division 2. CALYCIELORAE.
Order 1. CELASTRACEAE.
1. STAPHYLEA, L.
1. S. pinnata, L. Alien.
Hulne Woods, Alnwick (R. Embleton. A.). Mainsforth near Ferryhill (T. Wood!).
2. EUONYMUS, L.
1. E. europaeus, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
In the porphyritic tract on the banks of the College Burn (Johnston), and in Humbledon Dene (Rev. A. Baird). On the basalt at Ratcheugh, Belford, Kyloe, Spindlestone, &c. By the Wansbeck near Camboise (J. Storey!). In several of the Tyne denes as Tecket, Scotswood, and Heaton; and those of the Magnesian Limestone as Ryhope, Hesleden, and Castle Eden. Shipley Wood near Eglestone, 200 yards (Rev. J. Harriman. F.). In the Darlington lane a mile west of Norton (John Hogg).
Order 2. RHAMNACEAE.
1. RHAMNUS, L.
1. R. catharticus, L. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Very rare and not seen recently. Ryhope Dene (W. Weighell. F!). Lawson's Slack near Darlington (James Backhouse). Order 3. LEGUMINOSAE.
l. SPARTIUM, L.
1. S. scoparium, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common on sandy heaths. It is apparently quite absent from the upper part of Teesdale and Weardale, but grows on the basaltic and porphyritic cliffs. The highest station measured was on the ridge between Wooler and the head of the Glen, 1260 feet.
2. ULEX, L.
1. U. europaeus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common upon heaths and in waste uncultivated ground, ascending to 410 yards in Rookhope (Wear district), and 350 yards in the Cheviot tract. Not seen in Teesdale above the High Force, Weardale above Westgate, Allendale above Studden.
2. U. Gallii, Planch. Native. English type. Area C, N. Range 1.
In considerable plenty on Wooler Common, porphyry at 200-250 yards. Baron House Bog, near Grilsland; in several places in Tynedale; near Staward Peel, near Haydon Bridge, and on the basalt at Coley Hill near Heddon. U. nanus is reported in the Flora from Durham Moor (Rev. J. Symons), but the true nanus is restricted to the South of England.
3. GENISTA, L.
1. G. tinctoria, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in grassy places, ascending to Whitsunbank Wood near Wooler (150 yards), and in North Tynedale to Nunwick. Rare in Cheviot-land.2. G. anglica, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent on heaths, ascending to Gunnerton Crags, Alwinton, and Ross Castle Moor near Wooler, 300 yards.
4. ONONIS, L.
1. O. arvensis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in sandy ground, especially on the coast links, ascending in Coquetdale above Rothbury, in Allendale to Allentown, 250 yards, and in Weardale on the moor north of St. John's Chapel to 400 yards.
2. O. antiquorum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
In similar places to the preceding, but less frequent.
5. ANTHYLLIS, L.
1. A. vulneraria, L. Native. Xerophilous. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent along the coast links and amongst the limestone, ascending to the plateau of Widdy Bank Fell, 500 yards, Not ascending amongst the Cheviots, but growing amongst the porphyritic debris by the stream sides as at Branton and Wooler.
6. MEDICAGO, L.
1. M. sativa, L. Alien.
An occasional weed in cultivated fields.
2. M. lupulina, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in dry sandy ground and cultivated fields, ascending in Teesdale to Eglestone, 960 feet, and in the Wear district in Rookhope to 1300 feet.3. M. maculata, Sibth. Native. English type. Area N. Range 1.
Sandy field near the Spital Dene, old windmill near Tynemouth Church (W. H. Brown!) Reported in the Flora from under the banqueting house at Alnwick (Miss Forster), but not seen in Cheviot-land lately.
7. MELILOTUS, Lam.
1. M. officinalis, Willd. Colonist. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in waste ground and on the borders of fields, ascending Coquetdale to Rothbury and Sharperton, 150 yards.
2. M. vulgaris, Willd. Alien.
Coupland plantations near Wooler (James Mitchell).
8. TRIFOLIUM, L.
1. T. repens, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common in grassy places, ascending to 650 yards on Stangend Rigg, 750 yards on Highfield.
2. T. hybridum, L. Alien.
Now quite replacing the preceding as a cultivated crop, and sometimes establishing itself by roadsides, &c.
3. T. pratense, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in grassy places, ascending to 550 yards in East Allendale, and 650 yards in Harwood Dale. It is grown as a crop in Teesdale up to 400 yards.
4. T. medium, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in bushy and grassy places, especially amongst the hills, ascending Coquetdale to Windyhaugh, the Derwent to 1300 feet, and Harwood Dale to 500 yards.5. T. arvense, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, T). Range 1.
Not unfrequent in dry sandy soil. In the bed of the streams on porphyritic debris at Branton, Wooler, &c. On the basalt at Gunnerton, Bambro', and Belford. Seen also at Holy Island, Holystone, Rothbury, Barrasford, Gateshead, Fulwell, Tunstall, Seaton Carew, &c. Not ascending above 200 yards.
6. T. scabrum, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
In similar situations to the preceding, rare. Holy Island, on the basalt (F.T.). On the coast sand-hills at Tynemouth (John Storey). In the paddock at Bishopwearmouth (W. Weighell. F.). Moor above the north sands, Hartlepool (Miss Wharton). Sandy grassy field near Tees Bay, Seaton Carew (John Hogg).
8. T. striatum, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
In similar places to last two, rare. On the basalt at Gunnerton, Kyloe, Dunstanbro', Norwich, Spindlestone, and Holy Island. By the Coquet between Harbottle and Rothbury (Professor Oliver). Reported in the Flora from Gateshead. On the Magnesian Limestone at Whitburn, Cleadon, Sunderland, and near Darlington.
8. T. fragiferum, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
In various places along the coast from the Tweed to the Tees amongst the sand-hills and by stream-sides. It is reported in the Flora from Halypike Lough, but if that means the little tarn of that name near Sewing Shields it is no doubt a mistake.
9. T. procumbens, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in dry sandy soil, ascending Weardale to Frosterley, Teesdale above Middleton, 800 feet.10. T. agrarium, L. Alien.
Seen once in a field of T. hybridum near Roddam (B.). This species has been seen lately in many parts of England in forage fields laid down with imported seed.
11. T. minus, Smith. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in grassy and dry sandy places, ascending in Coquetdale to Linn Shiels, Allendale to Gatton Moor, Teesdale to Eglestone (300 yards).
12. T. filiforme, L. Native. English type. Area C, L Range 1.
In similar places to the preceding, rare. Howick and Alnmouth (T.). On the Magnesian Limestone at Fulwell, Whitburn, Cleadon, and Castle Eden (F !). Sand-hills at Seaton Carew (Rev. F. J. A. Hort).
9. LOTUS, L.
1. L. corniculatus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Everywhere common in grassy places, ascending to the high limestone scars of Harwood Dale, 550 yards, and as high in West Allendale. Var. tenuis is not uncommon in dry soil.
2. L. major, Scop. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in ditches and damp pastures, ascending to 350 yards in Dunsdale, and 400 yards near Cowshill in Weardale.
10. ASTRAGALUS, L.
1. A. glycyphyllos, L. Native. Germanic type. Xerophilous. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Banks of Wooler Water near the Caldgate Mill, 150 yards (Johnston). Reported by Wallis from Cockle Hill near Learmouth, the mound of Wark Castle, and hilly pastures at Manylaws near Flodden. Wood near Earl (R. Embleton. A.). Sea banks at Budle (Miss Forster). On the basaltic cliffs at Ratcheugh, Craster, Spindlestone, Bambro', &c. Warden Banks near Hexham, and by the Tyne above Ovingham (F.). By the Wear in Pelaw Wood near Durham (M. A. Lawson). By the Tees near the Abbey Bridge at Eglestone, and on the Magnesian Limestone above Darlington.
2. A. hypoglottis, L. Native. Xerophilous. Germanic type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent along the coast sand-hills from the Tweed to the Tees. On the basalt at Ratcheugh near Alnwick, and on the Magnesian Limestone near West Boldon.
11. ORNITHOPUS, L.
1. O. perpusillus, L. Native. British type. Area D. Range 1.
Dry banks, gathered many years ago by Mr. Hogg near Urpeth, but not seen anywhere recently.
12. ONOBRYCHIS, Gaertn.
1. O. sativa, Lam. Native? Xerophilous. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Perhaps truly wild on the Magnesian Limestone cliff at Hartondown Hill, near Sunderland (F. James Backhouse). Grown occasionally as a forage crop.
13. VICIA, L.
1. V. sylvatica, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in the woods of the hilly tracts and Magnesian Limestone. Tweed banks near Ord, Calish Woods near Alnwick, Roddam Dene, in Coquetdale near Rothbury, 150 yards, and Warkworth, in North Tynedale in Ramshaw and Tecket Denes and many other places about Hexham, and down the river to Newcastle, about Durham, Eglestone, Barnard Castle, &c. Own work 2. V. cracca, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in meadows and hedges, ascending Teesdale to Langdon Bridge, 400 yards, and in the Derwent district, nearly to the source of the Knucton Burn, 466 yards.
3. V. sativa, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
The typical plant is known in cultivation only, up to 300 yards in Teesdale, and 450 yards in Allendale. The var. segetalis is not unfrequent as a weed of cultivated ground, and the var. Bolartii is truly wild in grassy places.
4. V. lathyroides, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Amongst the porphyritic debris by the stream-side at Alwinton, 150 yards (Prof. Oliver). On the basalt at Ratcheugh, Howick, Belford, Spindlestone, Holy Island, &c. Edge of fields near Cullercoats (R. B. Bowman!). Salt Meadows below Gateshead (F!). Near the Gaunless in Auckland Park (Miss Wharton). The plant gathered at Westoe was V. Bobartii.
5. V. sepium, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in grassy places, ascending to 350 yards in Dunsdale, 550 yards in Harwood Dale, and nearly as high in Allendale.
6. V. hirsuta, Koch. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common as a weed in cultivated ground.
7. V. tetrasperma, Koch. Colonist. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
In similar situations to the last but less frequent, and not noted in Cheviot-land.8. V. monantha, Koch. Alien.
Plentiful in a field of cultivated V. sativa at Allenheads, July, 1865 (B.).
14. LATHYRUS, L.
1. L. pratensis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in hedge-rows and grassy places, ascending to 500 yards in Harwood Dale and East Allendale.
15. OROBUS, L.
1. O. tuberosus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common upon heaths and the borders of pastures, ascending to the high limestone scars of Harwood Dale, 550 yards. O. niger is not satisfactorily ascertained as a Cheviot-land plant.
Order 4. ROSACEAE.
l. PRUNUS, L.
1. P. spinosa, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
The varieties spinosa and insititia common in hedge-rows and thickets, the former ascending to 400 yards at Moor Rigs in Teesdale, perhaps not native there, but no doubt truly so at 1150 feet in the wood above the village of Wearhead, on the porphyry about Alwinton, and on the basalt at Kyloe. Fine and plentiful in the woods about Hareshaw Linn. The var. domestica occurs as a straggler from cultivation only, and is grown in Allendale as high as 1700 feet.
2. P. padus, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in woods and thickets, principally amongst the hills, ascending in Teesdale to Falcon Clints, 500 yards.3. P. avium, L. Denizen. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Not unfrequent in woods and by stream-sides, but doubtfully indigenous, ascending to 1100 feet in Rookhope (Wear district).
4. P. cerasus, L. Alien.
In plantations in several places near Embleton, but always planted (R. Embleton).
2. SPIRAEA, L.
1. S. ulmaria, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common by stream-sides and in damp woods, ascending to 550 yards on Cheviot in Dunsdale, and as high in Harwood Dale.
2. S. filipendula, L. Native. Xerophilous. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
On the basalt at Crag Close near Barrasford (T. R.); and at Spindlestone, plentiful in the plantations (W. Richardson. T.). On the Magnesian Limestone at Byers Quarry near Whitburn, and at Coniscliffe and Baydales near Darlington (E. R!).
3. S. salicifolia, L. Alien.
In several places in parks and plantations, as Hulne, Howick, Wallington, and Gibside.
3. GEUM, Linn.
1. G. urbanum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in woods and on hedge-banks, ascending in Coquetdale to Harbottle, Weardale to Elm Ford Wood, 1150 feet, and Teesdale to 350 yards. This and the next frequently produce natural hybrids, like the primrose and cowslip.2. G. rivale, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent in woods and damp places, ascending to 500 yards in East Allendale, 650 yards on Highfield.
4. AGRIMONIA, L.
1. A. eupatoria, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent on dry banks and in pastures, ascending Weardale above Stanhope to 250 yards. The var. odorata has been gathered by Professor Oliver and Mr. W. H. Brown in Simonburn Dene near Nunwick, and on Kyloe Crags; by the Rev. W. W. Newbould and Mr. J. G. Baker in the woods near Staward Peel (200 yards), and by the latter by the Coquet at Linn Shiels above Alwinton.
5. POTENTILLA, L.
1. P. fruticosa, L. Native. Intermediate type. Area D. Range 1, 2.
In Teesdale by the river side from Langdon Beck down to Middleton Bridge, plentiful in many places. Range of altitude 250-400 yards.
2. P. anserina, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common by road-sides and on the edge of cultivated fields, ascending Coquetdale above Alwinton, Weardale above St. John's Chapel, 1100 feet, and Teesdale to Langdon Bridge, 400 yards.
3. P. argentea, L. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
In Tynedale at Beaufront, near Hexham (F. Scott), and near the mill at Corbridge (J. Adamson!) On the Magnesian Limestone cliffs between Shields and Sunderland (E. Robson. F!).4. P. alpestris, Hall. Native. Highland type. Area C, D. Range 1, 2.
On the basaltic dike at Spindlestone, now nearly or quite extinct; specimens from this locality are referred to P. verna by Winch and Johnston, but seem to belong to the present species. In Teesdale sparingly on the the basalt at Falcon Clints and by the Tees side at Winch Bridge, 300-500 yards. The Tynedale plant placed here in the Flora is really P. argentea.
5. P. reptans, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent by road-sides and upon hedge-banks, ascending in Teesdale to Middleton, 300 yards, and in Coquetdale to Holystone.
6. P. tormentilla, Nesl. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in heathy places at all levels, ascending to 850 yards on Cheviot, and 750 yards on Highfield. The var. procumbens is not uncommon.
7. P. fragariastrum, Ebrh. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common upon grassy banks, ascending to 550 yards in Harwood Dale, 450 yards in East Allendale.
6. COMARUM, L.
1. C. palustre, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent on swampy heaths, ascending, with Car ex ampullacea, to 500 yards in the swamps by the Weel, 600 yards in Coal Cleugh, 650 yards on Highfield.
7. FRAGARIA, L.
1. F. vesca, L. Native. British type. Area C, N. D. Range 1, 2.
Common in woods and on hedge-banks, ascending to 1400 feet in the Cheviot ravines, 500 yards on Falcon Clints, and 550 yards in Harwood Dale. The Wallington Fragaria, reported in the Flora as elatior, is only a woodland form of this species. What is called the Simonburn Strawberry is a variety with white fruit, very deep green leaves, the central one cuneate at the base, which is figured in the Supplement to English Botany 2742, and is the F. calycina of Lindley but not of Loiseleur.
8. RUBUS, L.
1. R. chamaemorus, L. Native. Highland type. Area C, N, D. Range 2, 3.
Found on all the peaks which ascend into the Upper zone, but scarcely descending below 1500 feet. Abundant on Cheviot, Hedgehope, and the peaks at the head of Allendale, Weardale, and Teesdale. It is said to have been gathered on Simonside and the Dead water Fell, at the head of North Tynedale.
2. R. saxatilis, L. Native. Xerophilous. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent on damp cliffs and by the stream sides in the dales, in the Cheviot tract in Roddam Dene, the Langlee-ford ravine, and ascending to Harthope Linn and in Dunsdale to 500 yards. Calish Woods near Alnwick. On the basalt at Sewing Shields and Gunnerton. In the Wansbeck district at Hartburn Banks and near Wallington. Banks of the Irthing at Gilsland, and in many of the Tyne denes about Bellingham and Hexham. Nouns Wood near Butsfield. In the Wear District in Burnhope. In Teesdale in numerous places, ascending to 550 yards in Harwood Dale and down the river as far as Eglestone. Castle Eden Dene.
3. R. idaeus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in thickets, especially amongst the hills, ascending to 500 yards in the Brizzle, and to 330 yards in Harwood Dale.4. R. suberectus, And. (including pticatus, W. and N). Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Twizell House Dene and copses on Kyloe Crags (Johnston). By the Coquet below Alwinton, and in a fir wood by the roadside between Alwinton Bridge and Harbottle, and again between the latter village and Holystone (B.). Near Rothley Lake (Sir W. C. Trevelyan. A.). In several places about Slealey and Corbridge Moor, also at Staward Peel and in the wood at the High Force above the highway, 350 yards (B.).
5. R. Lindleianus, Lees. Native. English type. Area F. Range 1.
In Tynedale in hedges between Dilston and Slealey (B.) In a hedge at Wellington (W. Robertson!).
6. R. cordifolius, W. and N Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
By the side of the road on the hill south of Roddam. By the side of the road just out of Harbottle eastward. Corbridge Moor and in a lane near Bardon Mills. Thickets on the coast north of Whitley. In Weardale by the side of the road between Eastgate and Westgate, 250 yards (B.).
7. R. discolor, W. and 1ST. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
In some districts the commonest form, but not ascending amongst the hills.
8. R. leucostachys, Sm. Native. English type. Area N. Range 1.
In South Tynedale by the road-side north of Fourstones Station and about Corbridge, and by way of Dilston up to Slealey, plentiful. Thickets amongst the coast sand-hills near Seaton Sluice (B.).
9. R. umbrosus, Arrh. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Woods and thickets, frequent, ascending to 950 feet in Allendale. It is to this that the plant marked R. fruticosus in Winch's collection belongs.
10. R. macrophyllus, W. and N. Native. English type. Area C, Range 1.
The typical plant seen only from West Buston near Alnwick (J. Chrisp!), and thickets by the road-side near Akeld and at the base of Yevering Bell (B.); the var. amplificatus, Lees, in the wood on the back of Kyloe Crags, 150 yards, and by the side of the road near Beal (B.).
11. R. villicaulis, W. and N. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
In the wood at Langlee-ford near Wooler, road-sides near Kyloe, in Tynedale about Dilston, Slealey, Bardon Mills, and the lead mines below Langley Castle, and in Weardale between Eastgate and Westgate, 250 yards (B.).
12. R. calvatus, Bloxam. Native. English type. Area N. Range 1.
In South Tynedale in thickets by the road-side south of Haydon Bridge (B.).
13. R. radula, W. and N. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in hedges and thickets, ascending Allendale to 250 yards.
14. R. rudis, W. and N. Native. English type. Area C, N. Range 1.
In Coquetdale in a hedge by the road-side between Rothbury and Thropton. In South Tynedale near Langley Castle, 150 yards. Thickets near the mouth of Holywell Dene (B.).
15. R. infestus, W. and N. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
By the side of the road between Kyloe and the crags. In North Tynedale between Wark and Nunwick. In South Tynedale plentiful about Dilston, Lennel, and Slealey, and by the side of the road between Gatton and Staward, 200 yards. In Weardale between Stanhope and Westgate (B.).
16. R. Koehleri, W. and N. (including pallidus, W. and N.) Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
The common woodland bramble and seen in hedges occasionally, ascending to 350 yards in Weardale, 960 feet in Teesdale, 250 yards in Allendale.
17. R. diversifolius, Lindl. Bab. Native. English type. Area C, N. Range 1.
Lane at West Buston near Alnwick (J. Chrisp!). By the railway side near Beal Station, in Coquetdale below Rothbury, in the lane between Morpeth and Long Horsley, in North Tynedale at Wark, 150 yards, in South Tynedale at Dilston, and in the dene of the Bardon Burn below Chesterholme (B.).
18. R. corylifolius, Sm. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
The common hedge-row bramble, ascending to 250 yards in Weardale, 800 feet in Teesdale, and 950 feet in Allendale.
19. R. caesius, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in hedges and thickets, ascending in Weardale above Stanhope, and in Teesdale above Middleton, 820 feet.
9. ROSA, L.
1. R. cinnamomea, L. Alien.
Hulne Woods near Alnwick (T.).
2. R. spinosissima, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent along the coast links (var. pusilla, Woods), and inland in numerous localities, ascending both into the limestone and sandstone dales. Yevering Bell on porphyry and high up the Cheviot ravines, and in about Alwinton. On the basalt at Kyloe, Ratcheugh, Howick, and Bambro'. In Teesdale on Falcon Clints and Force Garth scars, 500 yards.
3. R. rubella, Smith. Incognit.
All the specimens we have seen under this name belong to spinosissima except two, which are in Winch's collection in the Newcastle Museum, and are marked "Durham coast." The fruit here is bright red and drooping, in the preceding much stouter and rounder, deep purple in colour, and erect. Very likely there has been some mistake in regarding these two specimens as British, as the plant is not known elsewhere in the country.
4. R. hibernica, Smith. Native. Intermediate type. Area C, D.
In Weardale near Witton-le-Wear, and in Coquetdale in thickets near Flotterton, gathered in both stations by Professor Oliver. The Coquetdale plant (var. cordifolia, Baker,) differs from the type of the species by its setose peduncles and broader cordate leaves.
5. R. Sabini, Woods. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Banks of the Wansbeck near Sheepwash (John Storey!). In Tynedale near Shield Hall in the hedges near where the road from Dilston to Slealey divides from that which leads to Allendale (B.). Wood between Pipewellgate and the Redheugh, near Gateshead (W. Robertson). Road-side between Hylton and Washington (Professor Oliver!). Hedge near Sedgefield (Rev. A. M. Norman!). Near Darlington at Baydales, in Birch Carr, and by the side of the Stockton and Darlington road near Middleton-one-Row (W. Backhouse. B.). Hedges between Yarm and Stockton (W. Robertson!). Var. Robertsoni, Baker, still grows in the upper part of Heaton Dene.
6. R. mollissima, Fries.! R. mollis, Smith! R. villosa, Linn. herb! Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in hedges and thickets, ascending to 400 yards in Teesdale, and 450 yards in Allendale. Var. caerulea, Woods, in thickets in the Seaton Delaval avenue, and an extreme form with perfectly smooth peduncles in thickets by the side of the road south of Haydon Bridge (B.).
7. R. tomentosa, Smith. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in hedges and thickets, ascending to 350 yards in Glendale, 450 yards in East Allendale, and in Teesdale to Falcon Clints 1450 feet, and the high limestone scars of Harwood Dale 550 yards. Var. scabriuscula, Winch, is not unfrequent, and a form with leaves very glandular beneath, approaching R. britannica, Deseglise, gathered by Mr. Robertson on the side of the Roman wall between Carville and Byker Hall, and by Mr. Baker by the side of the road between Earl and Caldgate Mill.
8. R. Borreri, Woods. R. inodora Auct. Angl. non., Fries. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Bank of the Wooler Water below the town and hedges between Wooler and Yevering, gathered originally by Dr. Johnston, seen by Messrs. Hardy and Baker in 1866. Ravensworth Woods and hedge at Spring Gardens near Newcastle (W. Robertson!).
9. R. ruliginosa, L. Denizen. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent in hedges, but perhaps not truly wild. Scremerston, Wooler, South Middleton, Lilburn, Bambro', Alnwick, Embleton, Warkworth, Chollerford, Dilston, Gateshead, Westoe, Sunderland, Raby, Seaton Carew, &c.
10. R. canina, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Everywhere common in hedges and thickets, ascending in Teesdale to 1450 feet. Vars. latetiana, dumalis, urbica, and dumetorum are common. Var. cordifolia gathered at Mason Dinnington by Robertson, var. Watsoni at Prestwick Carr by Robertson, var. Crepiniana in thickets at Chesterholme, var. celerata in Holywell Dene, vars. pruinosa, arvatica, and subcristata in several places, var. Blondeana in Coquetdale near Tosson on the slope of Simonside, var. caesia in thickets near Caldgate Mill, and a form of var. tormentella with glandular peduncles by the side of the Wooler Water below the town.
11. R. arvensis, Huds. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Between the Broom House and Haggerstone (Thompson). Between Cold Harbour and Ealloden West Farm (R. Embleton). Elswick Dene near Newcastle (E.). In Durham in woods and thickets at Gateshead, Cocken, Washington, Marsden, Ryhope, and Norton (E. R!).
10. SANGUISORBA, L.
1. S. officinalis, L. Native. Intermediate type. Area N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in the two southern divisions in damp grassy places, ascending in Teesdale to 1400 feet on Falcon Clints.
11. POTERIUM, L.
1. P. sanguisorba, L. Native. Xerophilous. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent upon the limestone and basalt, and occasionally amongst the coast sand-hills, as near Tynemouth.
12. ALCHEMILLA, L.
1. A. vulgaris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent in grassy places, ascending to 500 yards on Cheviot, 750 yards on Highfield.
2. A. arvensis, Lam. Native? British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in cultivated fields, especially on a sandy soil, ascending to 300 yards in Teesdale. On the basalt at Gunnerton with Draba verna and Cerastium semidecandrum. 13. CRATŒGUS, L.
1. C. oxyacantha, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Everywhere common in hedges and thickets. Not seen above 350 yards amongst the Cheviots, but ascending to 550 yards in East and West Allendale, and nearly as high in Harwood Dale. The only variety truly wild in the province is monogyna, Jacq.
14. PYRUS, L.
1. P. communis, L. Alien.
To be seen sometimes in hedge-rows, as between Scots' Gap Station and Hartburn, but with no claim to be considered truly wild.
2. P. malus, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in hedge-rows and thickets, ascending both in Teesdale and the Wear district to 1100 feet.
3. P. aria, Sm. Native. Xerophilous. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Truly wild in the bed of the Tees at Winch Bridge, 300 yards, in small quantity (var. rupicola, Syme), and reported also from Castle Eden Dene. The typical form is to be seen occasionally in hedge-rows and plantations.
4. P. aucuparia, Gaertn. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in woods, ascending to 500 yards in the Cheviot ravines, 550 yards on the limestone scars of Harwood Dale.
Order 5. ONAGRACEÆ.
1. EPILOBIUM, L.
1. E. angustifolium, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Banks of nearly all the hill streams. On the Cheviot near Langlee-ford, banks of Common Burn, Hethpool Linn, and lower part of Henhole. By the Coquet about Shillmoor and Alwinton. On the basalt at Crag Lake and near Barrington. Hareshaw Linn, Knaresdale, by the Allen at Pryhill and Peckriding near Allentown, and by the Derwent near Edmundbyers and Blanchland. In numerous places in Weardale and Teesdale, ascending to Falcon Clints and Langdon Dale scars, 500 yards, descending to Barnard Castle.
2. E. hirsutum, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in the low country in ditches and by stream sides, ascending Coquetdale to Sharperton, Weardale to Frosterley and Teesdale, 200 yards.
3. E. parviflorum, Schreb. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in similar situations to the preceding, ascending in Weardale to Copthill, 400 yards, in Teesdale to the High Force, 350 yards.
4. E. montanum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common by stream-sides and on shaded banks, ascending to the high limestone scars of Harwood Dale, 550 yards, and as high in East Allendale.
5. E. roseum, Schreb. Alien.
A weed in garden ground, Darlington (W. Backhouse !). Doubtless will be found truly wild in the province eventually, as it is not unfrequent in North Yorkshire.
6. E. palustre, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in ditches and swampy places, ascending to 600 yards in West Allendale, 500 yards in the Derwent district. Own work 7. E. obscurum, Schreb. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in ditches and swamps, ascending on Cheviot to 550 yards, and nearly as high on the moors at the head of East Allendale. We have not seen the true E. tetragonum within the province.
8. E. anagallidifolium, Lam. Native. Highland type. Area C, D.
On Cheviot near the top of Henhole and Goldscleugh (Dr. F. Douglas. T.). In Teesdale on the moor near the Caldron Snout (Sir W. C. Trevelyan. F!). Probable altitude 500-600 yards.
9. E. alsinifolium, Vill. Native. Highland type. Area C, D.
Abundant in all the high Cheviot sykes. In the Wear district in the streams that issue from the Main Limestone in Welhope, and in the Tees district sparingly on Highfield above Grasshill. Range of altitude 500-850 yards.
2. CIRCAEA., L.
1. C. lutetiana, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in woods, ascending in North Tynedale to Tecket and Hareshaw Denes, 200 yards. We have not seen the true C. alpina from the province. Winch's specimen thus named is C. lutetiana only, but C. intermedia, Ehrh., was gathered by Mr. Storey near Ryton.
Order 6. HALORAGACEAE.
1. HIPPURIS, L.
1. H. vulgaris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Ponds and slow streams, not unfrequent. Near Lucker and in Learmouth Bog (T.). Newham Bog (R. Embleton). Ditch above Fleatham Bridge (W. Richardson). In the Reed Water below Otterburn, 150 yards (Professor Oliver and Brown.) In the Blyth below Bedlington (W. H. Brown). Prestwick Carr (F. R!). Hell Kettles near Croft (B.). In the Skerne at Darlington (W. Backhouse). In the stells about Norton (J. Hogg).
2. MYPIOPHYLLUM, L.
1. M. verticillatum, L. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
In a pond at Walker near Newcastle (R. B. Bowman. A.). In a pond at Polam near Darlington (W. Backhouse. F.).
2. M. spicatum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in ditches and slow streams, ascending Coquetdale to Rothbury, 150 yards.
3. M. alterniflorum, D. C. Native. British type. Area C, N. Range 1.
Heathy ponds. Shipley near Alnwick (John Storey!). Prestwick Carr and Crag Lake, 250 yards (R!). In the Chirdon Burn near Bellingham (W.H. Brown!) Easily passed over as the preceding.
3. CERATOPHYLLUM, L.
1. C. demersum, L. Native. English type. AreaD. Range 1.
Ditches on Durham Moor (Rev. J. Symons. F.).
4. CALLITRICHE, L.
1. C. verna, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Everywhere common in ditches and ponds, ascending to 500 yards in Allendale.
2. C. platycarpa, Kutz. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in swamps and on the edges of ponds, ascending to 1700 feet in West Allendale.3. C. pedunculata, D. C. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in ponds and ditches, ascending in Teesdale to the Weel, 500 yards.
4. C. autumnalis, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, Range 1.
We have seen specimens of the true plant only from Prestwick Carr, 250 feet, where it is very likely now destroyed (B.), and above Powburn near the Breamish (T.).
Order 7. LYTHRACEAE.
1. LYTHRUM, L.
1. L. salicaria, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Ditches and stream-sides, not unfrequent in the low country.
2. PEPLIS, L.
1. P. portula, L. Native. British type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Heathy swamps. Prestwick Carr, Kibblesworth, &c.
Order 8. CUCURBITACEAE.
1. BRYONIA, L.
1. B. dioica, L. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Pound formerly at Rugley near Alnwick, but not indigenous (R. Embleton). In Tynedale in the Haugh Lane near Hexham (R. Wigham!). Not uncommon in the south-east of Durham about Bishop Auckland, Darlington, Hartlepool, and Stockton.
Order 9. PORTULACEAE.
1. MONTIA, L.
1. M. fontana, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent in swamps and streamlets, especially amongst the hills, ascending to 800 yards on Cheviot, 550 yards in Welhope. Var. rivularis is frequent in the hill sykes.
Order 10. SCLERANTHACEAE.
1. SCLERANTHUS, L.
1. S. annuus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in dry sandy soil, ascending on porphyry above Alwinton to 300 yards, and nearly as high on the banks of Common Burn near Wooler. S. perennis of Winch's Flora is no doubt a mistake for this.
Order 11. GROSSULARIACEAE.
1. RIBES, L.
1. R. nigrum, L. Denizen. Intermediate type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent by stream-sides, but very doubtfully indigenous. The most wild-looking station we have seen is in Tecket Dene, 150 yards.
2. R. rubrum, L. Native. Intermediate type. Area N, D. Range 1, 2.
The typical plant doubtfully indigenous like the preceding. Var. petraeum in Tynedale near Warden, Haydon Bridge, and some of the denes nearer Newcastle, and in Teesdale from Moor Rigs, 400 yards, down to Coniscliffe.
3. R. alpinum, L. Denizen. Intermediate type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Woods, doubtfully indigenous. Ratcheugh, Denwick, Hulne, Felton, Wallington, Sunderland, Chester-le- Street, and by the Tees above Darlington.4. R. grossularia, L. Denizen. Intermediate type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in hedge-rows and by stream-sides. Perhaps indigenous in Hesleden Dene, where it grows on the limestone cliff (W.H. Brown).
Order 12. CRASSULACEAE.
1. SEDUM, L.
1. S. rhodiola, D. C. Native. Highland type. Area C. Range 2.
Sparingly low down in Henhole, at an elevation of about 400 yards (James Hardy. T.).
2. S. telephium, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Walls of Hulne Abbey and plantation near Greensfield (T.). Near Belsay (Miss Trevelyan. F.). Banks between Nunwick and Simonburn (Wallis). Hedge-banks near Hexham, and by the Tyne below Paradise (F.). Wood at Butterby and by the mill at Shincliffe (John Hogg. F.). Hedges near Durham and Lanchester, and by the road-side near Urpeth Mill (F!). Var. purpureum, Tausch., in Teesdale on Falcon Clints, 500 yards, and on the rocks in High Force Wood (B.).
3. S. villosum, L. Native. Highland type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Scattered amongst the Cheviots, descending with the Wooler Water to Earl, and the Coquet to Alwinton and Rothbury. On the basaltic dike at Great Bavington, Spindlestone, and Bambro'. Gathered by John Thompson near Haltwhistle. In the Allendale district in Coal Cleugh, in the Wear district in Irishope, Welhope, and Swinhope, in Teesdale fine above Widdy Bank House and in many other places. Range of elevation from 100 feet to 550 yards.4. S. anglicum, Huds. Native. Atlantic type. Area C. Range 1.
On the Heugh and near the castle on Holy Island on basalt.
5. S. album, L. Alien.
Old walks at Ilderton and Embleton (T.). Walls at Hexham ("W. Eobertson). On the abbey bridge below Barnard Castle (E. Robson. F.).
6. S. acre, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent on dry banks and walls, ascending Teesdale to Newbiggin, 300 yards, and to the basaltic rocks at Gunnerton.
7. S. reflexum, S. rupestre, and Sempervivum tectorum are all three not unfrequently to be seen on roofs and old walls, but have no claim to be considered indigenous.
Order 13. SAXIFEAGACEAE.
1. SAXIFRAGA, L.
1. S. umbrosa, and S. geum, L.
Are to be seen occasionally in a half-wild condition where they have strayed from parks or old gardens.
2. S. stellaris, L. Native. Highland type. Area C, N, D). Range 1-3.
Plentiful by the side of some of the Cheviot sykes, ascending to 850 yards on Cheviot itself (T.), descending to the Careburn near Earl, 150 yards, and in the Coquet district to the banks of the Usway Burn below Usway Ford. In the Allen district both in Coal Cleugh and on Kilhope Law, and in the Derwent district near Riddlehamhope, and on the banks of the Beldon Burn. In the Wear district by the streams that issue from the Main Limestone of Welhope and Irishope. In the Tees district in many places, from Widdy Bank Fell and 750 yards on Highfield eastward to Eglestone Moor and the High Force.3. S. hirculus, L. Native. Intermediate type. Area D. Range 2.
In two places in the Wear district in Irishope, one three and the other five miles distant from St. John's Chapel (James Backhouse). Estimated altitude 400-500 yards.
4. S. aizoides, L. Native. Highland type. Area N, D. Range 1, 2.
Not known amongst the Cheviots. Banks of the Irthing near Gilsland, where it was first noticed by Wallis, a very low station (about 150 yards) for so thoroughly montane a plant when it is not known higher up the river. In Teesdale fine and plentiful on the banks of the Widdy Bank streamlets and carried down the river to the High Force. Range of altitude 150-500 yards. The station of Cawsey Dene, reported in the New Botanists' Guide, is no doubt a mistake.
5. S. granulata, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Dry sandy banks and cliffs of limestone and basalt, frequent, ascending from the coast links to 500 yards in the Cheviot denes.
6. S. tridactylites, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent on walls and rocks, ascending in Teesdale to Newbiggin, 300 yards.
7. S. hypnoides, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, D. Range 2, 3.
Plentiful in Henhole, Goldscleugh, and the Brizzle, descending to Fleethope. In the Tees district on the peak of Highfield, and abundant on Falcon Clints. Range of altitude 200-750 yards.
1. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, L.
1. C. oppositifolium, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in damp woods and about the hill streams, ascending to 800 yards on Cheviot, 550 yards in Welhope, and 1000 feet in East Allendale.
2. C. alternifolium, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
In similar situations to the preceding but less frequent, ascending to 500 yards in the Brizzle (James Hardy).
3. PARNASSIA, L.
1. P. palustris, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Damp places near the sea and upland bogs. Frequent in the Magnesian Limestone denes. On the links at Holy Island, Alnmouth, Beadnell, &c. Ascending to 550 yards on Cheviot and in Welhope, to 500 yards on Widdy Bank, and nearly as high in Allendale and the Derwent district.
Order 14. ARALIACEAE.
1. ADOXA, L.
1. A. moschatellina, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D.
Frequent in woods, ascending in North Tynedale to Hareshaw Dene, 200 yards, and the British huts of Yevering Bell and Homilheugh.
2. HEDERA, L.
1. H. helix, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common on hedge-banks, rocks, and trees, ascending to the porphyritic crags of Yevering Bell and Coquetdale, and to 400 yards on the limestone scars of Langdon Dale and Weardale.
Order 15. COENACEAE.
l. CORNUS, L.
1. C. sanguinea, L. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1. Truly wild in the Magnesian Limestone denes, and probably also in hedges in the south-east of Durham, but apparently planted only north of the Tyne.
2. C. suecica, L. Native. Highland type. Area C. Range 2.
On Cheviot in a hollow facing Wooler Common between the head of the Glen and Wooler Water, and found also by the Rev. J.F. Bigge on Rimside Moor. Estimated altitude 300-500 yards.
Order 16. UMBELLIFERAE.
1. HYDROCOTYLE, L.
1. H. vulgaris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in swampy places, especially amongst the hills, ascending to 650 feet on Wooler Common.
2. SANICULA, L.
1. S. europaea, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in woods and on shaded hedge-banks, ascending in North Tynedale to Tecket Dene, 150 yards.
3. ERYNGIUM, L.
1. E. maritimum, L. Native. Maritime. British type. Area D. Range 1.
Has been gathered in various places along the Durham coast, as near South Shields, Hartlepool, Castle Eden, and Seaton Carew, but not seen recently.
4. CONIUM, L.
1. C. maculatum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in ditches and waste ground, ascending Coquetdale to Linn Shiels and Allendale to Allentown, 250 yards. 5. SMYRNIUM, L.
1. S. olusatrum, L. Denizen. English type. Area N, D.
Reported from Dunstanbro', probably in error for Ligusticum. On the rocks below Tynemouth Castle, first noted there by Wallis and still holding its ground. Behind the town walls above the Close Gate, Newcastle (F!). Willington Dene (W.H. Brown). In the church-yard at Hurworth (Rev. J. Harriman! F.). Below the church in Hesleden Dene (M.A. Lawson).
6. CICUTA, L.
1. C. virosa, L. Native. English type. Area C. Range 1.
Learmouth Bog, and a single specimen found in 1840 on Charlton Moor (R. Embleton!) Ditches at Ewart near Wooler (T.). Reported by "Wallis from the bank of the North Tyne at Low Park End near Nunwick.
7. APIUM, L.
1. A. graveolens, L. Native. Maritime. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in the marshes and about the mouth of the streams all along the coast.
8. PETROSELINUM, Hoffm.
1. P. sativum, Hoffm. Alien.
Old walls, introduced. Hulne Abbey, Barnard Castle, and on the Magnesian Limestone rocks at Tunstall and Coniscliffe.
9. HELOSCIADIUM, Koch.
1. H. nodiflorum, Koch. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in ditches and slow streams in the low country, ascending in the Cheviot tract to Earl, and in North Tynedale to Barrasford, 100 yards.2. H. inundatum, Koch. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Moory swamps, not unfrequent, ascending to Gateshead Fell, 150 yards.
10. AEGOPODIUM, L.
1. AE. podagraria, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Stream-sides and road-sides, frequent, ascending to 450 yards in East Allendale, 350 yards in Teesdale, and nearly as high in Weardale.
11. SISON, L.
1. S. amomum, L. Incognit.
On a gravelly bank by the road on the south-east side of the bridge at Barrasford, and also in the lane between the Edge House and Chollerton Road (Wallis).
12. CARUM, L.
1. C. carui, L. Alien.
Occasionally introduced. Abundant in waste ground about Shorngate House near Allenheads, 1865 (B.). Corn-fields near Beamish (Winch).
13. SIUM, L.
1. S. latifolium, L. Native. English type. Area C. Range 1.
Ditches near Embleton and Beadnell (R. Embleton). Formerly found at Friars Goose near Gateshead, but the pond where it grew was drained long ago.
2. S. angustifolium, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent in ditches and slow streams in the low country.
14. BUNIUM, L.
1. B. flexuosum, With. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common in grassy places, ascending to 650 yards on Highfield, 550 yards in both East and West Allendale, 350 yards in Dunsdale.
15. PIMPINELLA, L.
1. P. saxifraga, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent on dry banks, ascending from the coast-links to Falcon Clints, 500 yards, and the Main Limestone scars of Burnhope, 550 yards.
2. P. magna, L. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
About the Wansbeck at Morpeth and Skeepwash (John Storey. B.). In North Tynedale at Long Rigg and Barrasford, discovered by Wallis, gathered by the Club, 1858. In Durham in several places on the Magnesian Limestone about Sunderland and Hartlepool.
16. BUPLEURUM, L.
1. B. tenuissimum, L. Native. Maritime. English type. Area D. Range 1.
On the sea-banks about the mouth of the Tees (F. R!).
2. B. rotundifolium, L. Colonist. Germanic type. Area D. Range 1.
Corn-fields to the north and west of Norton and about Carlton and Redmarshal (John Hogg. F. R.). Corn-field adjoining the Common, Hartlepool (M. A. Lawson).
17. OENANTHE, L.
1. OE. fistulosa, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Ponds in the low country, not unfrequent.
2. OE. Lachenalii, Gmel. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent in salt marshes along the coast. Warren Mills, Alnmouth, Howick, Embleton, Newton-by-the-Sea, Swinhoe, Warkworth, Willington, Southwick, Hylton, Hartlepool, Seaton Carew. The plants called peucedanifolia and pimpinelloides in Winch's Flora both belong here.
3. OE. crocata, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent on the banks of streams in the low country, ascending North Tynedale to Barrasford, Weardale to Frosterley, 150 yards.
4. OE. phellandrium, Lam. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Prestwick Carr (F. R!). In a large pond at Walker at the foot of the ballast hill (R.B. Bowman!). Ponds near Cocken and Durham (F.). In a swamp near Bear Park (Rev. J. Symons. F.). Fine in Morden Carr in the ditches.
18. AETHUSA, L.
1. AE. cynapium, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in cultivated fields, ascending in Weardale to Frosterley, 200 yards.
19. LIGUSTICUM, L.
1. L. scoticum, L. Native. Maritime. Scottish type. Area C. Range 1.
On the beach a quarter of a mile south of Bambro' Castle (Sir W.C. Trevelyan!). Amongst the rocks on the north side of Dunstanbro' Castle, now eradicated (R. Embleton!).
20. SILAUS, Besser.
1. S. pratensis, Bess. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in grassy places in the low country, ascending to 150 yards at Lowick. 21. MEUM, Tourn.
1. M. athamanticum, Jacq. Native. Scottish type. Area N. Range 1.
On the basaltic ridge a quarter of a mile north of the village of Throckington, recorded by Wallis, gathered lately by Mr. Makepeace. Estimated altitude, 150 yards.
22. ANGELICA, L.
1. A. sylvestris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common by stream-sides and in damp woods, ascending to 500 yards in the Cheviot ravines and as high in Allendale. The plant recorded in the Flora as A. archangelica, L., is this only.
23. PEUCEDANUM, Linn.
1. P. ostruthium, Koch. Alien.
About some of the dale farm-houses, apparently planted to use as a cow medicine. Bleakhope farm on the Breamish (Professor Oliver and W. H. Brown!). In Weardale on the banks of Daddre Burn below Daddre Shield (F.). Sparingly in Welhope. Abundant near a farm-house at 1600 feet not far from the head of Harwood Dale, also at Langdon Bridge (B.).
24. PASTINACA, L.
1. P. sativa, L. Denizen. English type. Area D. Range 1.
A common ballast plant all along the coast, but probably indigenous on the Magnesian Limestone, as at Tunstall near Sunderland.
25. HERACLEUM, L.
1. H. sphondylium, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in woods and meadows, ascending to 600 yards in Kilhope, 550 in Harwood Dale and East Allendale, 350 yards in Goldscleugh. Var. angustifolium near Denwick (T.), and a form with narrow leaves and oblong fruit in the wood above Haydon Bridge (B.).
26. DAUCUS, L.
1. D. carota, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Dry sandy fields and banks, not unfrequent, ascending to 1000 feet in Rookhope in a cultivated field. Truly wild about the Frosterley lime-quarries at 200 yards, and ascending Coquetdale to Sharperton.
27. CAUCALIS, L.
1. C. daucoides, L. Colonist. Germanic type. Area D. Range 1.
Cultivated fields bordering the lane between the village of Fulwell and the sea (F. R!). Clayey corn-fields half a mile north of Norton (John Hogg. F.). Fields near Whitburn (B.G.). Near the Old Park Lodge, Bishop Auckland (Miss Wharton).
28. TORILIS, Adans.
1. T. anthriscus, Gaertn. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Hedge-banks and dry ground, frequent, ascending in Teesdale to High Force Wood, 980 feet, in Rookhope to 1100 feet, in Coquetdale to Alwinton.
2. T. nodosa, Gaertn. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in sandy fields and the foot of walls along the coast, associated usually with Anthriscus vulgaris.
29. SCANDIX, L.
1. S. pecten-veneris, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D.
Common in cultivated fields, ascending in Teesdale to the High Force, 350 yards, and in Weardale to St. John's Chapel, 950 feet.
30. ANTHRISCUS, Hoffm.
1. A. vulgaris, Pers. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Sandy ground, frequent all along the coast.
1. A. cerefolium, Hoffru. Alien.
Casually subspontaneous. Hexham, Gateshead, &c.
3. A. sylvestris, Hoffm. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common everywhere in grassy places, ascending to 650 yards on Highfield, 550 yards in East Allendale. A form with deep green nearly naked leaves with narrow divisions, on limestone scars in Harwood Dale (B.).
31. CHAEROPHYLLUM, L.
1. C. temulum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Thickets and hedge-banks, common, ascending to 250 yards in Teesdale, and in Weardale to Stanhope.
32. MYRRHIS, Scop.
1. M. odorata, Scop. Native. Intermediate type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Rare in Cheviot-land. Road-side near Cornhill (Dr. Johnston). Road-side near Lilburn (James Hardy). In Coquetdale at Holystone (B.). Banks of the Aln below Denwick Bridge, and of the Coquet opposite Warkworth Hermitage. Common by stream-sides in Tyneland and Durham, ascending in East Allendale to 550 yards, in Teesdale to Langdon Bridge, 400 yards. Division 3. COROLLIFLORAE.
Order 1. CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
1. SAMBUCUS, L.
1. S. nigra, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in woods and hedges, ascending in East Allendale to 300 yards.
2. S. ebulus, L. Denizen. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
On the west side of the church-yard wall at Chatton (Wallis). Bambro', and on an old dike at Ingram (Sir W.C. Trevelyan): gathered recently at the latter station by W. Richardson. Holy Island (T.). Lane behind the church at North Sunderland (R. Embleton). In Tynedale at Purley Green (Wallis); and at the Crooks near Mumps Hall (John Thompson). In several places near Newcastle, as near Benwell, Felling, and between Stella and Blaydon (F. R!). Shincliffe Vale, and between Pelaw Wood and Old Durham (Miss Wharton). Tees bank between Yarm and Worsall (B.).
2. VIBURNUM, L.
1. V. opulus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in hedges and thickets, ascending in Teesdale to 350 yards.
2. V. lantana, L. Alien.
Hedge-row by the high road near Shilbottle (T.). Chipchase Woods, North Tynedale (B.). Hell Kettles near Croft (W. Foggitt). Hedge near Sedgefield (Rev. A. M. Norman). 3. LONICERA, L.
1. L. periclymerinum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Eange 1, 2.
Common in woods and hedge-rows, ascending in Teesdale to Falcon Clints, 500 yards.
2. L. xylosteum, L. Alien. Occasionally subspontaneous in plantations, as at Alnwick, Warkworth, Wallington, Durham, &c.
4. LINNAEA, Gronov.
1. L. borealis, Gron. Native ? Scottish type. Area N. Range 1.
In a plantation of Pinus sylvestris at Catcherside, near Scots' Gap Station, possibly introduced, as it grows very sparingly in one corner of the wood only, and the trees were imported direct from Norway by Sir W. Blackett about 1770. It was planted by Mr. Selby in the dene near Twizell House, and has become established. Altitude about 200 yards.
Order 2. RUBIACEAE.
1. GALIUM, L.
1. G. verum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common on dry grassy banks, ascending to 350 yards in Goldscleugh, to 450 yards in East Allendale, and to the Alain Limestone scars of Ivilhope, Welhope, and Newbiggin Moor, 550 yards.
2. G. palustre, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent upon the edges of ponds and on damp moors, ascending to 550 yards on Cheviot, 600 yards in Coal Cleugh, and 650 yards on Highfield. Var. elongatum is not unfrequent in swamps in the low country, and ascends Coquetdale to Rothbury.3. G. cruciatum, "With. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent upon hedge-banks and the edge of fields, ascending in Teesdale to 400 yards, and nearly as high in Rookhope.
4. G. uliginosum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in damp places, especially amongst the moors, ascending in Welhope to 550 yards.
5. G. saxatile, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent in heathy places, ascending the peaks of all the higher hills, Cheviot, 850 yards, Highfield, Kilhope Law, &c.
6. G. mollugo, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Hedge-rows and thickets, very rare in Cheviot-land, more frequent in Tyneland and Durham. Very fine about Hexham, Wark, Nunwick, &c., ascending to 200 yards at Staward Peel.
7. G. sylvestre, Poll. Native. Xerophilous. Intermediate type. Area C, D. Range 1, 2.
Not observed yet in the neighbourhood of Wooler, but plentiful on the porphyry at Windyhaugh and Alwinton. In the Wear district sparingly on the Main Limestone scars of Burnhope, and more abundant in Kilhope. Common in Harwood Dale, ascending to the Upper Limestone of Bleak Law. Range of altitude, 150-550 yards.
8. G. tricorne, With. Colonist. Germanic type. Area C, D. Range 1.
Barley-field near Beal Station, 1866 (B.). On the Magnesian Limestone not uncommon about Marsden, Cleadon, Fulwell, &c. Corn-fields near Seaton Carew (W. Backhouse. F!). Corn-field west of the railway at Greatham (M.A. Lawson).9. G. aparine, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Eange 1, 2.
Common in hedges and cultivated fields, ascending to 350 yards in Teesdale, and as high in Rookhope.
10. G. boreale, L. Native. Highland type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
By the Tweed side near Cornhill (R. Embleton). Not known amongst the Cheviots. Banks of the Tyne at Tarset, Bellingham, Nunwick, Hexham, Wylam, Bywell, &c.; and of the Irthing at Wardrew. Common by the Tees, beginning at the Caldron Snout, 500 yards, and carried down to Darlington and Yarm.
2. SHERARDIA, L.
1. S. arvensis, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in cultivated fields, ascending to 850 feet in Teesdale.
3. ASPERULA, L.
1. A. odorata, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in woods, ascending in Teesdale to High Force Wood, 980 feet, and in the Wear district to Elm Ford near St. John's Chapel, 850 yards.
Order 3. VALERIANACEAE.
1. CENTRANTHUS, D. C.
1. C. ruber, D.C. Alien.
Sometimes on old walls, as at Hulne Abbey.
2. VALERIANA, L.
1. V. officinalis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Stream-sides and ditches, common, ascending to 450 yards in the Cheviot ravines, to 1600 feet in Harwood Dale.2. V. dioica, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent in damp grassy places, ascending near Grasshill in Harwood Dale to 650 yards.
3. FEDIA, Vahl.
1. F. olitoria, Valil. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Hedge-banks and cultivated fields, frequent.
2. F. dentata, Bieb. Colonist. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in cultivated fields, ascending to 150 yards at Lilburn near Wooler.
Order 4. DIPSACEAE.
1. DIPSACUS, L.
1. D. sylvestris, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Dry sandy soil in the low country, not unfrequent.
2. SCABIOSA, L.
1. S. succisa, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Everywhere common in grassy places, ascending to 550 yards in Harwood Dale, nearly as high in East Allendale, and to 1400 feet in the Cheviot ravines.
2. S. columbaria, L. Native. Xerophilous. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Not known amongst the porphyry of the Cheviot, and in the northern subprovince known only upon the basalt, as at Ratcheugh and Spindlestone, and the coast links. In Tyneland and Durham frequent on the limestone, ascending to the Main Limestone scars of Harwood Dale and Newbiggin Moor, 550 yards. 3. KNAUTIA, Coult.
1. K. arvensis, Coult. Native. British type. Area C, N, Range 1.
Dry banks and on the borders of cultivated fields, common, ascending to 300 yards in Teesdale and East Allendale.
Order 5. COMPOSITE.
1. TRAGOPOGON, L.
1. T. pratensis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in grassy places, ascending Coquetdale to Alwinton, Teesdale to Middleton, and to 1100 feet in Rookhope. Var. minor, Fries, is more frequent than the type.
2. T. porrifolius, L. Alien.
A single specimen in waste ground near Beal Station, 1851 (T.).
2. HELMINTHIA, Juss.
1. H. echioides, Gaertn. Native. English type. Area C, D. Range 1.
On the sea-banks at Howick and Amble ("W. Richardson). Not unfrequent upon the Magnesian Limestone, and about Sedgefield and Stockton.
3. PICRIS, L.
1. P. hieracioides, L. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Shull near Wolsingham, 150 yards, and Bay dales near Darlington (W. Backhouse !). At the lower end of Hawthorn Dene (F.). Near Norton (John Hogg. F.).
4. THRINCIA, Roth.
1. T. hirta, D.C. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Sandy ground along the coast-line. Seaton Delaval, Blytb, Cullercoats, Tynemouth, Hartlepool, &c. 5. APARGIA, Schreb.
1. A. hispida, Willd. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in grassy places, ascending to 350 yards in Groldscleugh, 650 yards in Harwood Dale near Grasshill.
2. A. autumnalis, Willd. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in grassy places, ascending to 550 yards on Cheviot, 650 yards on Highfield, and nearly as high in Welhope and East Allendale.
6. HYPOCHOERIS, L.
1. H. radicata, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent on dry banks and grassy places, ascending to 450 yards in East Allendale.
7. LACTUCA, L.
1. L. virosa, L. Native. Germanic type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Dry banks, not unfrequent. Banks of the Tweed above Coldstream Bridge and below Norham; also near the toll-bar at Twizell (Johnston. T.). Banks of the Coquet at Warkworth (W. Richardson!). Near Cullercoats (F.). Scattered over the Magnesian Limestone and Red Sandstone tract from Cleadon to Pierce Bridge and Stockton. By the Tees on the bank beneath the castle at Barnard Castle, 150 yards (E.)
2. L. muralis, Less. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent in Tynedale and Durham on shaded rocks and walls, especially in the Magnesian Limestone denes, ascending Weardale to Hamsterley, 150 yards (Professor Oliver). 8. SONCHUS, L.
1. S. arvensis, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in cultivated fields, ascending in Allendale to Studden, 300 yards, and to 1000 feet in Rookhope.
2. S. asper, Hoffm. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in waste ground and by road-sides, ascending to 1100 feet in Rookhope, and in Weardale to Copthill, 1300 feet.
3. S. oleraceus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
In similar situations to the preceding, ascending in Weardale to Stanhope, 250 yards.
9. CREPIS, L.
1. C. virens, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Hedge-banks and cultivated fields, frequent, ascending in Coquetdale to Alwinton, Weardale to Stanhope, and Teesdale to Middleton, 250 yards. C. biennis is given by Winch as a plant of the province, but his specimens are in part C. virens, and in part (those from ballast) Barkhausia taraxacifolia.
2. C. succisaefolia, Tausch. Native. Intermediate type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Not unfrequent in the hill denes. Amongst the Cheviots in Roddam Dene (James Hardy), and on the banks of the Common Burn (T. B.). Dene near Kyloe (R. Embleton). Near Alnwick in Rugley and White House Woods (T.). In Coquetdale near Alwinton and Rothbury (Professor Oliver). In North Tynedale near Smalesmouth (Professor Oliver!), in Tecket Dene (B.), and Hareshaw Dene (John Thompson). Thickets near Kirkwhelpington (W. Borrer). In South Tynedale in Cockton Wood near Chesterholme (John Thompson!). In the Wear district in Rookhope near Bolt's Burn, 1100 feet, and plentiful in Burnhope and woods near St. John's Chapel, 400 yards (B.). In Teesdale from Langdon Dale by the Tees side down to Winch Bridge (B.).
3. C. paludosa, Moench. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1–3.
Plentiful by the stream-sides and in damp woods amongst the hills, ascending from the Magnesian Limestone denes to 550 yards in Dunsdale, Cheviot, and as high both in East and West Allendale, and to 650 yards on Highfield near Grasshill.
10. HIERACIUM, L.
1. H. pilosella, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common in grassy places, ascending to the Main Limestone scars of Welhope, 550 yards, and Highfield, 650 yards.
2. H. aurantiacum, L. Alien.
Hulne Woods near Alnwick (T.).
3. H. anglicum, Fries. Native. Highland type. Area D. Range 1, 2.
In Teesdale sparingly from Falcon Clints down to Winch Bridge, 300-450 yards (B.). We see no valid reason for dropping Smith's name of H. Lawsoni for this species.
4. H. iricum, Fries. Native. Highland type. Area D. Range 1, 2.
In Teesdale with the preceding from Langdon Bridge and Falcon Clints by the river-side down to Winch Bridge, 300-450 yards.
5. H. argenteum, Fries. Native. Highland type. Area C. Range 1, 2.
In several places amongst the Cheviots on porphyritic crags. Abundant at Heathpool Linn (James Hardy and J. Gr. Baker), and gathered by Professor Oliver and Mr. W. H. Brown high up in the Brizzle ravine and also by the Coquet near Shillmoor, where it was regathered by Mr. Baker in 1866. Range of altitude 100-500 yards.
6. H. pallidum, Biv. Native. Highland type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
On Cheviot high up in the Brizzle (Professor Oliver. W.H. Brown. B.). On the basalt at Kyloe and Spindlestone (W. Richardson!). On the Magnesian Limestone at Tunstall Hill near Sunderland (W.H. Brown!). In Teesdale on the basalt at Falcon Clints and Winch Bridge. There is a specimen in the Newcastle Museum collection from the neighbourhood of Gilsland. Range of elevation 150-500 yards.
7. H. lasiophyllum, Koch. Native. Highland type. Area C. Range 1.
By the Coquet in the porphyritic ravine at Linn Shiels, 2 miles above Alwinton. Discovered by Professor Oliver and Mr. W.H. Brown and regathered by Mr. Baker in 1866. Altitude 200-250 yards.
8. H. murorum, L., Fries.! Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Not unfrequent on rocks, especially of limestone, in the denes, ascending from Castle Eden Dene to 600 yards in Dunsdale (B.), and as high in the Brizzle (Professor Oliver and W.H. Brown!).
9. H. caesium, Fries. Native. Scottish type. Area C, D. Range 1, 2.
On porphyritic cliffs at Usway Ford near Alwinton (B.). On the basaltic dike at Kyloe (W. Richardson !). In Teesdale on limestone at Langdon Bridge (B.). Range of altitude 150-400 yards.
10. H. vulgatum, Fries. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent upon walls and rocks, and in woods, ascending to 600 yards on Cheviot, and in the Tees district to the Main Limestone of Highfield, 700 yards.11. H. gothicum, Fries. Native. Highland type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
In Coquetdale in the ravine at Linn Shiels (B.). In North Tynedale near Smalesmouth (Professor Oliver and W.H. Brown!). In South Tynedale in a small ravine near Thorngrafton, first gathered by John Thompson. In the Wear district in Burnhope Woods, and by the Wear side above St. John's Chapel (B.). In Teesdale from the Caldron Snout and Langdon Bridge down to Winch Bridge (B.). Range of altitude 150-500 yards.
12. H. tridentatum, Fries. Native. British type. Area N, D. Range 1, 2.
In South Tynedale in the woods on the edge of the road on Corbridge Fell and higher up near Shield Hall (B.). In the Wear district in the wood at the bottom of Burnhope, and by the waterfall of the Harthope stream close to St. John's Chapel (B.). In Teesdale sparingly in High Force Wood (B.). Range of altitude 200-400 yards.
13. H. prenanthoides, Vill. Native. Highland type. Area C, N. Range 1.
In the Cheviot tract on the banks of the Common Burn, 150 yards (T. B.), and cliffs near Bleakhope on the Breamish (Professor Oliver and W. H. Brown!). In the Coquet district near Rothbury (W. Boyd). In North Tynedale in Tecket Dene (Professor Oliver and W.H. Brown). Banks of the Allen near its junction with the Tyne, first gathered by John Thompson.
14. H. umbellatum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in woods and thickets, ascending in North Tynedale to Smalesmouth, 200 yards (Professor Oliver and W.H. Brown!).
15. H. crocatum, Fries. Native. Highland type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Plentiful at Heathpool Linn, both the narrow and broad-leaved varieties (James Hardy and J.G. Baker). In North Tynedale near Smalesmouth (Professor Oliver and W.H. Brown !). Plentiful by the Wear side both above and below St. John's Chapel, and in Teesdale from Moor Eigs down to the High Force and Winch Bridge (B.). Range of altitude 100-400 yards.
16. H. corymlosum, Fries. Native. Montane. Highland type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
In Coquetdale in the ravine at Linn Shiels (B.). In North Tynedale by the stream-side at Tarset (Professor Oliver and W.H. Brown!). Abundant by the Tees from Langdon Bridge down to Winch Bridge. Range of altitude 150-400 yards.
17. H. boreale, Fries. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent upon hedge-banks and in woods, ascending in Allendale to Sinderhope, 350 yards, and in Weardale and Teesdale to 400 yards. Very plentiful on some of the railway embankments near Newcastle.
11. BARKHAUSIA, Moench.
1. B. setosa, D. C. Alien. Ratcheugh near Alnwick, introduced with clover seed.
12. TARAXACUM, Juss.
1. T. officinale, Wigg. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common in waste and grassy places, ascending to 550 yards on Cheviot, 650. yards on Stangend Rigg, 750 yards on Highfield. Var. palustre is frequent in swamps, especially amongst the hills. Var. laevigatum grows on the Magnesian Limestone in Hesleden Dene and on the sand-links at Alnmouth (T.).
13. LAPSANA, L.
1. L. communis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent upon hedge-banks and in cultivated fields, ascending in Teesdale to High Force Wood, 350 yards, and in East Allendale to 450 yards.
14. CICHORIUM, L.
1. C. intybus, L. Colonist. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent as a weed in cultivated fields. Berwick, Twizell Castle, Alnwick, Linden, Belsay, Willington, Howdon, Snipperley, Sunderland, Murton Honse, Wynyard, Norton, &c.
15. ARCTIUM, L.
1. A. lappa, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
A. minus, Schk., is frequent by the road-sides and in waste ground, ascending in Teesdale to High Force, in East Allendale to Studden, 800 yards. A. intermedium, Bab., occurs in South Tynedale at Staward Peel and Haydon Bridge. We have not seen A. majus, Schk. from the province.
16. SERRATULA, L.
1. S. tinctoria, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Very rare in Northumberland. On the coast between Craster and Howick, sparingly (T.). In South Tynedale at West Dipton near Hexham (B. Wigham). On the Magnesian Limestone at Cleadon, Whitburn, and on the cliffs at Marsden. Hedge-banks near Hylton Ferry (F.). In Castle Eden Dene and a lane leading from Cold Knuckles to Brereton (M.A. Lawson). Near Norton (John Hogg). In the Wear district at Hamsterley (W. Backhouse). By the Tees side at Winch Bridge, 300 yards (B.).
17. CARDUUS, L.
1. C. nutans, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in waste ground, especially on the Magnesian Limestone, ascending to 150 yards at Roddam. A hybrid between this species and the next was gathered by Mr. Baker in 1866 at North Middleton near Wooler, in a field where they grew intermixed. The stem was about three feet high, the leaves similar to those of C. nutans but the spines rather feebler, the heads three to five in a cluster, mostly on distinct stalks but casually two together, two-thirds the size of ordinary C. nutans, and the outer phyllaries not more than half as broad and hardly at all reflexed. This form is about midway between C. nutans and the Continental C. acanthoides, differing from the former about as much as the latter does from C. crispus.
2. C. crispus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in waste ground, ascending Weardale to Frosterley, and Coqueidale to Linn Shiels, 150 yard's.
3. C. tenuiflorus, Curt. Native. Maritime. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in waste ground all along the coast-line.
4. C. marianus, D. Denizen. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
On the rocks at Bambro' Castle and near the priory on Holy Island (F. T.). Willington Dene and Close Houses near Ovingham (F.). On the Priory Hill at Tynemouth, where it was noted by Wallis, and grows there still. Hartlepool and banks of the Wear at Durham (F.). Gathered also by W. Backhouse at Houghton-le-Skerne and J. Hogg near Norton.
5. C. lanceolatus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common everywhere in waste ground, ascending to the Main Limestone scars of Kilhope, Welhope, and Highfield, 600 yards.
6. C. eriophorus, L. Native. Xerophilous. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Recorded by Wallis from under the hill near the church at Wallsend. Rare on the Magnesian Limestone. In the lane near the quarry at Fulwell (F.). Between Pittington Hallgarth and Elemore (James Backhouse. F.). Railway bank north of Hartlepool (M. A. Lawson).
7. C. palustris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in damp fields, ascending to 550 yards on Cheviot, 600 yards on Highfield.
8. C. arvensis, Curt. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in fields and waste ground, ascending to 600 yards above Allenheads, to 2000 feet on Highfield: a peculiar form, with broad flat leaves pinnatifid half-way down, gathered by John Storey at Newburn.
9. C. heterophyllus, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Hilly woods, frequent. In the Cheviot district in the Brizzle, Goldscleugh, Glanton, and on Heathpool Bell and banks of the Wooler Water. In the Aln district near Kyloe, Ellingham, and in Rugley and White House Woods and Twizell Dene. In Coquetdale plentiful at Shillmoor. In the Wansbeck district in ditches north of Cambo, and at Roadley and Long Witton. In North Tynedale at Tarset and in Tecket and Hareshaw Denes. In the South Tyne district at Sinderhope, Allentown, Haltwhistle, Chesterholme, &c.; once carried down the Tyne to Newcastle. In the Derwent district in Gibside Woods, &c. Castle Eden Dene. Frequent in Weardale and Teesdale, ascending to Burnhope Woods and the high limestone scars up Harwood Beck, 550 yards, descending to Middleton.
18. ONOPORDUM, L.
1. O. acanthium, L. Alien.
Occasionally in waste ground. Holy Island, road-sides, and corners of fields, well established (W. Richardson!). Waste ground at Gateshead (John Storey!). Railway hank north of Hartlepool (M. A. Lawson). Tees side at Croft (W. Foggitt).
19. CARLINA, L.
1. C. vulgaris, L. Native. Xerophilous. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Only known in Cheviot-land on the coast links, as at Holy Island, Bambro', and the mouth of the Coquet. In Tyneland and Durham scattered amongst the limestone, ascending in Teesdale to Falcon Clints, 400 yards. Occasionally on the sandstone moors, as Gateshead Fell.
20. CENTAUREA, L.
1. C. nigra, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common upon hedge-banks and in meadows, ascending to the high limestone scars of Kilhope and Harwood Dale, 550 yards. The radiate form is frequent in the upper part of Teesdale and Wear dale.
2. C. cyanus, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
An occasional weed in cultivated fields, ascending Coquetdale to Rothbury, 150 yards.
3. C. scabiosa, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Rare in Northumberland. In Cheviot-land gathered by Mr. Richardson near Warkworth. In Tynedale about Dilston, Corbridge, and Hexham. In Durham frequent upon the Magnesian Limestone.
4. C. solstitialis, L. Alien.
A weed in a field of lucerne between Marsden and Whitburn, 1864 (B.). 21. BIDENS, L.
1. B. cernua, L. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Ditches, rare. In Tyneland at Prestwick Carr, and gathered by John Thompson near Crowhall Mill. In Durham at Norton (Miss Wharton), and near Birtley and Chester-le-Street (F.).
2. B. tripartita, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
In similar places to the preceding, more frequent. Chatton, Harnham, Corbridge, Prestwick Carr, Lamesley, Chester-le-Street, Durham, Bradbury, Morden Carr, &c.
22. EUPATORIUM, L.
1. E. cannabinum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in ditches and swamps and by river-sides in the low country, ascending to 200 yards in Teesdale.
23. TANACETUM, L.
1. T. vulgare, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in the low country by stream-sides and in waste ground.
24. ARTEMISIA, L.
1. A. vulgare, L. Native. Maritime. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent along the coast-line in the salt marshes and by the stream-sides, both the type and var. gattica.
2. A. absinthium, L. Denizen. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
One of the commonest ballast plants, and occurring occasionally inland near villages and farm-houses. Seen in Teesdale at 400 yards.3. A. vulgaris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent upon hedge-banks and in waste ground, ascending in Teesdale to Langdon Bridge, 400 yards, and in Coquetdale to Linn Shiels.
25. GNAPHALIUM, L.
1. G. dioicum, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent upon upland heaths, ascending to 500 yards in Teesdale, and 550 yards in West Allendale, descending to Prestwick Carr, and in Coquetdale to the road-side near Holystone. On the basalt at Dunstanbro', Spindlestone, and Gunnerton.
2. G. sylvaticum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Not unfrequent in uncultivated sandy soil, ascending to Wooler Common, to 300 yards in Allendale, and 450 yards in Weardale.
3. G. uliginosum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in cultivated fields and sandy soil, ascending North Tynedale to Hareshaw Moor (Professor Oliver and W.H. Brown), and in Allendale near Gatton to 300 yards.
26. FILAGO, L.
1. F. minima, Fries. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Scattered in sandy soil. Frequent on the porphyritic debris round the base of the Cheviots about Alwinton and Wooler, especially in the beds of the streams. Alnwick Moor, Howick, Kyloe Crags, Rothbury, Cockfield Fell, Winch Bridge, 300 yards, &c.
2. F. germanica, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in cultivated fields on sandy soil, ascending to the ridge of Kyloe Crags, and in North Tynedale to Tarset Moor, 250 yards (W. H. Brown).
27. PETASITES, Gaertn.
1. P. vulgaris, Deaf. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in swamps and by stream-sides, ascending in Weardale to St. John's Chapel, 950 feet, in Coquetdale to Linn Shiels, in North Tynedale high up in Tecket Dene.
28. TUSSILAGO, L.
1. T. farfara, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common on clayey banks and in cultivated fields, ascending to 650 yards on Highfield, 600 yards in Welhope, 550 yards in West Allendale.
29. ERIGERON, L.
1. E. acris, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Sandy ground, rare. On Holy Island on the links north of the castle (F.), not seen recently. On the links north of Seaton Sluice (F. B.). Scattered on the Magnesian Limestone; Byers Quarry near Whitburn, Fawdon, Hesleden Dene, Castle Eden Dene (F. R.). Gathered also by John Hogg at Owton near Greatham, and M. A. Lawson at Seaton Carew.
30. ASTER, L.
1. A. tripolium, L. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent along the coast-line in salt marshes and at the mouth of the streams.
31. SOLIDAGO, L.
1. S. virgaurca, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in woods and on shaded rocks, especially amongst the hills, ascending to 1400 feet in Dunsdale on Cheviot, as high in the Derwent district, and to 500 yards in Teesdale.
32. SENECIO, L.
1. S. vulgaris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common everywhere in waste ground, ascending to 550 yards in Harwood Dale and East and West Allendale, to 350 yards at Broadstruther House near Wooler.
2. S. sylvaticus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent on sandy heaths, ascending to 250 yards near Alwinton. Very fine all round the base of the Cheviots amongst the porphyritic debris.
3. S. viscosus, L. Native. Germanic type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Waste ground in sandy soil. Near Budle (T.). Alnwick Moor (R. Embleton). Near the riding stables at Easington (Johnston). Alnmouth (F.). Heaton Dene and Benwell near Newcastle (F.). Road-sides near Chirton and Wallsend (W. H. Brown). In a quarry of Magnesian Limestone at Marsden (B.). On the ballast hills about Sunderland, Seaham, and Hartlepool (F. R.).
4. S. erucaefolius, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Hedge-banks about Whitley and along the Magnesian Limestone from Shields to Hartlepool and Darlington. By the Tweed near Ord Mill (Dr. Thompson. F.).
5. S. Jacoboea, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1,2.
Common everywhere in waste and grassy places, ascending in Harwood Dale to 600 yards, and to 550 yards in Welhope and Allendale. A rayless form gathered by the Tees near Upper Cronkley Bridge (B.).6. S. aquaticus, Huds. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in ditches and damp fields, ascending to 500 yards in Irishope, the Wear district, and in Teesdale to Langdon Bridge, 400 yards.
7. S. saracenicus, L. Alien.
Gathered by John Thompson many years ago on the banks of the Erring Burn near Hallington.
33. DORONICUM, L.
1. D. pardalianches, L. Alien.
Road-side near West Balton near Alnwick (T.). In a plantation near Cresswell (John Storey !). Wear banks at Durham below Mr. Fox's garden (F!).
34. INULA, L.
1. I. helenium, L. Native? English type. Area D. Range 1.
On the north side of Castle Eden Dene about a mile from the sea (Jas. Jansen. F!). In Hardwick Dene, but perhaps planted (M. A. Lawson). Gathered long ago by Stephen Bobson by the Tees near Darlington, but not seen recently.
35. PULICARIA, Gaertn.
1. P. dysenterica, Gaert. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent in damp places in the low country. Becoming rare in Cheviot-land. Meadow near Calish Wood, Alnwick, Embleton, Holy Island, and by the side of the Wooler Water below the town.
36. BELLIS, L.
1. B. perennis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common in grassy places, ascending to 750 yards on Highfield, 650 yards on Stangend Rigg. 37. CHRYSANTHEMUM, L.
1. C. segetum, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D.
An occasional weed of cultivated fields, once plentiful, now rare. Warkworth, Haltwhistle, Newcastle, Hartlepool, Stockton, &c.
2. C. leucanthemum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in grassy places, ascending to 500 yards in East Allendale, 550 yards in Harwood Dale.
38. PYRETHRUM, L.
1. P. parthenium, Sm. Denizen. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Waste places, not uncommon, but always near villages and farm-houses, ascending to 300 yards in East Allendale.
2. P. inodorum, Sm. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
A common weed of cultivated fields, ascending in Coquetdale above Alwinton, in Teesdale to Eglestone, and in Weardale to St. John's Chapel, 1000 feet.
3. P. maritimum, Sm. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D.
Not unfrequent along the coast. Holy Island, Dunstanbro', Bambro', Tynemouth, Marsden, &c. Care must be taken not to confound this with forms of the preceding, from which it differs in the fruit.
39. MATRICARIA, L.
1. M. chamomilla, L. Colonist. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
A weed of cultivated ground, rare. Gateshead, Ponteland, Mason Dinnington, Kenton, &c. 40. ANTHEMIS, L.
1. A. nobilis, L. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Between Lintz Green Hall and the turnpike (R. Waugh and John Thornhill. F.).
2. A. arvensis, L. Colonist. English type. Arear C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent in cultivated fields, ascending to the ridge above Doddington near Wooler, 400 feet. The plant called A. maritima has been shown by Professor Oliver (see Transactions, vol. IV, p. 45,) to be likely to be a form of this species.
3. A. cotula, L. Colonist. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in Tyneland and Durham as a weed of cultivated fields. Said to be rare in Cheviot-land and not included in Johnston's Flora of the Eastern Borders, but gathered lately by Dr. Maclagan near Lucker.
41. ACHILLEA, L.
1. A. ptarmica, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent in undrained pastures and on the edges of heaths, ascending to 550 yards in Allendale, 650 yards in Harwood Dale.
2. A. millefolium, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common in grassy places, ascending to 700 yards on Highfield.
Order 6. CAMPANULACEAE.
1. CAMPANULA, L.
1. C. rotundifolia, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common on pastures and heaths, ascending to 800 yards on Cheviot.2. C. rapunculus, L. Alien.
In a grassy field of the glebe at Norton (John Hogg. F.).
3. C. latifolia, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent by stream-sides and in ditches, ascending in Coquetdale to Rothbury, Teesdale to High Force Woods, Weardale above Wearhead Village, 1150 feet.
4. C. rapunculoides, L. Alien.
An occasional garden weed, as at Shields and Yarm. Right bank of the Derwent between Swalwell and the Tyne (R. B. Bowman).
5. C. trachelium, L. Alien.
Hulne Woods near Alnwick (R. Embleton. A.).
6. C. glomerata, L. Native. Xerophilous. Germanic type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Stocking Woods near Alnwick, formerly plentiful (R. Embleton): now apparently lost. In Tynedale from Gunnerton Crags, 150 yards, and the lime-kilns at Walldown past Hexham by the river-side to Riding Mills and Wylam. Woods near Cocken (F.). Gainford and Barbara Rigs near Barnard Castle (Rev. J. Harriman. F.). Meadow below Hesleden Church and woods near Pierce Bridge (M. A. Lawson).
2. SPECULARIA, Herit.
1. S. hybrida, A. D. C. Colonist. Germanic type. Area D. Range 1.
Corn-fields on Tunstall Hill near Sunderland (F!). Corn-fields near Norton (John Hogg. F. R!).
3. JASIONE, L.
1. J. montana, L. Native. British type. Area N, D. Range 1, 2.
Sandy ground, rare, and not known in Cheviot-land. Hedgebanks in Tynedale near Haltwhistle, Bardon Mills, and Hexham (F. R!). Plentiful in Stella Dene (W. Robertson). Lanes between Winlaton and Crawcrook (R. B. Bowman). Dry banks near Durham city (John Thompson). Sandy ground near Hamsterley and Witton-le-Wear (F. R!). In Teesdale above High Force, 350 yards (M. A. Lawson).
Order 7. ERICACEAE.
l. ERICA, L.
1. E. tetralix, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent on damp heaths, ascending to 600 yards on Cheviot, 700 yards on Kilhope.
2. E. cinerea, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent on heaths, but preferring drier ones than the preceding, and consequently not so common amongst the upland moors or ascending so high. Rare for instance in the upper part of Teesdale, but seen on the basalt at 500 yards at the Caldron Snout and as high in the Cheviot tract. There are fine specimens of E. vagans in Robertson's collection in the Newcastle Museum, labelled "Near Corbridge, July, 1844, Mr. T. Johnson," but doubtless some mistake has occurred.
2. CALLUNA, Salish.
1. C. vulgaris, Salisb. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere very common on heaths, ascending to all the high peaks, Cheviot, 850 yards, Kilhope Law, &c.
3. ANDROMEDA. L.
1. A. polifolia, L. Native. Intermediate type. Area N. Range 1.
Rare in peat bogs. In the Wansbeck tract at Darden Lough and in Green Leighton Moss, in South Tynedale in Muckle Moss and Prestwick Carr (F. E!). Range of altitude 100-600 feet.
4. ARBUTUS, L.
1. A. uva-ursi, L. Native. Highland type. Area N, D. Range 1, 2.
Reported by Wallis from Little Wanny House Crags near the head of the Wansbeck. In South Tynedale on the moor above Dipton Dene near Dilston, where it was first gathered by Lightfoot, the author of the Flora Scotica. On the Northumberland side of the Derwent in Acton Cleugh (F.). Reported also from the Allendale Moors. In Teesdale sparingly on Falcon Clints at 500 yards (B.).
5. VACCINIUM, L.
1. V. myrtillus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common in denes and on heaths, ascending to all the peaks, 850 yards on Cheviot.
2. V. vitis-idaea, L. Native. Highland type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent on all the higher moors, ascending to 700 yards on Kilhope Law and Highfield, 850 yards on Cheviot, descending to 150 yards in Alnwick Park (W. Richardson).
3. V. uliginosum, L. Native. Highland type. Area N, D. Range 1, 2.
Turfy bogs, rare. In South Tynedale on Caervoran Moor, the summit and slope towards the north of Walltown Crags, and plentiful in Baron House Bog (F. R!). Near an old camp on the south side of the Tyne at Lambley (Sir W. C. Trevelyan!). Reported by Wallis from the woods of Dipton Dene near Dilston. In Teesdale sparingly on the Moor Rigs above the High Force. Range of altitude 150-450 yards.4. V. oxycoccos, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent in turf bogs at all levels, Hoselaw Loch, Learmouth Bog, Yevering Bell, Coldmorton Bog near Wooler, Howburn Bog near Lowick, Horton Bog near Doddington, Alnwick Moor, Kemmer Lough, Black Lough, Harbottle Loch, Wallington Moors, Baron House Bog, Crag Lough, Muckle Moss, Staward Peel, Kilhope Law, 700 yards, Derwent, Beamish, Urpeth, Irishope, Burnhope and Teesdale Moors.
6. PYROLA, L.
1. P. rotundifolia, L. Native. Germanic type. Area C, D. Range 1.
In Cheviot-land in Learmouth Bog, Newham Bog, Haiden Dene, and Allerton Dene (F. T.). In the Magnesian Limestone denes in several places; Castle Eden Dene, Hawthorne Dene, Hesleden Dene, and on the coast near Horden Hall (F. R!). In Birch Carr near Middleton-one-Row (James Ianson!).
2. P. media, Swz. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
In Cheviot-land in Haiden, Twizell, Longridge and Ancroft Denes and on the heathy slope of Kyloe Crags (F. R!). In the Wansbeck tract in Roadley Woods (Miss Trevelyan. F!). In South Tynedale in Dipton and Scotswood Denes (F. R!). In Durham in Howns Wood near Medomsley, and the fir plantations of the Shull, Waskerley and Lanchester Moors, 250 yards (F. R!).
3. P. minor, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in fir plantations, ascending from the Magnesian Limestone denes to 400 yards in Teesdale (James Backhouse).
4. P. secunda, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C. Range 1.
Sparingly on the north face of Yevering Bell, just above the wood, discovered by Dr. Johnston and the Rev. A. Baird in 1834; regathered by Dr. Tate in 1866. Altitude about 200 yards.
7. MONOTROPA, L.
1. M. hypopitys, L. Incognit. Reported by Wallis as not unfrequent in the woods about Wark in North Tynedale, probably in mistake for Lathrea.
Order 9. AQUIFOLIACEAE.
1. ILEX, L.
1. I. aquifolium, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in woods and hedge-rows, ascending to 950 feet in East Allendale, 200 yards on the banks of the Common Burn, Cheviot.
Order 10. OLEACEAE.
1. LIGUSTRUM, L.
1. L. vulgare, L. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Truly wild in some of the Magnesian Limestone denes, as Hesleden and Castle Eden, on the sea-banks between Seaham and Hawthorn, and occasionally subspontaneous in hedges.
2. FRAXINUS, L.
1. F. excelsior, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in woods and hedge-rows, ascending to 350 yards in Goldscleugh, and high up in Tecket and Hareshaw Denes. Planted in Teesdale up to 1600 feet.
Order 11. APOCYNACEAE.
l. VINCA, L.
1. V. minor and major, L. Aliens.
Are both occasional stragglers from garden cultivation. Order 12. GENTIANACEAE.
1. GENTIANA, L.
1. G. verna, L. Native. Xerophilous. Intermediate type. Area D. Range 2.
In Teesdale plentiful on Fendrith Hill and Widdy Bank Fell, and carried down the streams into the dale. Range of altitude 350-550 yards.
2. G. amarella, L. Native. Xerophilous. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent on the coast links and limestone hills, ascending to the Sugar Limestone of Widdy Bank, 500 yards.
3. G. campestris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in dry pastures, ascending from the coast links to 500 yards in Langdon Dale.
2. ERYTHEMA, Renealm.
1. E. centaurium, Pers. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in dry pastures and sandy ground. The Northumbrian plants referred to pulchella and latifolia both seem to be only forms of this.
2. E. littoralis, Hook. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C. Range 1.
On the coast links at Ross, Holy Island, and Bambro'.
3. CHLORA, L.
1. C. perfoliata, L. Incognit.
Reported by Wallis from "dry pastures a quarter of a mile west of Honeycleugh Crag near Chesterwood and Whinetly in South Tynedale." 4. VILLARSIA, Vent.
1. V. nymphoeoides, Tent. Alien.
Planted in the ponds at Wallington (F.). In a pond near the Tyne below Howdon opposite Jarrow (W. H. Brown!).
5. MENYANTHES, L.
1. M. trifoliata, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent on damp heaths and in peat bogs, ascending in Teesdale above the Caldron Snout, 500 yards, and in Goldscleugh, Cheviot, to 350 yards.
Order 13. POLEMONIACEAE.
1. POLEMONIUM, L.
1. P. caeruleum, L. Native. Xerophilous. Intermediate type. Area C. Range 1.
On a steep porphyritic crag by the side of the Coquet at Shildykes above Alwinton (Professor Oliver!). Altitude about 200 yards.
Order 14. CONVOLVULACEAE.
1. CONVOLVULUS, L.
1. C. arvensis, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Corn-fields and hedge-banks, frequent in Durham and Tyneland, but becoming unfrequent in Cheviot-land and not known about Wooler.
2. C. sepium, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Hedge-rows and stream-sides in the low country, not unfrequent southward, but a doubtful native of Cheviot-land.3. C. soldanella, L. Native. Maritime. English type. Area D. Range 1.
On the South Shields sand-hills, first gathered by Messrs. Hancock and Bowman in 1828.
2. CUSCUTA, L.
1. C. epilinum, Weihe. Alien.
In a flax-field at Windygyle near Alnwick (T.).
2. C. epithymum, Murr. Native. English type. Area C. Range 1.
Gathered once by Dr. Johnston on Calluna between Heathpool Linn and Yevering Bell.
3. C. trifolii, Bab. Colonist. English type. Area N, D.
Parasitic on clover. Field at Norton Grange near Blyth, 1858. In two clover-fields near Stanton in 1822, and near Norton in 1858 (John Hogg!).
Order 15. SOLANACEAE.
1. HYOSCYAMUS, L.
1. H. niger, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent, especially near the coast in newly disturbed ground, but soon disappearing.
2. DATURA, L.
1. D. stramonium, L. Alien. Has been gathered in waste ground at Alnwick, Durham, Darlington, Norton, &c.
3. SOLANUM, L.
1. S. nigrum, L. Colonist. English type. Area C, D. Range 1.
An occasional weed. Seen at Embleton, Shincliffe, Chester-le-Street, &c.1. S. dulcamara, L. Native. English, type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in hedge-rows and damp woods, ascending in Weardale to St. John's Chapel, 1000 feet.
4. ATROPA, L.
1. A. belladonna, L. Denizen. Xerophilous. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Bank of the stream that enters the Tweed at Horncliffe (H. Carr). Reported from the banks of the Wooler stream, but the plant was really the preceding. On the cliff below Tynemouth Castle, and by the waggon-way between Walbottle and Newburn (F. R!). Bank of the Wear near Durham Abbey (F.). Near Low Team (A.). Near the old mill at Coniscliffe (Rev. J. Harriman. F.). Near Pierce Bridge (E. Robson. F.).
Order 16. SCROPHULARIACEAE.
1. VERBASCUM, L.
1. V. thapsus, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent on hedge-banks in sandy soil, ascending North Tynedale to Barrasford, and near Wooler to Caldgate Mill (J. Mitchell).
2. V. nigrum, L. Alien.
Waste ground at Ord (Dr. Johnston). Hulne Abbey near Alnwick (T.).
2. VERONICA, L.
1. V. arvensis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in cultivated fields and on dry banks, ascending to 600 yards above Allenheads, and in Teesdale to the Main Limestone of Newbiggin Moor, 550 yards.2. V. serpyllifolia, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent by road-sides and in cultivated fields, ascending to 750 yards on Highfield. Var. humifusa on Cheviot in Goldscleugh (T.).
3. V. scutellata, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in swamps, especially amongst the moors, ascending to 1300 feet at the head of the Broadstruther Burn, Cheviot, and to 550 yards in Welhope, Weardale. Var. parmularia on a moor south of Bellingham (W. H. Brown!).
4. V. anagallis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in ditches in the low country, ascending in Coquetdale to Rothbury and Netherton, 150 yards.
5. V. beccabunga, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in ditches and by the side of streams, ascending to 650 yards on Highfield, 600 yards on the moor behind Allenheads.
6. V. officinalis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent on dry banks and in heathy ground, ascending to 550 yards in Harwood Dale and West Allendale.
7. V. montana, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in shaded woods, ascending to 200 yards in Roddam Dene, Cheviot.
8. V. chamaedrys, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in grassy places, ascending to 2000 feet on Highfield.9. V. hederifolia, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in cultivated fields and on hedge-banks.
10. V. agrestis, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in cultivated fields, ascending in Coquetdale to Alwinton, in Teesdale to Langdon Bridge, 400 yards.
11. V. polita, Fries. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
In similar places to the preceding but less frequent, ascending in St. John's Chapel, 1000 feet.
12. V. Buxbaumii, Ten. Colonist. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent as a weed in forage fields, ascending in Weardale to 1000 feet near St. John's.
3. BARTSIA, L.
1. B. alpina, L. Native. Intermediate type. Area D. Range 2.
On the banks of the Whey Sike and other streamlets that descend Widdy Bank Fell to Harwood Beck and the Tees. Range of altitude 350-550 yards.
2. B. odontites, Huds. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent by road-sides and in cultivated fields, ascending in Teesdale to 350 yards near the High Force, and nearly as high in Rookhope.
4. EUPHRASIA, L.
1. E. officinalis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in pastures and on heaths, ascending to 800 yards on Cheviot, 600 yards on Kilhope Law. 5. RHINANTHUS, L.
1. R. crista-galli, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in grassy places, ascending to 650 yards in Harwood Dale, 600 yards in Allendale, 350 yards on the banks of the Broadstruther Burn, Cheviot.
2. R. major, Angl. Colonist. Intermediate type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Gathered in Cheviot-land in corn-fields near West Newton in 1723 by Dr. Richardson, as recorded in the Dilleman edition of Ray's Synopsis, but not seen recently. In Tyneland and Durham it has been seen in many places, but it has no permanence in its stations: Benwell, Denton, Hartley, Elswick, Ryton, Crawcrook, Shotley Bridge, Bishop Auckland, Barnard Castle, &c.
6. MELAMPYRUM, L.
1. M. pratense, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in hilly woods and on heaths. Var. montanum, Johnst., occurs in Cheviot, Hedgehope, and many of our higher hills. Range 0-500 yards.
2. M. sylvaticum, L. Native. Scottish type. Area D. Range 1.
Recorded from woods near Hexham on the authority of Mr. F. Scott, but we have not seen specimens, and the only station we can give with certainty is the island in the Tees just above Winch Bridge, 300 yards (B.).
7. PEDICULARIS, L.
1. P. sylvatica, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in damp pastures, ascending to 500 yards in Burnhope, 550 yards in Harwood Dale.2. P. palustris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in peaty swamps, ascending to 550 yards in Welhope, 1700 feet in Harwood Dale.
8. SCROPHULARIA, L.
1. S. aquatica, L. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Frequent by the side of streams in the low country in the two southern divisions.
2. S. nodosa, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent upon hedge-banks and by the side of streams, ascending in Coquetdale to Linn Shiels, 1150 feet near Wear Head, and 850 yards in Teesdale. A plant, gathered by Professor Oliver between Hylton and Washington, Durham, is most likely S. Ehrharti.
3. S. vernalis, L. Alien.
Gathered by Mr. Makepeace near Otterburn.
9. DIGITALIS, L.
1. D. purpurea, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent on heaths and amongst the rocks, especially of the sandstone and porphyritic hills, ascending to 500 yards in the Cheviot district, and to 1600 feet in Harwood Dale and Allendale. Said to be absent from the Magnesian Limestone. Is it really so?
10. ANTIRRHINUM, L.
1. A. majus, L. Alien.
Occasionally subspontaneous on old walls. Hulne Abbey, Warkworth Hermitage, the castle at Barnard Castle, wall at Kibblesworth, Chirton, &c. 11. LINARIA, Mill.
1. L. cymbalaria, Mill. Alien.
Like the preceding. Wall at Cleadon, Whitburn, Otterburn, Mitford, Seaton Sluice, &c.
2. L. vulgaris, Mill. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent on dry soil and hedge-banks, ascending to 200 yards in South Tynedale near Haydon Bridge.
3. L. purpurea, Mill. Alien.
On the walls of the castle at Barnard Castle (B.).
4. L. minor, Desf. Colonist. English type. Area C, D. Range 1.
An occasional weed. Waste ground near the Union Bridge, Berwick (Dr. Johnston). Seen casually several times near Embleton (R. Embleton). Fulwell Hills near Sunderland (F. R!). Corn-fields between Merrington and the Auckland turnpike (Miss Wharton). Railway bank near Old Stillington Station (M. A. Lawson).
12. LIMOSELLA, L.
1. L. aquatica, L. Native. Germanic type. Area D. Range 1.
Ditches near Cocken (W. Weighell. F.). In a piece of marshy ground surrounding a spring close to the village of Morden, with Bidens tripartita (Rev. A. M. Norman).
13. MIMULUS, L.
1. M. luteus, L. Alien.
By the Wooler Water near Earl Mill, and both above and below Wooler Bridge (J. Hardy. T. B.). By the Coquet below Holystone (O. Corder). Ditch by the road-side above the High Force (James Backhouse!). Order 17. OROBANCHACEAE.
1. OROBANCHE, L.
1. O. major, Angl. Native. English, type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent, parasitic on broom. Ellingham, Eglingham, Bothal, Fourstones, Riding Mills, Scotswood, Elswick, Shotley Bridge, Cawsey, Urpeth, Beamish, West Dipton, Brancepeth, Raby, Hexham, &c. O. elatior is recorded by the Rev. J. Dalton from "near Elemore and not far from the gates of Burn Hall," but has not been seen lately.
2. O. minor, Sutt. Colonist. Germanic type. Area C. Range 1.
In a clover-field near Warkworth, 1865 (J. Chrisp!).
2. LATHREA, L.
1. L. squamaria, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent in loamy woods on the roots of the hazel, ascending from Lumley and Popple Woods on the Wear to High Force Wood, 1000 feet.
Order 18. VERBENACEAE.
1. VERBENA, L.
1. V. officinalis, L. Native? English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Road-sides near villages and farm-houses, not unfrequent. Beadnell, Little Houghton, Corbridge, Riding Mills, Bywell, Ovington, Middleham, Hartlepool, Stainton, Bishopton, Chester-le-Street, Darlington, Norton, &c. Order 19. LABIATAE.
1. SALVIA, L.
1. S. verbenaca, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Ruins of Norham Castle and on the basalt on Holy Island (F. T.). Banks below Tynemouth Castle, near Willington, and by the waggon-way near Newburn (F. B.). In Hawthorne Dene near Sailors' Hall (F.). On the limestone at Hartlepool, and on a dry gravelly hedge-bank between Blakiston and Thorpe (John Hogg.).
2. LYCOPUS, L.
1. L. europaeus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Stream-sides and marshes, rare. In Cheviot-land in Newham Bog (R. Embleton. T.). Near Newcastle in Heaton Dene and Prestwick Carr (F. R!). By the Tyne near Bensham, and by the Team in several places (F. R!). Near Durham in Butterby Marsh (M. A. Lawson).
3. MENTHA, L.
1. M. rotundifolia, L. Native? English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
In Coquetdale at Alwinton, 150 yards, one patch only, not far from the church (B.). Ponteland (F.). In the lane between Pittington and Elemore, near where the road to Sunderland branches off (Rev. J. Dalton. F.). Near Barnard Castle on the Middleton road near where the first lane on the north branches off (James Backhouse).
2. M. viridis, L. Denizen. English type. Area D. Range 1.
By the Blackstone Burn near Waskerley (W. Backhouse). By the Tees at Nesham and Tarm (F. B.).3. M. piperita, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Watery places, rare. Ditch at Haggerstone near the blacksmith's shop (Dr. Johnston). Swineclose Wood near Ellingham (R. Embleton). Stannington and Mason Dinnington (F.). In the dene lane near Castle Eden (W. Backhouse. F.). By the Tees side near Yarm (B.). M. crispa, L., a commonly- cultivated mint, not known anywhere in a wild state, is figured in the Supplement to English Botany 2785, from specimens gathered by the late Mr. James Mitchell on the banks of the Wooler Water between Langlee-ford and the town.
4. M. hirsuta, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in watery places, ascending in Teesdale to 400 yards near Langdon Bridge.
5. M. sativa, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D.
Ditches and stream-sides, not unfrequent, ascending in Weardale near Stanhope to 200 yards. M. rubra, Smith, occurs in Rugley Wood near Alnwick, and on the banks of the Team and Tees, M. gentilis, L., was gathered by Mr. Robertson in cornfields at Cleadon, M. cardiaca, Baker, by Winch on the banks of the Team, and M. variegata, Sole, a cultivated form, by Winch on the banks of the Wooler Water near the town.
6. M. arvensis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in cultivated fields and watery places, ascending to 300 yards in Teesdale, and 200 yards in North Tynedale.
7. M. pulegium, L. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Borders of a pond at "Winston near Gainford (Rev. J. Harriman. F!).
4. THYMUS, L.
1. T. serpyllum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common on dry heathy banks, ascending to 550 yards on Cheviot, 750 yards on Highfield. T. chamaedrys, Fries., was gathered by the late Mr. John Storey at Craster near Howick on the basalt. T. lanuginosus, Schk., occurs on Falcon Clints.
6. ORIGANUM, L.
1. O. vulgare, L. Native. Xerophilous. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Woods and thickets, especially on the limestone and basalt, ascending to 350 yards in Teesdale near the High Force. By the Aln below Denwick Bridge. By the Coquet at Alwinton, Sharperton, Warkworth, &c. Walls of Mitford Castle. In North Tynedale in Tecket Dene, and down the Tyne as far as Bywell.
7. CALAMINTHA, Moench.
1. C. acinos, Clairv. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent in dry fields. Haiden, Allerton, Doddington, Hetton, Eglingham, Bambro', Hexham, Marsden, Whitburn, Mainsforth, &c.
2. C. nepeta, Clairv. Native? English type. Area D. Range 1.
By the Wear near Durham Abbey, gathered first by Wilson and again by Winch, but we are not aware that it has been seen recently. C. officinalis is recorded in the Flora as having been gathered by E. Robson at Coniscliffe, and one of the two (C. officinalis according to Winch, C. nepeta according to Robertson,) grew near Gateshead, but the station was destroyed in 1823.
3. C. clinopodium, Spenn. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent on hedge-banks and in thickets, ascending in Teesdale to 350 yards near the High Force. 7. TEUCRIUM, L.
1. T. scorodonia, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent on sandy heaths and in thickets, ascending in Teesdale to 500 yards on Falcon Clints, to 450 yards in Allendale and the Cheviot ravines.
2. T. chamaedrys, L. Alien.
Hedge-bank near the Gateshead Park Engine (F !), the station destroyed many years ago.
8. AJUGA, L.
1. A. reptans, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in grassy places, ascending to 500 yards in East Allendale, 1600 feet in Harwood Dale.
9. BALLOTA, L.
1. B. nigra, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in the low country on hedge-banks and in waste ground, inland as far as Dilston, Morpeth, and Cornhill. On the basaltic crags at Spindlestone. Var. ruderalis, Fries., gathered by Mr. Storey in the lane between Hartley and Breardon Burn.
10. LAMIUM, L.
1. L. album, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in the low country upon hedge-banks and in waste ground, ascending Coquetdale to Rothbury, Weardale to Stanhope, 650 feet.
2. L. amplexicaule, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Waste ground and way-sides, frequent.3. L. intermedium, Fries. Native. Scottish type. Area C. Range 1.
Ord fields near Berwick (Dr. Johnston). A weed in a field of oats on the hill-side north of Alwinton, 250 yards (B.).
4. L. purpureum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D, Range 1-3.
Common on waste ground and hedge-banks, ascending to 500 yards in East Allendale, 2000 feet in Harwood Dale near Grasshill.
5. L. incisum, Willd. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
In similar situations to the preceding, but much less frequent.
11. LEONURUS, L.
1. L. cardiaca, L. Alien.
Formerly subspontaneous at Spring Gardens, Newcastle. Waste ground at Whitworth (Miss Wharton).
12. GALEOPSIS, L.
1. G. ladanum, L. Colonist. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Rare in Cheviot-land, and only, so far as we know, seen by Mr. Embleton near Embleton. In Tynedale at Chesterwood near Haydon Bridge (John Thompson), and Riding Mills (Edw. Procter!). Common along the Magnesian Limestone from South Shields to Sunderland, Hartlepool, and Darlington. Dry clayey corn-fields near Stockton (John Hogg).
2. G. ochroleuca, Lam. Colonist. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Abundant at Stephen's Hall between Winlaton and Crawcrook (R. B. Bowman. A!).
3. G. tetrahit, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1,2.
Common in cultivated fields and waste ground, ascending to 350 yards in Teesdale near the High Force, 450 yards in Rookhope, Wear district. There are two forms which are both common, one with white flowers and the lower lip of the corolla broader, the other with red flowers, the middle lobe of the lower lip of the corolla with two bright yellow spots with a deep red line round them; but in both its edge is frequently recurved.
4. G. versicolor, Curt. Colonist. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in cultivated fields, ascending in North Tynedale to Kielder (John Storey!), Redesdale to Chattlehope (W. H. Brown!), Coquetdale to Alwinton, the Wooler Water to Langleeford, 250 yards.
13. STACHYS, L.
1. S. betonica, Benth. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in dry pastures in Durham and Tyneland, ascending to 350 yards in Teesdale, 400 yards in Burnhope and East Allendale, 200 yards in North Tynedale, in Coquetdale to Rothbury, frequent about Alnwick, but becoming rare northward and not known anywhere round the base of the Cheviots.
2. S. palustris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in damp places and cultivated fields, ascending in Coquetdale to Harbottle, in Allendale to 500 yards near Allenheads.
3. S. ambigua, Smith. Native. Local type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
This name apparently includes a series of forms hybrid between the preceding and following, some of which have been seen in Cheviot-land at Embleton (R. Embleton), in Tynedale near Lipwood and Hexham (F! R.), in Allendale in the wood at Allenheads, 450 yards (B.), by the Team near Lamesley, and the Derwent in Axwell Park (Professor Oliver!), and by the Skerne at Burdon Mills near Darlington (W. Backhouse!).4. S. sylvatica, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common upon hedge-banks and in woods, ascending to 1100 feet in Rookhope, 500 yards in Harwood Dale.
5. S. arvensis, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent in cultivated fields. Lesbury, Howick, Bambro,' Rothbury, Doddington, Haydon Bridge, Hexham, Newcastle, Hartlepool, &c.
14. GLECHOMA, L.
1. G. hederacea, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common on hedge-banks, ascending to 1300 feet in Welhope, Wear district.
15. NEPETA, L.
1. N. cataria, L. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Hedge-banks, rare. In Tynedale at Hexham, Riding Mills, Ovingham, between Wylam and Newburn, and at Bywell and Chirton (F. R!). About the ruins of Langley Hall near Witton Gilbert, and at West Boldon and Houghton (F.). Near the Rainton turnpike gate (Miss Wharton). Norton near Stockton (W. H. Brown).
16. MARRUBIUM, L.
1. M. vulgare, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Waste ground, rare. Rocks and links near Bambro' and Alnwick (F. T.). On the island in the Tyne below Hexham, and waste ground at Cullercoats (F. R!). In the lane that leads from Brearton to the Stainton road (John Hogg. F.). 17. PRUNELLA, L.
1. P. vulgaris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common in grassy places, ascending to 2000 feet on Highfield, 600 yards above Allenheads, 500 yards on Cheviot.
18. SCUTELLARIA, L.
1. S. galericulata, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent in bogs, ascending in South Tynedale to Crag Lough, 200 yards. Rare in Cheviot-land.
2. S. minor, L. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
On the moor above the hall at Shull near Wolsingham, 150-200 yards (W. Backhouse !).
Order 20. BORAGINACEAE.
1. MYOSOTIS, L.
1. M. palustris, With. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent by stream-sides and in ditches, confined to the low country.
2. M. repens, Don. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent by stream-sides and in bogs amongst the moors, ascending to 650 yards on Cheviot, 600 yards in West Allendale, 550 yards in Welhope, 500 yards in Rookhope.
3. M. caespitosa, Schultz. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Everywhere frequent in watery places, ascending to 550 yards on Cheviot, 500 yards in Teesdale and Weardale.4. M. sylvatica, Ehrh. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in the woods of the hilly tracts, ascending in Cheviot-land to Roddam Dene, in Teesdale to High Force Wood, 350 yards.
5. M. arvensis, Hoffm. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common upon hedge-banks and in cultivated ground, ascending in Teesdale to Falcon Clints, 500 yards.
6. M. collina, Hoffm. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent on dry sandy banks, especially near the coast.
7. M. versicolor, Lehm. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
In similar situations to the preceding but more common, ascending in Coquetdale above Alwinton, to 500 yards in Harwood Dale and East Allendale.
2. LITHOSPERMUM, L.
1. L. officinale, L. Native. Xerophilous. British type. Area D. Range 1.
Subspontaneous near Hulne Abbey, Alnwick (T.). Wild on the Magnesian Limestone at Hylton Dene, and in Hawthorn Dene and Castle Eden Dene (F. R!).
2. L. arvense, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
A frequent weed in cultivated fields, ascending in Coquetdale to Holystone, to 200 yards in Teesdale.
3. MERTENSIA, Roth.
1. M. maritima, Don. Native. Maritime. Scottish type. Area C. Range 1.
Recorded in the Dillenian edition of Ray's Synopsis from thelinks at Scremerston near Berwick, and gathered there within the last twenty years, but now probably extinct. Plentifully on the north-east shore of Holy Island (Gr. S. Brady).
4. SYMPHYTUM, L.
1. S. officinale, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Waste ground and stream-sides, rare. Banks of the Lucker Burn between Lucker and Spindlestone (R. Embleton). Lanes at Bambro' (W. Robertson). Ponteland, Benwell, Wallsend, Willington, Cullercoats, North Shields, and Jarrow. Plantation at Low Linn near Durham (H. Gregson). Castle Eden (M. A. Lawson). Polam near Darlington (J. Backhouse). Lane west of the station at Barnard Castle, 150 yards (B.). S. tuberosum is recorded from near Durham on the authority of E. Robson, but has not been seen recently.
5. BORAGO, L.
1. B. officinalis, L. Alien.
In a corn-field at Halidon near Wooler (Rev. A. Baird).
6. LYCOPSIS, L.
1. L. arvensis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in dry sandy ground, especially near the sea, ascending to 150 yards near Roddam, and in Coquetdale above Rothbury.
7. ANCHUSA, L.
1. A. sempervirens, L. Alien.
Waste ground near Denwick, Hulne Abbey, and West Boldon (T.). Subspontaneous at Preston near North Shields (W. H. Brown!). 8. ASPERUGO, L.
1. A. procumbens, L. Denizen. Local type. Area C. Range 1.
Waste ground on Holy Island, recorded thence in the Dillenian edition of Ray's Synopsis, rediscovered by Mr. W. Richardson in 1850. Amongst the ruins of Bambro' Castle and by the side of the road below it (F. R!).
9. CYNOGLOSSUM, L.
1. C. officinale, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Waste ground, not unfrequent, especially near the sea.
10. PULMONARIA, L.
1. P. officinalis, L. Alien. Subspontaneous in the parks at Hulne and Howick (F. T.).
11. ECHIUM, L.
1. E. vulgare, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Dry sandy ground, frequent, especially near the sea, ascending to Caldgate Mill near Wooler, 150 yards.
Order 21. LENTIBULARIACEAE.
1. PINGUICULA, L.
1. P. vulgaris, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent on swampy heaths at all levels, ascending from the coast to 650 yards on Highfield, 550 yards on Cheviot and in Welhope. 2. UTRICULARIA, L.
1. U. vulgaris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Ponds and ditches, rare. In the pond at Spindlestone (Dr. Johnston. T.). Newham Lough (R. Embleton). Ditches at Alnmouth (T.). Prestwick Carr (F. R!). Ponds at Wallington (Sir W. C. Trevelyan. A.). About Scotswood and Blaydon (Professor Oliver!). In the Serpentine in Hardwick Park (F. R.). Hell Kettles near Croft (F. B.).
2. U. intermedia, Hayne. Native. Local type. Area N. Range 1.
In Prestwick Carr, Broomley Lough, and a bog near Crag Lough, 250 yards (F. R!).
3. U. minor, L. Native. British type. Area C, N. Range 1.
In Baron House Bog near Gilsland (F. E!). Learmouth Bog near Cornhill (T.). South Charlton Moor (R. Embleton). In South Tynedale on Plainmeller Fell, 250 yards (Miss Dale. F.).
Order 22. PRIMULACEAE.
1. PRIMULA, L.
1. P. vulgaris, Huds. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in woods and on hedge-banks, ascending in Teesdale to High Force Wood, 350 yards, and to 1400 feet in the Dunsdale ravine of Cheviot.
2. P. veris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in meadows and grassy places, ascending to the Main Limestone scars of Harwood Dale, 550 yards. Var. elatior, including a series of forms hybrid between this and the preceding, is not uncommon. This variety must not be confounded with the true P. elatior of Jacquim.3. P. farinosa, L. Native. Intermediate type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Rare in Tyneland. In the Wansbeck district near Netherwitton (Sir W. C. Trevelyan). Bog near Chollerford Bridge, and near a mineral well at Spital near Ovingham (F. R!). Frequent about the springs that issue from the Magnesian Limestone, as at Easington, Pensher, Hylton, Ferryhill, East Murton, Dalton-le-Dale, and Castle Eden. On the sea-banks between Ryhope and Seaham. In the Derwent district at Follingsby, and between Muggleswick Priory and the river, and by the Hyslop Burn near Camefield House. In the south-east tract at Stainton and Norton. Frequent in Weardale and Teesdale, ascending to the Widely Bank plateau, 550 yards.
2. TRIENTALIS, L.
1. T. europaea, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Widely scattered in the hilly tracts. Amongst the Cheviots on Hedgehope, between Broadstruther and Goldscleugh, and near the Middleton Hall shepherd's house. Frequent on the sandstone range from Chillingham and Twizell southward to Alnwick, descending to the Brislee Hill in Alnwick Park, 150 yards, and near Rugley to 200 feet (T.). Amongst the Coquet moors above Rothbury and Harbottle, in the Wansbeck tract at Catcherside, Green Leighton, and by Rothley Lake, and in Tynedale along the Roman Wall. In woods at the Sneep above Shotley Bridge (G. S. Brady). In Durham in Shull Woods (Professor Oliver), and near Butsfield, Spring Houses, and Waskerley (J. Thornhill). Ascends to 500 yards.
3. HOTTONIA, L.
1. H. palustris, L. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Plentiful in Morden Carr, and occurring in ponds in several places about Stockton, Darlington, and Durham, and recorded from a pond at East Boldon near Sunderland, these two last apparently its most northern stations. 4. LYSIMACHIA, L.
1. L. vulgaris, L. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Recorded by Wallis from the banks of the North Tyne at Low Park End near Nunwick, and ponds at Widehaugh near Dilston, but not seen recently. Peaty ditches on Baron House Bog, 150 yards (W. H. Brown !). Dukesfield near Hexham (R.). By the Wear near Lumley (Miss M. J. Hancock!). By the Skerne above Darlington (F. R!). This last station has been erroneously referred to L. punctata, L. The true punctata was gathered as a garden escape by Mr. Storey in Heaton Dene.
2. L. nummularia, L. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Damp places, rare. Gathered by Mrs. Blackett in Heaton Dene, not seen lately. Damp hedge-bank a little on the Gateshead side of Ryton (W. H. Brown!).
3. L. nemorum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent in shaded and damp places, ascending to 650 yards on Highfield, 550 yards in Welhope and the Cheviot ravines.
5. ANAGALLIS, L.
1. A. arvensis, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in cultivated fields in the low country.
2. A. caerulea, Sm. Colonist. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Sparingly in corn-fields about Alnwick (Wallis). One specimen gathered by Mr. John Chrisp at Rugley. In the Wansbeck district near Mitford (Captain Mitford. F.). In a forage field two miles west of Norton (John Hogg. F.).3. A. tenella, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent in swampy ground amongst the coast links and lower moors, ascending to the sandstone ridge above Doddington, and in Teesdale to Eglestone, 200 yards.
6. SAMOLUS, L.
1. S. valerandi, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Damp places, especially near the sea. In Cheviot-land at Alnmouth, Howick, Holy Island, and Bambro' (T.). In Tyneland in Prestwick Carr and near the Tyne at Willington (F. R!). In Durham at Southwick, Ryhope, Sunderland, Castle Eden, &c., and gathered long ago inland by Stephen Robson at Baydales near Darlington.
7. GLAUX, L.
1. G. maritima, L. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in damp places all along the coast.
Order 23. PLUMBAGINACEAE.
1. ARMERIA, Willd.
1. A. maritima, Willd. Native. Submaritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common all along the coast. By the Tyne in various places from Alston down to Hexham. In Teesdale plentiful on one of the little streams that run down from the Sugar Limestone of Widdy Bank Fell into the lower part of the Weel, 500 yards, but not seen elsewhere in the district except a single patch near the head of the Whey Sike.
2. STATICE, L.
1. S. limonium, L. Native. Maritime. English type. Area C, D. Range 1.
On the rock called St. Cuthbert's, Holy Island (this station has been erroneously referred to S. bahusiensis). Sparingly about the lower part of the Wear and Tees.
Order 24. PLANTAGINACEAE.
1. PLANTAGO, L.
1. P. major, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common by road-sides and in waste ground, ascending to 650 yards on Highfield and Stangend Rigg.
2. P. media, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in grassy places, especially amongst the limestone, ascending in Teesdale to Falcon Clints, and in Harwood Dale to 1700 feet.
3. P. lanceolata, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in grassy places and cultivated fields, ascending to 650 yards on Highfield and Stangend Rigg.
4. P. maritima, L. Native. Submaritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common on the rocks all along the coast. Inland on Alnwick Moor, Newcastle Town Moor, Unthank Moor, the basaltic ridge near Bavington, in Prestwick Carr, and frequent down the Tees, ascending to the Sugar Limestone of Widdy Bank Fell, 150 yards. We have taken plants from the latter station not more than two inches high and grown them into the ordinary coast form in two years.
5. P. coronopus, L. Native. Submaritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Dry sandy ground, almost confined with us to the coast links, but not unfrequent inland further south. 2. LITTORELLA, L.
1. L. lacustris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N. Range 1.
Known with us only in the Northumbrian tarns; Kemmer Lough, Holy Island Lough, Prestwick Carr, Rothley, Sweethope, Greenley, Broomley, and Crag Loughs, 250 yards.
Division 4. MONOCHLAMYDEAE.
Order 1. CHENOPODIACEAE.
1. CHENOPODIUM, L.
1. C. olidum, Curt. Colonist. Germanic type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Waste ground, rare. Coble Dene, North Shields (W. Robertson). Plentiful by road-sides at Westoe (F. F!).
2. C. urbicum, L. Colonist. Germanic type. Area C, D.
In cultivated ground at Howick and near Shilbottle (R. Embleton), and gathered also, according to the Transactions of the Berwick Club, in 1850 near Amble. Reported in the Flora as gathered near Darlington by W. Backhouse, and Field Houses by the Rev. J. Symons.
3. C. rubrum, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent in the low country in waste ground, especially near the sea. Professor Babington informs us that he now considers the coast Cheviot-land plant that has been called C. botryoides to be most likely a dwarf maritime form of this species.
4. C. murale, L. Colonist. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Waste ground, very rare. Near the castle on Holy Island (F.). Not seen there recently. Road-sides at North Shields, Gateshead, Chester-le-Street, and Hartlepool (F. R!).5. C. album, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
A common weed of cultivated ground, ascending to 250 yards in Coquetdale.
6. C. glaucum, L. Colonist. Germanic type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Waste ground, rare. Chirton and Ponteland (F.). Hartley links and South Shields sands, probably introduced with ballast (W. H. Brown!). Gathered by E. Robson, and more recently by James Ward at Darlington (!).
7. C. bonus Henricus, L. Denizen. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Waste ground near villages and farm-houses, frequent, ascending in the Cheviot tract to Goldscleugh, to 350 yards in Rookhope, and 400 yards in Teesdale.
2. ATRIPLEX, L.
1. A. portulacoides, L. Native. Maritime. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
About the mouths of the Tyne, Wear, and Tees, sparingly.
2. A. arenaria, Woods. Native? Maritime. Local type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
By the Tyne at Jarrow and on the coast at Hartlepool, perhaps introduced with ballast.
3. A. Babingtonii, Woods. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent all along the coast-line.
4. A. hastata, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range I.
A common weed, ascending to 250 yards in Coquetdale, 450 yards in Rookhope and East Allendale. Var. deltoidea, Bab. is not uncommon about the Tyne, Wear, and Hartlepool.5. A. patula, L., A. angustifolia, Sm. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Along with the last but not so common, ascending to 350 yards in East Allendale. A. erecta, Huds. has been noticed by the road-side near Langlee Castle and in many other places.
6. A. littoralis, L. Native. Maritime. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent along the coast in the salt marshes.
3. BETA, L.
1. B. maritima, L. Native. Maritime. British type. Area N, D. Range 1.
On the coast at Hartley, Newbiggin, Ryhope, Sunderland, and about the Tees mouth.
4. SALSOLA, L.
1. S. kali, L. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent all along the coast.
5. SCHOBERIA, C. A. Meyer.
1. S. maritima, Meyer. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent all along the coast in salt marshes.
6. SALICORNIA, L.
1. S. herbacea, L. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent all along the coast in damp places. Order 2. POLYGONACEAE.
1. POLYGONUM, L.
1. P. bistorta, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Not unfrequent in meadows. Banks of the Aln, Tyne, Team, Derwent, Wear, and Tees, ascending to 350 yards in Irishope, and 400 yards near Langdon Bridge.
2. P. viviparum, L. Native. Montane. Highland type. Area N, D. Range 1, 2.
Not known amongst the Cheviots. In Weardale from the Main Limestone scars of Welhope down to the river-side at St. John's Chapel. In Teesdale from the Main Limestone scars of Harwood Dale down to the river from Langdon to Middleton Bridge. Range of elevation 550-550 yards.
3. P. amphibium, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in ponds and by stream-sides, ascending in Coquetdale above Rothbury, in Weardale to Frosterley, 150 yards.
4. P. lapathifolium, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Damp places and cultivated fields, frequent, but not noted anywhere in the dales.
5. P. persicaria, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
In similar places to the preceding, frequent, ascending to 250 yards in Coquetdale, 400 yards in Teesdale.
6. P. hydropiper, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in ditches and by stream-sides, ascending in Coquetdale to Holystone, 150 yards.7. P. minus, Huds. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
In Morden Carr, gathered originally by W. Backhouse, and recently by the Rev. A. M. Norman.
8. P. aviculare, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Everywhere common in waste ground, ascending to 600 yards in Kilhope, Wear district. For a description of the varieties known in the district reference must be made to a paper by the Rev. A. M. Norman in the 5th vol. of the Transactions, p. 140.
9. P. Raii, Bab. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D.
Amongst the coast links at Alnmouth (T.) ; between Meggy's Burn and Seaton Sluice (B.); and near Seaton Carew (T. J. Foggitt!).
10. P. convolvulus, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in cultivated fields, ascending to 250 yards in Coquetdale, 300 yards in Weardale.
2. RUMEX, L.
1. R. hydrolapathum, L. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Ponds and ditches, not uncommon in the south-east of Durham. Butterby Marsh, Morden Carr, and about the Skerne and the streamlets near Stockton.
2. R. crispus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common by road and stream-sides, ascending to 550 yards in East Allendale, 650 yards in Harwood Dale.
3. R. aquaticus, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
In Coquetdale in a field by the side of the high-road just west of Harbottle. In Allendale at Allenheads, Sipton, and Sinderhope. In Weardale at Boltburn, Daddre Shield, and Wearhead village. In Teesdale from the Widdy Bank farm-house down the dale to Barnard Castle. Range of altitude 150-450 yards.
4. R. pratensis, M. and K. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1, 2.
In Allendale near Allentown, in Weardale near Copthill Church and about the Frosterley lime-quarries, in Teesdale at Langdon and near the High Force, 150-400 yards, detected in all these stations by the Rev. W.W. Newbould.
5. R. obtusifolius, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Everywhere common by road-sides and in waste ground, ascending to 550 yards in Harwood Dale and East Allendale.
6. R. sanguineus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in watery places, ascending in Coquetdale to Rothbury, in Weardale above Stanhope, in Teesdale to Middleton, 250 yards.
7. R. conglomeratus, Murr. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in watery places, ascending in Coquetdale to Rothbury, in Teesdale to 200 yards.
8. R. maritimus, L. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
In a splash walled round near Morden (M. A. Lawson). Gathered by the Rev. A.M. Norman near Hartlepool, and Mr. Baker at the Tees mouth, but probably introduced with ballast. R. pratensis is recorded by Johnston on the authority of the Rev. J. Baird as growing on the margin of Paston Lough, but we have not seen specimens.9. R. acetosa, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common in grassy places, ascending to 850 yards on Cheviot, 750 yards on Highfield.
10. R. acetosella, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common on sandy fields and heaths, ascending to 550 yards on Newbiggin Moor, 600 yards in West Allendale.
Order 3. ELAEAGNACEAE.
1. HIPPOHAE, L.
1. H. rhamnoides, L. Denizen. Maritime. Germanic type. Area C. Range 1.
On the sea-banks near Howick, perhaps introduced (T.).
Order 4. THYMELACEAE.
1. DAPHNE, L.
1. D. laureola, L. Native. English type. Area C, D. Range 1.
Hedges near Shilbottle, Calish Woods, and several other places near Alnwick (R. Embleton. T.). Not unfrequent on the Magnesian Limestone. Hedges near Hedworth and Hylton, Ryhope, Dalton, Hesleden, and Castle Eden Denes. Gathered by the Rev. J. Harriman at Whorlton, and by Mr. Hogg near Norton and Wynyard.
2. D. mezereum, L. Denizen. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Long known in a wood on the north side of Tunstall Hope near Sunderland, and gathered also by the Rev. A.M. Norman near Sedgefield. Order 5. EMPETRACEAE.
1. EMPETRUM. L.
1. E. nigrum, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common on heaths, ascending from Prestwick Carr to all the peaks, 850 yards on Cheviot.
Order 6. EUPHORBIACEAE.
1. EUPHORBIA, L.
1. E. helioscopia, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in cultivated fields, ascending to 250 yards in East Allendale.
2. E. platyphylla, L. Alien.
Gathered once by Winch near a mill-race in Heaton Dene.
3. E. esula, L. Alien.
Walls of Hulne Abbey (T.). Hedge-bank at Cariteth in North Tynedale (R. Makepeace!).
4. E. cyparissias, L. Alien.
Hedge-bank four miles south of Alnwick (F!). Not known now.
5. E. exigua, L. Colonist. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in cultivated fields, not noted in the dales.
6. E. peplus, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in cultivated ground, ascending in Coquetdale to Alwinton, 150 yards.7. E. lathyris, L. Alien.
Wear bank below Mr. Fox's garden (F.), and found by Mr. Hogg in a corn-field at Norton.
8. E. amygdaloides, L. Native. English type. Area C. Range 1.
In a wood at Linden near Long Horsley (Rev. J. F. Bigge!).
2. MERCURIALIS, L.
1. M. perennis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in woods and thickets, ascending to 550 yards in Harwood Dale.
2. M. annua, L. Colonist. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Very rare as a weed. Has been gathered near Newcastle and Sunderland.
Order 7. URTICACEAE.
l. URTICA, L.
1. U. urens, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in waste places, ascending to 400 yards in Coquetdale, Weardale, and Teesdale, 550 yards in East Allendale.
2. U. dioica, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common in waste places, ascending to 500 yards on Cheviot, 650 yards on Stangend Bigg, 750 yards on Highfield.
2. PARIETARIA, L.
1. P. diffusa, M. and K. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent on old walls. Ford Castle, Hulne Abbey, Dunstanbro' and Bambro' Castles, Warkworth and Morpeth Castles, Tynemouth Priory, Allansford Bridge, Barnard Castle, Durham Abbey, &c.
3. HUMULUS, L.
1. H. lupulus, L. Denizen. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Sometimes seen in hedges, but not native, ascending Coquetdale to Alwinton, 150 yards.
4. ULMUS, L.
1. U. montana, Sm. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in hedge-rows and truly indigenous in many places, ascending to 400 yards.
2. U. suberosa, Ehrh. Denizen. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Woods and hedges, not uncommon, but probably not truly indigenous.
Order 8. AMENTIFERAE.
1. QUERCUS, L.
1. Q. robur, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in woods and hedges, occurring in the peat mosses and aboriginal woods, ascending to 400 yards. Var. sessiliflora is not uncommon in the hill woods, and var. intermedia was gathered by Mr. Storey near Ravensworth. The beech, chestnut, and hornbeam are all not unfrequently planted, especially the first, but have no claim to be regarded as indigenous.
2. CORYLUS, L.
1. C. avellana, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in woods and thickets, ascending to 350 yards in Goldscleugh, and 1450 feet on Falcon Clints. 3. ALNUS, L.
1. A. glutinosa, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common by stream-sides and in damp woods, ascending to 850 yards in Teesdale and East Allendale, and to 1150 feet in Weardale.
4. BETULA, L.
1. B. alba, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common upon heaths and in woods amongst the hills, ascending to 500 yards in Teesdale. B. glutinosa, Fries., is the common moorland form.
2. B. nana, L. Incognit.
There is a specimen in Winch's Herbarium at the Linnean Society marked, "In moss-holes on Wooler Common, N. Said to have been found by Mr. Yeach." The station seems altogether unlikely for the true plant, being within the Midagrarian zone.
5. POPULUS, L.
1. P. alba, L. Denizen. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent by the stream-sides and in damp woods. It is regarded by Winch as indigenous, but we have no confidence in its claim to be so considered.
2. P. canescens, Sm. Denizen. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
In similar places to the preceding, but less frequent. There are several fine trees in a hedge on the south side of the Coquet near Rothbury.
3. P. tremula, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in woods and hedges, ascending in Teesdale to 1450 feet on Falcon Clints. 6. SALIX, L.
1. S. pentandra, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in damp woods and by stream-sides, ascending in Coquetdale to Harbottle, in Allendale to 450 yards, and in Teesdale to the junction of the Whey Sike with Harwood Beck. Winch's S. amygdalina is this species, not S. triandra.
2. S. fragilis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common by stream-sides and in damp woods, ascending in Weardale to 1000 feet near St. John's Chapel, and in East Allendale to 450 yards, but perhaps not indigenous in the Middle zone.
3. S. alba, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Stream-sides and damp woods, often associated with the last, ascending in Allendale to 250 yards near Catton. Vars. caerulea and vitellina, both occur occasionally.
4. S. triandra, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent by stream-sides in the low country, ascending to the Till at Wooler and the mouth of the Erring Burn at Barrasford.
5. S. purpurea, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Stream-sides and damp woods, most frequent in the dales, as by the Tees about Middleton, the Wooler Water below Caldgate Mill, the Till at Branton, the Coquet at Sharperton. Ascends in East Allendale to 1450 feet. Var. Helix not uncommon.
6. S. rubra, Huds. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Stream-sides, confined to the low country. Banks of the Wooler Water, Tyne, Team, Derwent, Wear, and Tees.7. S. viminalis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common by stream-sides and in damp woods, ascending to 450 yards in East Allendale.
8. S. Smithiana, Willd. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Along with the preceding, common, and also ascending to 450 yards at Allenheads.
9. S. cinerea, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Stream-sides, hedge-rows, and damp woods, common, ascending to 500 yards in Allendale.
10. S. aurita, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in damp woods, especially in swamps amongst the moors, ascending to 500 yards in the Cheviot ravines, 550 yards in Harwood Dale.
11. S. caprea, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in woods and hedges, ascending to 450 yards in East Allendale, 550 yards in Harwood Dale. Var. sphacelata, Sm., a form closely resembling S. cinereo-aurita, Wimmer, on the banks of the burn below Usway Ford. Judging from his Herbarium, Winch's S. acuminata is a form of this species.
12. S. nigricans, Fries. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
On the banks of all the hill-streams, and occasionally also in the low country. In the Cheviot tract in Goldscleugh and at Heathpool Linn. Banks of the Tweed near the Chain Bridge, and hedge at Mount Pleasant near Berwick. By the Coquet about Alwinton and Rothbury, in North Tynedale in Tecket Dene and down the river in many places, in Allendale about Sinderhope, in the dale of the Derwent ascending to 1300 feet near the head of the Knucton Burn, in Weardale plentiful in the upper part, but in Teesdale much less abundant than phylicifolia. Castle Eden Dene. We include here a wide range of forms, amongst which are rupestris, hirta, and Andersoniana of English Botany.
13. S. laurina, Sm. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Rothley Lake and hedges north of Cambo (E!). In the upper part of the dale of the Derwent on the banks of the Knucton and Beldon Burns (F!). Gathered on the banks of the former by Mr. Baker in 1865, at an elevation of 1400 feet. S. tenuifolia is recorded by Dr. Johnston from Learmouth Bog.
14. S. phylicifolia, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Not noticed in the Cheviot tract, but most likely overlooked. By the Tyne in several places. By the Irthing at Wardrew, and abundant in the upper part of Allendale, Derwentdale, Weardale, and especially of Teesdale, ascending to 400 yards in Irishope, 500 yards near Allenheads, and 550 on the limestone scars in Harwood Dale with aurita. The common forms with us are Weigeliana, nitens, and Croweana, and a plant from Prestwick Carr is called radicans by Smith in Winch's collection.
15. S. repens, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common on heaths, ascending to 450 yards in Teesdale and Derwentdale, 500 yards in Harwood Dale.
16. S. ambigua, Ehrh. Native. British type. Area N. Range 1.
On the edge of Dilston Fell by the side of the high-road between Dilston and Hexham, 150 yards, growing in small quantity amongst S. aurita and repens, between which it is probably a hybrid (B.). 17. S. arenaria, Sm. Incognit.
"On the Teesdale Moors,, but I do not know the exact spot:" Rev. J. Harriman in Winch's Flora. Probably a mistake, as the species is known in the Scotch Highlands only. S. rosmarinifolia is also given as a Durham species in the Flora, but it appears to have been considered as a British species at all by a mistake only.
7. MYRICA, L.
1. M. gale, L. Native. British type. Area C, N. Range 1.
Not known amongst the Cheviots. About the sandstone ridge in several places from Hetton and Lowick southward by way of Twizell and the Kimmer Lough towards Alnwick. Bogs near Alnmouth. In Coquetdale about Harbottle Lough, 250 yards, and the hill-slope below the Drake Stone. In the Wansbeck tract at Rothley Lake. In South Tynedale on the south side of the Tyne near Hepple (E. Woodhouse. F.). Not known in Durham.
Division 5. GYMNOSPERMEAE.
Order 1. CONIFERAE.
1. TAXUS, L.
1. T. baccata, L. Native. Xerophilous. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Perhaps wild on the banks of the Aln opposite Alnwick Abbey (T.). Cliffs on the western margin of the Allen (Wallis). Castle Eden Dene. On the limestone scars of Teesdale and Weardale truly wild in several places, ascending to 500 yards on Falcon Clints.
2. PINUS, L.
1. P. sylvestris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
The remains of the Scotch fir occur plentifully in peat mosses in several places both in the low country and amongst the hills.At Yarrow near Kielder Castle for instance, we read in the Directory, "After the peat on a hill had been consumed the remains of an extensive pine-forest were found, which caused the spot to be called Fir-tree Moss." See Winch's remarks in Geog. Contrib., p. 9.
3. JUNIPERUS, L.
1. J. communis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Scattered amongst the hill tracts from the Cheviots to the Tees, ascending to 500 yards in Harwood Dale, and occurring also in the Magnesian Limestone denes and sometimes amongst the coast links.
Class 2. MONOCOTYLEDONS OR ENDOGENS.
Division 1. FLORIDEAE.
Order 1. ORCHIDACEAE.
1. NEOTTIA, L.
1. N. nidus-avis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Dense woods, rare. In the dene at Twizell (Johnston). Cauledge Woods near Alnwick (T.). In the Wansbeck tract at Wallington and Capheaton (Miss Trevelyan. E.). In South Tynedale at Wardrew, Staward Woods, 150 yards, Riding Mills, Willimoteswick, and Dipton Denes (F. R !). By the Derwent at the Sneep near Shotley Bridge (James Backhouse, jun.). Whorlton Haugh Wood near Cocken, Streatlam near Barnard Castle, and in Castle Eden and Hawthorn Denes (E. R!).
2. LISTERA, R. Br.
1. L. cordata, R. Br. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 3.
In the Cheviot tract on Hedgehope, on Cheviot near the Cornus station, near Linhope Linn, and in Dunsdale. On the linksof Holy Island, an unusnal station for this plant of hilly heaths. On the sandstone ridge near Ross Castle, Twizell, Edlingham, and on Alnwick Moor, Simonside, Harbottle Moor, and in the Wansbeck tract at Darden and Rothley. In Tynedale on the Haltwhistle and Sewing Shields hills and in Prestwick Carr. In Allendale, ascending to 600 yards. In Durham on the Beldon and Muggleswick Moors, and in Teesdale above Eglestone near the station for Malax is.
2. L. ovata, R. Br. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent in meadows and damp grassy places, ascending in Coquetdale to Windyhaugh, in Harwood Dale to 650 yards.
3. EPIPACTIS, Rick.
1. E. latifolia, A. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent in woods, ascending in South Tynedale to 200 yards near Langley Castle.
2. E. palustris, Sw. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent in swamps; Haiden Dene, Alnmouth, Newham, Spindlestone, Ellingham, Chevington, Rothley, Kirkwhelpington, Kirkharle, Belsay, Hexham, Butterby, Cocken, Hylton, Castle Eden Dene, Seaham, Hartlepool, Darlington, Stockton, &c.
4. CEPHALANTHERA, Rich.
1. C. ensifolia, Rich. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Sparingly in some of the Magnesian Limestone denes; Castle Eden Dene, Hawthorn Dene, Horden Dene, Hesleden Dene (F. R!).
5. ORCHIS, L.
1. O. morio, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
In Cheviot-land this seems to have been gathered at one place only, Ratcheugh Crag near Alnwick; but it is not uncommon in the low country in Tyneland and Durham, especially on the Magnesian Limestone. Professor Oliver gathered a branched specimen near Wylam.
2. O. mascula, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in woods and thickets, not noted anywhere in the dales.
3. O. ustulata, L. Native. British type. Xerophilous. Area N, D. Range 1.
In Northumberland this has been gathered only on the coast links between Cullercoats and Tynemouth. In Durham it is scattered over the Magnesian Limestone from Marsden to Hartlepool and Darlington, and occurs also in meadows near the Tees at Dinsdale and Middleton-one-Row.
4. O. pyramidalis, L. Native. Xerophilous. Germanic type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
In Cheviot-land in a field near Embleton (Mr. Armstrong), and said to have been also gathered near Wooler. In Tynedale near Haltwhistle (R!), and reported by Wallis from meadows north of Crag Lake, but not seen there recently. In Briar Dene near Whitley and in a field south of Cullercoats (W.H. Brown!). In Durham scattered over the Magnesian Limestone from Whitburn, Marsden, and Cleadon to Castle Eden and Hartlepool, and gathered by Mr. Hogg in the Red Sandstone tract three miles southwest of Norton.
5. O. latifolia, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in damp pastures, ascending to 1600 feet in Harwood Dale.
6. O. maculata, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in similar places to the preceding, ascending to 1600 feet in Harwood Dale, and 500 yards in Allendale. 6. GYMNADENIA, R. Br.
1. G. conopsea, R. Br. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent both in damp and dry meadows, ascending to 500 yards in Harwood Dale, and nearly as high in the Derwent district.
7. HABENARIA, R. Br.
1. H. bifolia, R. Br. Native. British type. Area C, D. Range 1.
Heathy pastures, apparently much less frequent with us than the next. Rugley near Alnwick (T.). In two grass fields adjoining Red Barns House near Hartlepool (M.A. Lawson). Near Foxhill between Norton and Sadberge (John Hogg!). Pastures near Sedgefield (Rev. A.M. Norman!).
2. H. chlorantha, R. Br. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Not unfrequent in meadows and grassy woods, especially amongst the hills, ascending to 500 yards in Harwood Dale.
3. H. viridis, R. Br. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in grassy places, ascending in the Cheviot tract to Langlee-ford Hope (James Hardy), to 500 yards in Harwood Dale.
4. H. albida, R. Br. Native. Scottish type. Area N, D. Range 1, 2.
Not known in Cheviot-land. In the Wansbeck tract in a field near Cambo, on the banks of the Fallow Lees Burn and near Rothley Lake (Miss Trevelyan. F !). In North Tynedale on the basaltic ridge close to Barrasford (Wallis). In the Derwent district at Bay Bridge near Blanchland and on both sides of the Knucton Burn, and in South Tynedale in pastures at Sewing Shields (F!). In Teesdale plentiful west of the junction of Langdon Beck with the main stream and less abundant in the meadows towards the High Force. Range of elevation, 150-400 yards.
8. OPHRYS, L.
1. O. apifera, Huds. Native. Xerophilous. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Scattered very sparingly over the Magnesian Limestone in Durham. It has been gathered at Roker Gill, Marsden, Ryhope, Byers Quarry near Whitburn; and also by Miss Hancock near the Tees at Middleton-one-Row.
2. O. muscifera, Huds. Native. Xerophilous. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Scattered like the preceding amongst the Magnesian Limestone. Has been gathered in Dalton Dene, Hawthorn Dene, Castle Eden Dene, Horden Dene, and by the Tees at Dinsdale and Middleton-one-Row.
9. MALAXIS, Sw.
1. M. paludosa, Sw. Native. British type. Area N. D. Range 1, 2.
Gathered by John Thompson in Muckle Moss near Bardon Mills, and seen once on Dryderdale Moor above Shull near Wolsingham by W. Backhouse. In the Tees district there is a well-established station, first discovered by John Binks about the beginning of the century in a moist hollow on the banks of the Egglesburn near the Manor Gill lead mine on Eglestone Moor. Range of altitude, 150-500 yards.
10. CYPRIPEDIUM, L.
1. C. calceolus, L. Native. Intermediate type. Area D. Range 1.
Once plentiful in Castle Eden Dene, but now, we fear, nearly extirpated. First mentioned in Stephen Robson's Flora, published in 1777. Order 2. IRIDACEAE.
1. IRIS, L.
1. I. foetidissima, L. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Damp woods, very rare. Cowclose near Gateshead (W. Bobertson and John Thornhil] !). In a wood north of Sunderland Bridge near Rushyford (W. Backhouse !). Jolby near Darlington (E. Robson. F.). Morden Carr, but near houses, and perhaps introduced (M.A. Lawson).
2. I. pseudacorus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in boggy places, ascending the Wooler Water almost to Langlee-ford and the Coquet to Shillmoor (200 yards).
2. CROCUS, L.
1. C. vernus, L. Alien.
In a field near Alnwick (T.). Established with C. aureus in the park at Seaton Delaval (W.H. Brown.) {{c|Order 3. AMARYLLIDACEAE.
1. NARCISSUS, L.
1. N. biflorus, Curt. Alien.
In a field below Windy Edge near Alnwick (R. Embleton. T.). Gathered also by E. Robson near Dinsdale.
2. N. pseudo-narcissus, L. Native? English type. Area N, D.
Probably wild in some of the stations, but not in any that we ourselves have had the opportunity of seeing. We should judge it, from the accounts we have received, to be so on the banks of the Derwent at Allansford. It is reported also in the Flora from meadows near Butsfield and Barley Haugh near Ebchester, and woods at Cocken and Witton-le-Wear. The common garden plant is not the true pseudo-narcissus, but N. major, Curt., N. grandiflorus, Salisb. (Bot. Mag., t. 51), which has larger flowers, almost sessile in the spathe, a shorter tube, broader leaves, a less compressed stem, and the segments of the perianth similar in colour to and slightly shorter than the crown.
2. GALANTHUS, L.
1. G. nivalis, L. Alien.
Not unfrequent in plantations and near villages. Well established on the banks of a stream above Hawkhill Tile Sheds near Alnwick (T.).
3. LEUCOJUM, L.
1. L. aestivum, L. Alien.
Formerly subspontaneous near a pond in Heaton Dene, but destroyed long ago.
Order 4. LILIACEAE.
1. TULIPA, L.
1. T. sylvestris, L. Alien.
On the site of an old garden at Blackwell near Darlington with Ornithogalum nutans (James Backhouse).
2. ALLIUM, L.
1. A. scorodoprasum, L. Native. Intermediate type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Grassy places, rare. By the Tyne near Benwell (F. R!). Castle Eden Dene, Hesleden Dene, and gathered by Jobn Thompson near Middleton-one-Bow.
2. A. oleraceum, L. Native. Germanic type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
On the basalt at Ratcheugh, Howick, Spindlestone, and Holy Island. In the Wansbeck tract on rocks at Harnham, and by the Hart between Hartburn Grange and the moor (F.). In Durham at Wylam, Silksworth, Durham Park, Middleton Teesdale, Darlington, and Middleton-one-Row. Ascends to 150 yards.
3. A. vineale, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Grassy places, rare. Pastures at Lesbury and banks of the Aln below Denwick Bridge (T.). On the basalt near Belford and on Gunnerton Crags, 150 yards (F. B.). Durham Peth (Rev. J.T. Fenwick. F.). Baydales near Darlington (W. Backhouse. F.).
4. A. schoenoprasum, L. Native. Local type. Area C, N. Range 1.
Along the basaltic dike by way of Walltown, Crag Lake, Kirkwkelpington, and Bavington, to Spindlestone, but now nearly or quite extinct in some of the old stations. Range 150-250 yards.
5. A. ursinum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in woods and thickets, ascending to Heathpool Linn, Tecket Dene, and in Weardale to Elm Ford Woods near Wearhead village, 350 yards.
3. LILIUM, L.
1. L. martagon, L. Alien.
In the woods at Hulne and Hunwick (T.).
4. GAGEA, Salisb.
1. G. lutea, Ker. Native. Intermediate type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Woods and thickets, rare. In the dene near Twizell House (P. J. Selby), Rugley Wood near Alnwick (T.), in the Wansbeck tract at Hartburn (Rev. W. Featherstonhaugh), and by the Hart below Rothley Mill (Sir W. C. Trevelyan). Simonburn Dene (Wallis), and on the east side of the North Tyne at Howford Banks near Warden (R. Wigham!). Whinetly Burn, plentiful (Gr. C. Atkinson!). In Durham in woods near Halton Castle and Bishop Auckland, and by the Tees in several places from Eglestone down to Darlington. Range of altitude, 0-250 yards.
5. ORNITHOGALUM, L.
1 O. nutans, L. Alien. See Tulipa.
6. SCILLA, L.
1. S. verna, L. Native. Maritime. Atlantic type. Area C. Range 1.
In the basalt on the coast near Howick and between Craster and Dunstanbro' (R. Embleton. T.).
7. HYACINTHUS, L.
1. H. non-scriptus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in woods and thickets, ascending to 350 yards in Goldscleugh, and as high in Teesdale.
8. RUSCUS, L.
1. R. aculeatus, L. Alien.
Hedge-bank at Cockerton near Darlington, close to the village (J. Backhouse). In the plantations at Hulne and Howick (T.).
9. CONVALLARIA, L.
1. C. bifolia, L. Alien.
In the plantations at Howick (R. Embleton!).
2. C. verticillata, L. Native. Scottish type. Area N. Range 1.
In North Tynedale on a wooded bank near Smalesmouth (R. Makepeace!). Probable altitude about 200 yards.
3. C. majalis, L. Native. Xerophilous. Germanic type. Area N, D. Range 1, 2.
Not known in Cheviot-land. In the Wansbeck tract in Chapel Wood near Morpeth (W. Richardson). In Tynedale near Warden Mills, Gibside Woods, and in Denton and Scotswood Denes (F. R!). In the Wear district in Shull Woods near Wolsingham (Jas. Backhouse). In Teesdale in High Force Wood (350 yards), and by the river side at Winch Bridge. In the magnesian limestone tract in Hesleden and Castle Eden Denes.
4. C. multiflora, L. Native ? English type. Area N. Range 1.
Woods at Blagdon (G. S. Brady) and at Stannington Bridge on the Blyth (R. B. Bowman!). Gathered long ago by E. Robson in the lane between Stainton and Stockton.
5. C. polygonatum, L. Native. English type. Area C. Range 1.
On the basaltic crags at Kyloe, 150 yards, discovered about the beginning of the century by Arthur Bruce.
Order 5. TRILLIACEAE.
1. PARIS, L.
1. P. quadrifolia, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in shaded woods, from the denes of the coal country and Magnesian Limestone upwards, ascending in Teesdale to 350 yards near the High Force.
Order 6. DIOSCOREACEAE.
1. TAMUS, L.
1. T. communis, L. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Only just passes the Tyne in a northern direction, having been gathered by John Thornhill and others in Heaton Dene. Frequent from the Wear to the Tees in the low country; plentiful in thickets on the north side of the river between Southwick and Hylton Ferry, Ryhope Dene, Hesleden Dene, Dalton Dene, Hawthorn Dene, Castle Eden Dene, and about Hartlepool and Stockton.
Order 7. MELANTHIACEAE.
1. COLCHICUM, L.
1. C. autumnale, L. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Damp meadows, very rare. By the Wear at Butterby near Durham (G. T. Fox. F!). By the Tees opposite Eglestone, 200 yards (Rev. J. Harriman!) : this may be in Yorkshire. Gathered long ago by W. Weighell near Darlington, but not seen recently.
2. TOFIELDIA, Huds.
1. T. palustris, Huds. Native. Highland type. Area D. Range 1.
By the side of the streams that run from the Widdy Bank plateau down to the Tees, 400-500 yards.
Order 8. HYDEOCHARIDACEAE.
1. HYDROCHARIS, L.
1. H. morsus-ranae, L. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Ditch behind St. Anthony's ballast hills (F.). In a pond near Ryton (T. Belt!). In the ditches in Morden Carr (Rev. A. M. Norman).
2. STRATIOTES, L.
1. S. aloides, L. Alien.
Ponds at Wallington and north of Cambo (F.).
3. ANACHARIS, Rich.
1. A. alsinastrum, Bab. Alien.
In the Aln above Denwick Bridge (T.). Fardingslake near Marsden, where it has appeared within the last two years (G. S. Brady).
Order 9. ALISMACEAE.
l. ALISMA, L.
1. A. plantago, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in ponds in the low country, ascending to the Till at Wooler.
2. A. ranunculoides, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Bogs and pond sides, not uncommon. Holy Island, Alnmouth, Alnwick Moor, Dunstanbro', Spindlestone, Prestwick Carr, Monkton, Marsden, Fardingslake, Whitburn, East Morton, Barnard Castle, &c.
2. SAGITTARIA, L.
1. S. sagittifolia, L. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
In Billingham Beck, and some of the ditches near the Tees below Stockton (F. R!).
2. BUTOMUS, L.
1. B. umbellatus, L. Native. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Planted at Beadnell, Howick, and Wellington. With the preceding in its stations near the Tees mouth. In the Skerne at Houghton-le-Skerne (M. A. Lawson). Gathered by the Rev. J. Symons in the Browney.
3. TRIGLOCHIN, L.
1. T. maritimum, L. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in salt marshes all along the coast.2. T. palustre, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent in damp grassy places, ascending to 500 yards in Teesdale, 600 yards in West Allendale, 650 yards in Harwood Dale.
Order 10. FLUVIALES.
1. POTAMOGETON, L.
1. P. densus, L. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Pond at Walker (F.) and near Howdon Pans (Jno. Storey!). Ponds at Hebburn and in a spring at Manhaven near Marsden (F. R.). In the Wear below Whitworth (Miss Wharton). In the Skerne at Darlington (F.).
2. P. pectinatus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
In the Tweed and Wear, the Serpentine at Hardwick, Holy Island Lough, Meggy's Burn near Blyth, and salt water ditches at Hylton and the Tees mouth, and ascending to Crag Lough, 200 yards.
3. P. pusillus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in ditches and slow streams, ascending to Kemmer Lough near Eglingham, 200 yards (T.). A very slender-leaved variety gathered by Professor Oliver near Dunstanbro'.
4. P. gramineus, L. (P. compressum, Flora.) Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Learmouth Bog near Cornhill (R. Embleton). Crag Lake,
200 yards, Prestwick Carr, and ponds at Widehaugh near Dilston (F. R!). Salt water ditches at Seaton Carew, and in a pond near Darlington (W. Backhouse. F !).5. P. crispus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in ditches and slow streams, ascending to the Till at Wooler, in Coquetdale to Rothbury, in Weardale to Stanhope, 200 yards.
6. P. perfoliatus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in slow streams, ascending to Crag Lough, 200 yards.
7. P. lucens, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Plentiful in the Tweed, especially about the Union Bridge (Dr. Johnston). In the Aln and ponds near Alnwick (R. Embleton). In Tynedale in Crag Lake, 200 yards, the lake at Dudley Shiels, the mill-race at Hexham, and Prestwick Carr (F. R !). Ponds near Darlington, and in the Skerne (W. Backhouse. F!).
8. P. praelongus, Wulf. Native. Scottish type. Area C. Range 1.
Mentioned in the Transactions of the Berwick Club for 1854 as having been gathered in the Tweed near the Union Bridge.
9. P. heterophyllus, Sieb. Native. British type. Area N, D. Range 1.
In Tynedale in Haltwhistle Burn below Walltown (W. H. Brown!). Prestwick Carr (F. R!). Pools near the Wescrow Burn in Waskerley Park (F.).
10. P. rufescens, Schrad. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Ponds on Alnwick Moor (J. Davidson. F!). Swinhoe Lough, and in the pond below Kyloe Crags (R. Embleton). Crag Lough and Greenley Lough (R!). In the Weel with Ranunculus peltatus at an elevation of 500 yards (B.).11. P. natans, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in ponds in the low country, ascending in Coquetdale above Rothbury, 150 yards.
12. P. oblongus, Viv. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in peaty pools, especially amongst the moors, ascending in Teesdale to 500 yards.
13. P. plantagineus, Ducr. Native. English type. Area C, D. Range 1.
In a pond near Dunstanbro' (Professor Oliver! T.). Ditches at Alnmouth (T.). Hell Kettles near Croft (F. B.). The three stations mentioned under "P. fluitans" in the Flora belong one each to this, P. oblongus and P. rufescens.
2. RUPPIA, L.
1. R. maritima, L. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Salt water ditches, rare. Warren Mills, in the Coquet near Warkworth, Meggy's Burn, Tees mouth, &c.
3. ZANNICHELLIA, L.
1. Z. palustris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Ditches and slow streams, frequent. Var. pedicellata, Fries. at the mouth of Meggy's Burn, Willington Burn, &c.
4. ZOSTERA, L.
1. Z. marina, L. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
All along the coast in the sea, but not very frequent.}2. Z. nana, Roth. Native. Maritime. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Gathered in plenty at Blyth by John Storey, at Hartlepool by Albany Hancock, and at Seaton Carew by W. Backhouse.
Order 11. ARACEAE.
1. LEMNA, L.
1. L. minor, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Everywhere common in ponds and ditches in the low country.
2. L. trisulca, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Ponds and ditches, not known in Cheviot-land. Prestwick Carr, Wolsington, Hebburn, Tynemouth, Newcastle, Boldon, Ryton, Sunderland, Darlington, Stockton, &c.
2. ARUM, L.
1. A. maculatum, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D.
Very rare in Cheviot-land, and doubted by Dr. Tate as a native. It occurs at Greensfield, Ellingham, and in Hulne Woods. Frequent in hedge-banks and in woods in Tyneland and Durham, ascending in Teesdale to 980 feet.
3. SPARGANIUM, L.
1. S. natans, L. Native. British type. Area N. Range 1.
The only station from which we have seen a specimen is the burn in Heaton Dene, where the true plant was gathered by John Storey. The old natans is now divided into two species, and we do not know to which of them to refer the following records. Watery places amongst the copsewood near Heathpool Linn (Dr. Johnston). Newham Bog (R. Embleton). Prestwick Carr, and in the Derwent and Team (F.).
2. S. simplex, Huds. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in ponds and slow streams in the low country.
3. S. ramosum, Huds. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in ponds and slow streams, ascending in Coquetdale to Sharperton, Weardale to Stanhope, Teesdale to 200 yards.
4. TYPHA, L.
1. T. latifolia, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Often associated with the preceding, ascending to Crag Lough and Sweethope Lough, 200 yards.
2. T. angustifolia, L. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Rare in similar situations. The pond at Friars' Goose, where it used to he gathered in the days of Winch, was drained many years ago, but it is plentiful near the railway about Scotswood, and was gathered many years ago by James Ianson in a pond between Nesham and Darlington.
Order 12. JUNCACEAE.
1. JUNCUS, L.
1. J. conglomeratus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D.
Common in undrained pastures, ascending to 500 yards in Rookhope and the Derwent district.
2. J. effusus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
The commonest of the rushes, ascending to 550 yards in Cheviot and 700 yards in Highfield and Kilhope Law.3. J. glaucus, Sibtb. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in damp places, ascending in the Wear district to 400 yards near Copthill.
4. J. diffusus, Hoppe. Native. English type. Area C, N. Range 1.
Doubtless often passed over as the preceding. It has been seen by Professor Oliver and J. G. Baker in Coquetdale near Alwinton, and on the slope of Simonside, 250 yards; in South Tynedale at Thorngrafton, at Cramlington, and on Newcastle Town Moor.
5. J. maritimus, Sm. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Scattered along the coast in inundated places. Alnmouth, Embleton, Blyth, Hartlepool, Seaton Carew, &c.
6. J. acutiflorus, Ehrh. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in swampy fields and thickets, ascending to 450 yards at the head of the Broad struther Burn, Cheviot, and to 500 yards in Rookhope and Langdon Dale.
7. J. lamprocarpus, Ehrh. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in damp grassy places, ascending to 550 yards on Cheviot, 650 yards on Highfield. Var. nigritellus, Don. was gathered in South Tynedale by John Thompson, in Lipwood Moss and in a swamp near the Bourn House.
8. J. obtusiflorus, Ehrh. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Low-country swamps, rare. Gathered formerly in Prestwick Carr and at Polam near Darlington. Still plentiful at Hell Kettles, on the Durham side of the Tees opposite Croft.9. J. supinus, Moench. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common on the edges of ponds, especially amongst the moors, ascending to 550 yards on Cheviot, 600 yards on Stangend Rigg, 700 yards on Highfield.
10. J. compressus, Jacq. Native. Maritime. British type. Range 1.
The maritime form (J. coenosus, Bich.) is very common in inundated places all along the coast. We have not seen the typical inland plant anywhere in the province, and the station given by Winch is a mistake.
11. J. bufonius, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in damp places, ascending to 500 yards in Rookhope, 550 yards above Allenheads.
12. J. squarrosus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common on damp moors, ascending to the peaks of all the hills, 850 yards on Cheviot.
13. J. triglumis, L. Native. Highland type. Area D. Range 2.
On Widdy Bank Fell, both upon the sides towards the Weel and that towards Widdy Bank House. Range of altitude 500-550 yards.
14. J. castaneus, Sm. Alien.
There is a specimen in the Smithian Herbarium marked as sent from the county of Durham by the Rev. J. Harriman.
2. LUZULA, D. C.
1. L. sylvatica, Bich. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in woods amongst the hills and on the edge of heaths, ascending to 850 yards on Cheviot, 550 yards in Harwood Dale, and West Allendale.
2. L. pilosa, Willd. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in heathy places, ascending to 500 yards at Allenheads.
3. L. campestris, R. Br. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common in grassy places, ascending to 700 yards on Highfield.
4. L. multiflora, Lej. Native. British type. Area C, N, D.
Grassy heaths, frequent, ascending to 850 yards on Cheviot, 750 yards on Highfield.
3. NARTHECIUM, L.
1. N. ossifragum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in swamps amongst the moors, descending to Prestwick Carr, ascending to 550 yards in Cheviot, and at the head of the Beldon Burn, 550 yards in Welhope.
Division 2. GLUMIFERAE.
Order 1. CYPERACEAE.
1. CLADIUM, R. Br.
1. C. mariscus, R. Br. Native. English type. Area C. D. Range 1.
Plentiful in Learmouth Bog near Cornhill, where it was first gathered by Dr. F. Douglas in 1837, and at Hell Kettles near Darlington.
2. SCHOENUS, L.
1. S. nigricans, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Swampy heaths, not unfrequent. Berwick, Learmouth Bog, Newham Lough, Alnmouth, Howick, Prestwick Carr, Follingsby, Murton Moor, Hartlepool, Norton, Darlington, &c.
3. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl.
1. R. alba, Vahl. Native. British type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Swampy heaths, rare. Muckle Moss, 150 yards, Prestwick Carr, and Beamish Moor.
4. BLYSMUS, Panz.
1. B. compressus, Panz. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
In Cheviot-land known only amongst the coast links at Bambro' and Holy Island. In Tyneland at Smalesmouth, Chollerford, Nunwick, by the Wansbeck at Morpeth, and the Tyne at Newburn. In Durham, ascending from the coast to 500 yards in Teesdale on the slope of Widdy Bank Fell.
2. B. rufus, Link. Native. Maritime. Scottish type. Area C, D. Range 1.
Salt marshes along the coast. Abundant at the mouth of the Low below Beal (R. Embleton). Warren Mills near Budle (Professor Oliver). Howick and Alnmouth (T.). About the mouth of the Wear, and gathered also by the Rev. J. Dalton near Hartlepool.
5. SCIRPUS, L.
1. S. lacustris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Ponds and slow stream-sides, frequent, ascending in Redesdale to Corsenside, 150 yards (Professor Oliver).
2. S. glaucus, Sm. Native. Maritime. English type. Area N, D.
Salt-water ditches. About the mouth of the Wansbeck, Cowpen near Blyth, Hartlepool, Tees mouth. To this belongs the S. carinatus of Winch's Flora.3. S. setaceus, L. Native. British, type. .Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in inundated places, ascending in Coquetdale to Harbottle Lough, 300 yards (W. H. Brown).
4. S. maritimus, L. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent all along the coast at the mouths of the streams.
5. S. sylvaticus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Stream-sides in the low country, not unfrequent, ascending in North Tynedale above Bellingham (W. H. Brown), and in Coquetdale to Netherton, 150 yards.
6. S. palustris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Stream-sides and at the edges of ponds, frequent, ascending in Redesdale to Otterburn (W. H. Brown), and Coquetdale to Rothbury, 150 yards.
7. S. uniglumis, Link. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N. Range 1.
Gathered by Professor Oliver on the coast at Dunstanbro' and the mouth of Meggy's Burn near Blyth.
8. S. multicaulis, Sm. Native. British type. Area C, N.
Plentiful on the shore between Warren Mills and Budle with Blysmus rufus (Dr. Johnston), and with Eriophorum latifolium on the bank of the stream between Lowick and Kyloe Crags (B.). Prestwick Carr (F. R!).
9. S. pauciflorus, Light. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Heathy bogs, descending to Willington, Hylton, and Darlington, ascending to the Alwinton Moors, and 500 yards on Widely Bank.10. S. caespitosus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Damp moors, common, ascending to 500 yards on Cheviot, 550 yards in Welhope.
11. S. acicularis, L. Native. English type. Area N.
Gathered by Mr. Embleton near Alnwick, but the pond is now drained, and by Professor Oliver by the Tyne side below Wylam.
12. S. fluitans, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
On the moors west of Belford (Thompson), Alnwick Town Ponds (R. Embleton), Broomley Lough, 200 yards (John Thompson!), Rothley Lake (Sir W. C. Trevelyan), Prestwick Carr, and in a pond at Forest Hall (E. R!). Ditches near Cleadon and Darlington (E.).
6. ERIOPHORUM, L.
1. E. vaginatum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common on swampy heaths, ascending to 850 yards on Cheviot, 750 yards on Highfield.
2. E. angustifolium, Roth. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in similar places to the preceding, ascending to 850 yards on Cheviot, 700 yards on Highfield and Kilhope Law.
3. E. latifolium, Hoppe. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Not unfrequent in bogs, ascending from Prestwick Carr and some of the Magnesian Limestone denes to Alwinton Moor, Horsley Moor near Rochester, and in Teesdale to 500 yards on Widdy Bank. 7. ELYNA, Schrab.
1. E. caricina, M. and K. Native. Intermediate type. Area D. Range 2.
Plentiful on Widdy Bank, from the plateau down to the Tees, 400-550 yards.
8. CAREX, L.
1. C. dioica, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Not unfrequent in swamps, ascending to 550 yards in Teesdale.
2. C. pulicaris, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common on damp heaths, ascending to 550 yards on Cheviot and in Welhope.
3. C. pauciflora, Light. Native. Highland type. Area N. Range 1.
In South Tynedale, in Muckle Moss and in a peat bog between the "Twice Brewed Ale" public house and the south-west end of Crag Lough, 150-250 yards (F. R!).
4. C. stellulata, Good. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in swamps, ascending to 800 yards on Cheviot, 650 yards on Highfield.
5. C. ovalis, Good. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in clamp ground, ascending to 450 yards on the banks of the Knucton Burn, 550 yards in Welhope and East Allendale.
6. C. curta, Good. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in swamps, ascending to Wooler Common, the banks of the Weel, 500 yards, and to 600 yards above Allenheads.7. C. remota, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Ditches and damp woods, frequent, ascending to Langlee-ford, Smalesmouth, Tecket Dene, and 1000 feet in Teesdale.
8. C. intermedia, Good. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Damp grassy places, frequent, ascending in Coquetdale above Alwinton, 200 yards.
9. C. arenaria, L. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common along the coast sand-hills. Inland in Cawsey Dene near Tanfield (W. H. Brown!).
10. C. muricata, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent on dry banks, ascending in Coquetdale to the porphyry above Alwinton, 250 yards.
11. C. divulsa, Good. Incognit.
Reported in the Flora from Darlington as gathered by W. Backhouse, but we fear some mistake, as there was no specimen in his collection, and in his Herbarium Winch seems to have confused this with the preceding.
12. C. vulpina, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in ditches and swamps in the low country.
13. C. teretiuscula, Good. Native. British type. Area C. Range 1.
Low country bogs, rare. Learmouth Bog near Cornhill, and Newham Bog near Bambro'.
14. C. paniculata, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent in bogs, ascending to the foot of Yevering Bell, 150 yards.15. C. rigida, Good. Native. Highland type. Area C, D. Range 2, 3.
Plentiful about the peak of Cheviot. In Teesdale on a moor near the Caldron Snout (Sir W. C. Trevelyan. F!). Range 550-850 yards.
16. C. vulgaris, Fries. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common in inundated places, ascending to 750 yards on Highfield.
17. C. stricta, Good. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Reported in the Flora from Heaton Dene and a marsh near St. Anthony's ballast hills, but we have never seen Northumbrian specimens, and the station of Westcrow Wood near Wolsingham is no doubt a mistake. In Durham we have seen the true plant in plenty at Hell Kettles near Croft, and received it from the Rev. A. M. Norman from Red Carr near Sedgefield.
18. C. acuta, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent by stream-sides and in swamps in the low country.
19. C. flava, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in inundated places, ascending to 550 yards on Cheviot, 600 yards on Highfield and Kilhope Law.
20. C. extensa, Good. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, D. Range 1.
Salt marshes, not unfrequent. On the beach north of the village on Holy Island (Thompson), Warren Mills near Budle (Professor Oliver and W. H. Brown!), Howick and Alnmouth (T.). In Durham about the mouth of the Wear, and at Hartlepool and Seaton Carew.21. C. pallescens, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1,2.
Frequent in damp grassy places, ascending to 450 yards in Dunsdale and Teesdale, 400 yards in Burnhope.
22. C. fulva, Grood. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Not unfrequent in swampy places amongst the hills, ascending in Teesdale to the Widdy Bank plateau, 500 yards. In the low country in Prestwick Carr, Birch Carr, bogs at Ryhope and Hylton, &c.
23. C. distans, L. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, 1). Range 1.
Not unfrequent along the coast. Warren Mills, Alnmouth, Howick, mouths of the Coquet, Tyne, Wear, and Tees.
24. C. binervis, Sm. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent on damp moors, ascending to 500 yards in Burnhope and on Cheviot.
25. C. laevigata, Sm. Native. British type. Area C, N. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in the Cheviot tract up to 350 yards. Goldscleugh, banks of the Common Burn and Wooler Water, in the wood on the slope of the Yevering Bell, Chillingham Woods, Linhope Spout, and by the Breamish near Bleakhope. In North Tynedale, gathered by R. Makepeace near Bellingham.
26. C. panicea, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common in inundated grassy places, ascending to 750 yards on Highfield, 550 yards on Cheviot.
27. C. capillaris, L. Native. Highland type. Area D. Range 2.
In Teesdale on the Widdy Bank plateau, and by the streams down to the Tees, 400-550 yards. 28. C. limosa, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N. Range 1.
Haiden Dene near Berwick, and Learmonth Bog near Cornhill (Dr. Johnston). On the moors near Wallington (Sir W. C. Trevelyan. F !), and in Baron House Bog (F !). Range 0-200 yards.
29. C. irrigua, Sm. Native. Scottish type. Area N. Range 1.
In South Tynedale in the Muckle Moss near Thorngrafton, 150 yards, where it was first gathered by John Thompson.
30. C. sylvatica, Huds. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in woods and thickets, ascending to Langlee-ford, Hareshaw Dene, and 350 yards in Teesdale.
31. C. pendula, Huds. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Damp woods. Twizell Dene (P.J. Selby). Cauledge Woods near Alnwick, and by the Coquet at Warkworth (T.). By the Wansbeck at Bothal (Miss Trevelyan). In most of the lower Tyne denes, as Walbottle, Scotswood, Denton, and in Ravensworth and Gibside Woods. In Beamish and Urpeth Woods, and by the Wear near Southwick (F. R.).
32. C. glauca, Scop. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common both in damp and dry grassy places, ascending to 700 yards on Highfield.
33. C. pracox, Jacq. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent on dry banks, ascending in Coquetdale to 200 yards. "Teesdale Forest," Robertson in herb.
34. C. pilulifera, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in damp grassy places, ascending to 1600 feet in Harwood Dale, 600 yards on Cheviot.35. C. filiformis, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N.
Newham Bog near Bambro' (T.). Baron House Bog near Wardrew, 150 yards (R!).
36. C. hirta, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in damp meadows, ascending to 350 yards in Weardale, 400 yards in Teesdale.
37. C. ampullacea, Good. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in swamps, especially amongst the hills, ascending to 450 yards at the head of Broadstruther Burn, Cheviot, 500 yards in Teesdale and Rookhope, 600 yards in Kilhope.
38. C. vesicaria, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in swamps in the low country, ascending to Muckle Moss and Crag Lough, 200 yards.
39. C. acutiformis, Good. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent by stream-sides and in swamps, ascending to 400 yards in Weardale near Wearhead village.
40. C. riparia, Curt. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in the low-country swamps, ascending to Hulne and Rugley Woods near Alnwick, 100 yards (T.).
1. PHALARIS, L.
1. P. arundinacea, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common by streams and in swamps, ascending to 350 yards in Irishope, 450 yards in East Allendale.
2. P. canariensis, L. Alien. An occasional weed of cultivated ground, seen at 550 yards in East Allendale. 2. ANTHOXANTHUM, L.
1. A. odoratum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common in grassy places, ascending to 850 yards on Cheviot, 750 yards on Highfield.
3. PHLEUM, L.
1. P. pratense, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Cultivated fields and grassy places, common, ascending to 400 yards in Harthope, 450 yards in East Allendale.
2. P. arenarium, L. Native. Maritime. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in sandy ground all along the coast.
4. ALOPECURUS, L.
1. A. pratensis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in grassy places, ascending to 650 yards in Harwood Dale, 550 yards in East and West Allendale.
2. A. geniculatus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in swamps and on the edges of ponds, ascending to 650 yards on Highfield, 600 yards on Stangend Rigg. The plant called A. bulbosus in Winch's Flora is only a salt-marsh state of this.
3. A. agrestis, L. Colonist. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Cultivated fields, principally on the Magnesian Limestone, and not known in Cheviot-land. 5. MILIUM, L.
1. M. effusum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Shaded woods, not unfrequent. Rugley Wood, Tyneside denes, by the Wear at Durham, &c.
6. APERA, Adans.
1. A. spicaventi, Beauv. Colonist. Germanic type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Cultivated fields, very rare. Heaton Dene, North Shields, Windmill Hills, Gateshead, and near Beamish Mill (F!).
7. AGROSTIS, L.
1. A. canina, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Not unfrequent in swamps, ascending to 500 yards in the Brizzle ravine of Cheviot (W. H. Brown!).
2. A. vulgaris, With. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common in grassy places, ascending to 750 yards on Highfield, 850 yards on Cheviot. The Var. pumila, Light, is common on the moorland roads.
3. A. alba, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in swamps, especially along the coast in the salt-marshes.
8. AMMOPHILA, Host.
1. A. arundinacea, Host. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common amongst the sand-hills all along the coast. 9. ARUNDO, L.
1. A. phragmitis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in ditches and by stream-sides, ascending in Coquetdale to Rothbury, 150 yards.
2. A. calamagrostis L. Native. English type. Area C.
White House Wood near Alnwick (W. Richardson ! T.).
3. A. epigejos, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D.
White House Wood near Alnwick (T.). Moss near the Routing Linn, Doddington (A.). By the Tyne at Hebburn and Warden Mills (F!). North branch of Castle Eden Dene (F!).
10. SESLERIA, Scop.
1. S. caerulea, Scop. Native. English type. Area C, D. Range 1, 2.
Not known amongst the Cheviots, and gathered in Northumberland only on the limestone at Ratcheugh Crag near Alnwick. In Durham frequent on the Magnesian Limestone, descending as at Marsden to the coast cliffs, and frequent in Teesdale on the limestone scars from Eglestone up to 550 yards in Harwood Dale and on Newbiggen Moor.
11. AIRA, L.
1. A. caespitosa, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common by stream-sides, and in meadows ascending to 650 yards on Cheviot and Highfield. The plant called A. alpina in Winch's Flora is no doubt a mistake.
2. A. flexuosa, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common on heaths, ascending to all the high peaks, 850 yards on Cheviot.3. A. caryophyllea, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Eange 1.
Frequent in sandy ground, ascending Coquetdale to Alwinton, Redesdale to Rochester, Teesdale to 300 yards near Middleton.
4. A. praecox, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent on sandy heaths, ascending to 500 yards in Rookhope and East Allendale.
12. AVENA, L.
1. A. fatua, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
A common weed in cultivated fields, ascending in Coquetdale to Alwinton, Weardale to Frosterley, 200 yards.
2. A. strigosa, Schreb. Colonist. British type. Area C, D. Range 1, 2.
An occasional weed, but much less frequent than the preceding. Alnwick, Ravensworth, Tanfield, Burnopfield, Sunderland, Castle Eden, St. John's Chapel, 350 yards, Bishop Auckland, &c.
3. A. pratensis, L. Native. Xerophilous. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent on the limestone and porphyry, ascending to Heathpool Linn, Sharperton, and in Harwood to the Main Limestone cliffs, 550 yards.
4. A. pubescens, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common in pastures, ascending to 550 yards in Harwood Dale near Grasshill.
5. A. flavescens, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Everywhere common in grassy places, ascending to 550 yards in East Allendale. 13. ARRHENATHERUM, Beauv.
1. A. avenaceum, Beauv. Native. British type. Area C, N. D. Range 1, 2.
Common upon hedge-banks and in thickets, ascending to 450 yards in East Allendale, 500 yards in Harwood Dale. Var. bulbosum is common in dry places.
14. HOLCUS, L.
1. H. lanatus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Everywhere common in grassy places, ascending to 550 yards on Cheviot and in East Allendale.
2. H. mollis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in thickets and woods, ascending to 400 yards in Teesdale, 500 yards in East Allendale.
15. TRIODIA, R. Br.
1. T. decumbens, Beauv. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in dry places, ascending in Teesdale to 500 yards on Widdy Bank Fell, to 450 yards on Cheviot.
16. KOELERIA, Pers.
1. K. cristata, Bers. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in dry grassy places, ascending in Teesdale to 500 yards on Widdy Bank Fell.
17. MELICA, L.
1. M. uniflora, Betz. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in woods and thickets, ascending in Teesdale to 350 yards, and high up in Hareshaw and Tecket Denes.2. M. nutans, L. Native. Xerophilous. Scottish type. Area N, D. Range 1, 2.
Not known in Cheviot-land. In Tyneland in Tecket Dene, Dipton Dene, and by the Irthing at Wardrew (F. R!). Cocken Woods near Durham (Rev. J. Symons. F.). In Teesdale in various places near the river, from Falcon Clints, 450 yards, down to Middleton. In the Magnesian Limestone tract in Castle Eden and Hesleden Denes.
18. MOLINIA, Schrank.
1. M. caerulea, Moench. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent on damp heaths, ascending to 500 yards in Teesdale and on Cheviot.
19. CATABROSA, Beauv.
1. C. aquatica, Presl. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent in swamps and on the edges of ponds. Warren Mills, Alnmouth, Howick, Blyth, Newcastle Town Moor, by the Wear at Hylton, &c.
20. GLYCERIA, R. Br.
1. G. aquatica, Sm. Native. English type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Ponds and stream-sides, frequent in East Durham, rarer in Tyneland, not known in Cheviot-land.
2. G. fluitans, R. Br. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in ponds, slow streams, and swampy places, ascending to 1600 feet in Teesdale, 500 yards in East Allendale.
3. G. plicata, Fries. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
In similar places to the preceding, but not ascending so high.Wooler, Lesbury, Rothbury, Harbottle, Sharperton, Beal, Yevering, Netherton, Morpeth, Blyth, Stanhope at 250 yards, &c.
4. G. maritima, M. and K. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common along the coast in inundated places.
5. G. distans, Wahl. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Along the coast in sandy ground in various places, as at Alnmouth, Cullercoats, Hartlepool, and the Tees mouth and inland on the Magnesian Limestone at Pensher, Whitburn, Castle Eden, &c.
6. G. procumbens, Sin. Native. Maritime. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent in sandy ground, both damp and dry, along the coast. Farne Islands, Cullercoats, South Shields, Whitburn, Fulwell, Sunderland, Hartlepool, Seaton Carew.
7. G. rigida, Sm. Native. British type. Area C, D. Range 1.
Amongst the porphyritic debris in the bed of the Cheviot streams at Wooler, &c. (B.). Rocks and walls at Ratcheugh and Holy Island (T.). From Tyneland we have no note of its occurrence. In Durham frequent on the Magnesian Limestone, as at Marsden, Cleadon, Whitburn, East Boldon, Hylton, and over the Ballast Hills.
8. G. loliacea, Wats. Native. Maritime. English type. Area C, D. Range 1.
Sandy ground at Newton-by-the-Sea (T.). Above the north sands, Hartlepool (Rev. J. Dalton. F.), and gathered also by E. Robson at Seaton Carew.
21. POA, L.
1. P. annua, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common in waste and grassy places, ascending to 800 yards on Cheviot, 750 yards on Highfield.2. P. pratensis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Everywhere common in grassy places, ascending to 750 yards on Highfield.
3. P. trivialis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Grassy places and cultivated fields, common, ascending to 650 yards on Cheviot, 600 yards in Harwood Dale, Welhope, and Kilhope.
4. P. compressa, L. Native. British type. Area N, D. Range 1.
Walls and dry ground, not unfrequent, ascending in Weardale to Witton-le-Wear, 150 yards (Brofessor Oliver). Not noted in Cheviot-land, but doubtless overlooked.
5. P. nemoralis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
In the Cheviot ravines up to 500 yards, and down to Heathpool Linn, and on the porphyritic cliffs by the Coquet at Windhaugh and Linn Shiels. In the Aln district in Bugley, Hulne, and Calish Woods (T.). In North Tynedale in Tecket Dene (F.). In the Wear district in Cocken Woods (Bev. J. Symons). Var. Parnellii in Teesdale on Falcon Clints and rocks in High Force Wood, and by the river side at Winch Bridge and near Eglestone Abbey.
22. BRIZA.
1. B. media, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in grassy places, ascending to the Main Limestone scars of Welhope, 600 yards, and to 550 yards in Harwood Dale and Teesdale.
23. CYNOSURUS, L.
1. C. cristatus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in grassy places, ascending to 550 yards in Welhope and Allendale, 600 yards in Kilhope, 450 yards in the Cheviot tract.
24. DACTYLIS, L.
1. D. glomerata, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Grassy places and on the edges of fields, ascending to 550 yards in Harwood Dale and East Allendale.
25. FESTUCA, L.
1. F. bromoides, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Walls and dry sandy banks, not unfrequent. Hareshaw Moor, Tarset Moor, Alnwick Moor, in the Cheviot streams, Alnmouth, &c. Ascends to 200 yards.
2. F. ovina, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in grassy places, especially amongst the moors, ascending to the peak of Cheviot, 850 yards, Highfield, Kilhope Law.
3. F. duriuscula, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in grassy places, ascending to 750 yards on Highfield, 550 yards in East Allendale.
4. F. rubra, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common along the coast sand-hills, and occasionally in sandy ground inland, ascending in the Wear district to Bollihope Moor, 250 yards (J. Backhouse).
5. F. sylvatica, Vill. Native. Scottish type. Area D. Range 1.
In the Wear district in Bollihope Dene near Frosterley, 200-250 yards (J. Backhouse!).6. F. elatior, Huds. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Stream-sides, frequent, ascending in Teesdale to Langdon Bridge, 400 yards, in East Allendale to 450 yards in the woods round Allenheads.
7. F. pratensis, Huds. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in grassy places, ascending to the Main Limestone scars of Kilhope, 550 yards, and to 500 yards in East Allendale. Var. loliacea is not unfrequent. Berwick, Lesbury, Netherton, Willington, Ravensworth, Lambton, Darlington, &c.
26. BROMUS, L.
1. B. giganteus, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in damp woods and thickets, ascending in Weardale to Erosterley, 200 yards.
2. B. asper, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent on hedge-banks and in thickets, ascending to 400 yards in Weardale, 1000 feet in Teesdale, 300 yards in Allendale.
3. B. sterilis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Common in the low country in dry waste ground and on hedge-banks, ascending in the Cheviot tract above Wooler, and in Coquetdale to Thropton, 150 yards.
4. B. erectus, Huds. Native. Xerophilous. Germanic type. Area D. Range 1.
On the Magnesian Limestone near Sedgefield (Rev. A. M. Norman!).5. B. secalinus, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D.
Cultivated fields, apparently rare. Spital, Reedsmouth, Gateshead, Norwood, Ravensworth, Sunderland, Sedgefield, Seaton Carew, Darlington.
6. B. commutatus, Schrad. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent in cultivated fields, and occasionally in meadows, ascending in Coquetdale to Rothbury and 250 yards near Alwinton.
7. B. mollis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in grassy places and cultivated fields, ascending to 600 yards in Kilhope, 550 yards in East Allendale.
27. BRACHYPODIUM, Beauv.
1. B. sylvaticum, R. and S. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in woods and on hedge-banks, ascending to 350 yards in Teesdale.
2. B. pinnatum, Beauv. Incognit.
Has been reported from High Force Wood, no doubt in mistake for either the preceding or the following, both of which grow there.
28. TRITICUM, t.
1. T. caninum, Huds. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Woods and hedge-banks, frequent, ascending to 400 yards in Weardale, 350 yards in Teesdale.
2. T. repens, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Hedge-banks and cultivated fields, common, ascending to 450 yards in East Allendale. Var. littorale is common amongst the coast sand-hills.3. T. acutum, D. C. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Sand-hills along the coast. Fenham Flats, Hartley, St. Mary's Island, Seaton Carew, and ahout the mouths of the Wear and Tees.
4. T. junceum, L. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent amongst the sand-hills all along the coast.
29. LOLIUM, L.
1. L. perenne, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common along road-sides and in cultivated fields, ascending to 550 yards in West Allendale.
2. L. italicum, A. Br. Alien.
The species now commonly sown for forage instead of the preceding.
3. L. temulentum, L. Colonist. British type. Area C, N, D.
Cultivated fields, now rarely seen. Berwick, Belford, Newcastle, "Whickham, Cleadon, Sunderland, Bishop Auckland, Castle Eden, Darlington.
30. ELYMUS, L.
1. E. arenarius, L. Native. Maritime. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Not unfrequent along the coast on sand. Embleton, Newton-by-the-Sea, Newbiggen, Cullercoats, South Shields, Eoker, Sunderland, Castle Eden, Seaton Carew.
31. HORDEUM, L.
1. H. pratense, Huds. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Grassy places, rare, especially in Northumberland. Berwick, Ponteland, Wellington, Jarrow, Monkton, Marsden, Hylton, Yarm, &c.2. H. sylvaticum, Huds. Native. Xerophilous. British type. Area N, D. Range 1.
In the Wansbeck tract in Chapel Wood near Morpeth (M. J. F. Sidney!). In Tynedale in Ramshaw Wood and Scotswood Dene (F!). In Weardale on the banks of West Crow Burn near Stanhope, 200 yards (W. Backhouse. F.), and gathered by E. Robson between Ferryhill and Rushy Ford.
3. H. murinum, L. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent on sandy ground, especially along the coast. Roadside between Millfield and Yevering (Dr. Johnston).
4. H. maritimum, With. Native. Maritime. English type. Area D. Range 1.
Reported in Thompson's Berwick plants from Holy Island opposite St. Cuthbert's, but not seen lately. About Hartlepool and the Tees mouth, plentiful.
32. NARDUS, L.
1. N. stricta, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent on heaths, ascending to the peaks of all the hills, 850 yards on Cheviot.
33. LEPTURUS, R. Br.
1. L. filiformis, Trin. Native. Maritime. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent along the coast line in salt-marshes.
II. FLOWERLESS PLANTS.
Order 1. FILICES.
1. CETERACH, Willd.
1. C. officinarum, Willd. Incognit.
A few plants noticed for three or four years by Dr. Tate on the walls of Hulne Abbey, but now extinct. 2. WOODSIA, R. Br.
1. W. ilvensis, R. Br. Native. Highland type. Area D. Range 1.
In Teesdale on Falcon Clints, 450-500 yards, now nearly or quite extinct.
3. POLYPODIUM, L.
1. P. vulgare, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Rocks, walls, and old trees, common, ascending to 500 yards.
2. P. phegopteris, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent in the hill denes, ascending to 500 yards in Teesdale and the Derwent district, to 700 yards on Cheviot in the Dunsdale ravine, descending nearly to sea-level in Castle Eden Dene.
3. P. dryopteris, L. Native. Scottish type. Area C, N, D, Range 1, 2.
Often associated with the preceding, and even more frequent, ascending to 500 yards in the Cheviot ravines, 1430 feet near the head of the Knucton Burn, 1400 feet near Allenheads, descending to Castle Eden Dene, Hartlepool Bridge on the Blyth, Walbottle and Scotswood Denes on the Tyne.
4. P. calcareum, Sm. Native. English type. Xerophilous. Area D. Range 2.
Limestone cliffs on the banks of the stream that runs into the Tees at Middleton (T. Wilcke!). Altitude about 400 yards.
4. ALLOSORUS, Bernh.
1. A. crispus, Bernh. Native. Highland type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Plentiful in many places on the porphyritic crags of the Cheviot tract, ascending to the head of the ravines, 700 yards, descending to the junction of Caldgate and Common Burns, 200 yards. Oh the basaltic crags near Belford, 150 yards (T.)., Bavington, Gunnerton, Crag Lough, and Walltown, sparingly, and in South Tynedale on the banks of the Hartley Burn. In Teesdale and Weardale not unfrequent, ascending to 2000 feet on Stangend Rigg above Allenheads.
5. CYSTOPTERIS, Bernh.
1. C. fragilis, Bernh. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent on walls and rocks amongst the hills, ascending to 600 yards in the Cheviot ravines and on the Main Limestone scars of Kilhope and Bleak Law, descending to Castle Eden Dene, Cawsey Dene, and Ravensworth Woods.
6. POLYSTICHUM, Roth.
1. P. lonchitis, Both. Native. Highland type. Area C, D. Range 1, 2.
Near the railway between Alnwick and Morpeth, at an elevation of under 100 yards above sea-level. In Teesdale on Falcon Clints, 400-450 yards, now nearly or quite extinct.
2. P. aculeatum, Both. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Woods and rocky places, frequent, ascending into the Cheviot ravines, and to 600 yards on the Main Limestone scars at Bleak Law.
3. P. angulare, Newm. Native. English type. Area C, D. Range 1.
Near Wooler in Humbleton Dene, Akeld Dene, and amongst the crags above the lower part of the Common Burn, 250 yards (James Hardy). Cauledge Woods near Alnwick (W. Richardson!). Castle Eden Dene (Mrs. Marley, fide Moore).
7. LASTREA, Presl.
1. L. thelypteris, Presl. Native. English type. Area C. Range 1.
Leannouth Bog near Cornhill (B. Embleton. T.).2. L. oreopteris, Presl. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in woods and on shaded banks amongst the hills, ascending to 500 yards in the Cheviot ravines and East Allendale.
3. L. filix-mas, Presl. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in woods and upon hedge-banks, ascending to 600 yards on Cheviot and nearly as high in Harwood Dale. Var. Borreri on Falcon Clints, the banks of the College Burn, and in Hareshaw Dene. Var. abbreviatea on Falcon Clints.
4. L. spinulosa, Presl. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Damp and shaded woods, rare. Near Doddington and in Campfield Bog near Cornhill (W. Boyd). On the Brislee Hill, Hulne Park, 200 yards (W. Richardson!). In North Tynedale in a wood near Smalesmouth (W. H. Brown!). Waldridge Fell, Durham (J. Mitchinson, fide Moore).
5. L. dilatata, Presl. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common in woods and amongst rocks, ascending to 800 yards on Cheviot, 700 yards on Highfield, 650 yards on Stangend Rigg.
6. L. aemula, Brack. Native. Atlantic type. Area C. Range 1.
Chevington Wood near Warkworth (T.). Rugley Wood near Alnwick (R. Middlemas).
8. ATHYRIUM, Both.
1. A. filix-foemina, Roth. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Woods and amongst rocks, common, ascending to 750 yards on Cheviot. Vars. rhoeticum and molle are both frequent. 9. ASPLENIUM, L.
1. A. viride, Huds. Native. Highland type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
On Cheviot sparingly, on porphyritic crags in the Brizzle ravine. By the Irthing at Wardrew and Cromel Linn, and in Sonth Tynedale in Whinetley Dene. In the Wear district in Harthope and Irishope. In Teesdale on Falcon Glints and the limestone scars of Harwood Dale. Range of altitude 150-550 yards.
2. A. trichomanes, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Walls and rocks, frequent, ascending to the Main Limestone scars of Bleak Law, 550 yards.
8. A. marinum, L. Native. Maritime. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Sparingly on rocks along the coast. Howick, Seaton Sluice, Marsden, Byer's Cave near Whitburn, Black Hall rocks near Hartlepool.
4. A. adiantum-nigrum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Walls and rocks, frequent, ascending in Teesdale to the Main Limestone scars of Lendrith Hill, 500 yards.
5. A. ruta-muraria, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Walls and rocks, frequent, ascending in Teesdale to the Main Limestone scars of Newbiggen Moor, 550 yards. Very rare in Cheviot-land. On the limestone at Ratcheugh, and said to have been found also on Spindlestone crags (T.).
6. A. germanicum, Weiss. Native. Scottish type. Area C. Range 1.
Very sparingly amongst the basaltic debris at Kyloe, noticed for two seasons, one plant with nearly one hundred fronds, 150 yards (T.).7. A. septentrionale, Hull. Native. Scottish type. Area C, Range 1.
On the basaltic crags at Kyloe, once plentiful, but now nearly extinct, 150 yards.
10. SCOLOPENDRIUM, Sm.
1. S. vulgare, Sym. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Very rare in Cheviot-land. Houn Dene near Warkworth (T.). Frequent in shaded rocky places in Tyneland and Durham; Chapel Wood near Morpeth, and in many of the Tyne and Magnesian Limestone denes.
11. BLECHNUM, Sw.
1. B. boreale, Sw. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common on heaths, ascending to 850 yards on Cheviot.
12. PTERIS, L.
1. P. aquilina, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common on heaths and in uncultivated grassy places everywhere except in the Magnesian Limestone tract, ascending to 600 yards on Cheviot and the moors at the head of East and West Allendale, and to 550 yards in Harwood Dale.
13. HYMENOPHYLLUM, Sm.
1. H. tunbridgense, Sm. Native. Atlantic type. Area C. Range 1.
On sandstone rocks on Harehope Moor near Eglingham (G. Tate !). Altitude 300 yards?
2. H. Wilsoni, Hook. Native. Atlantic type. Area C. Range 1.
On sandstone rocks on the Bickerton spur of Simonside (Sir W. C. Trevelyan. F. R!). Altitude 400 yards? 14. OSMUNDA, L.
1. O. regalis, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Formerly in several stations, but now extirpated in most or all of them. Routing Linn near Doddington (J. Mitchell). Chevington Wood near Warkworth (T.). Rowlands Gill near Tanfield (W. H. Brown !). Crook Hall Wood near Durham (Mr. Bungey). Once seen in Teesdale near Winch Bridge, 300 yards (James Backhouse).
15. BOTRYCHIUM, Sw.
1. B. lunaria, Sw. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in grassy places, especially amongst the hills, ascending in the Cheviot tract to Langlee-ford Hope (James Hardy), to 400 yards in Langdon Dale, and rather higher in Rookhope.
16. OPHIOGLOSSUM, L.
1. O. vulgatum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in the meadows of the low country, but easily overlooked.
Order 2. MARSILEACEAE.
1. ISOETES, L.
1. I. lacustris, L. Incognit.
Reported in the Flora from Crag Lough, probably by mistake for Litorella.
2. PILULARIA, L.
1. P. globulifera, L. Native. British type. Area N. Range 1.
Submersed in ponds, rare. Prestwick Carr (F. R!), and gathered by Messrs. Waugh and Thornhill in a pond by the side of the road half-a-mile north of Wolsington House near Ponteland. Order 3. LYCOPODIACEAE.
1. LYCOPODIUM, L.
1. L. clavatum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent on heaths, ascending to 500 yards on Cheviot.
2. L. alpinum, L. Native. Highland type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
On the Teesdale, Weardale, and Cheviot Fells, ascending to 800 yards on Cheviot, descending to 300 yards on the moors near Crag Lough.
3. L. selago, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Widely distributed amongst the moors, ascending to 850 yards on Cheviot, 700 yards on Highfield, descending to Prestwick Carr (100 feet above sea-level), and as low between Bilton and Wart worth.
4. L. selaginoides, L. Native. Highland type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Stream-sides amongst the hills, not unfrequent. Cheviot, Alnwick Moor, Alnmouth, Newham, Bambro', Wallington Moors, Muckle Moss, Prestwick Carr, Coal Cleugh, 600 yards, Gateshead Pell, Collier Law, and frequent in the upper part of Weardale and Teesdale, ascending to 550 yards in Welhope.
Order 4. EQUISETACEAE.
1. EQUISETUM, L.
1. E. telmateia, Ehrh. Native. English type. Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Frequent in swampy woods and by stream-sides.2. E. umbrosum, Willd. Native. Scottish type. Area C, D. Range 1, 2.
By the side of the Coquet near Felton, within 100 feet of the sea-level, discovered by Mr. J. Sidebotham. In Teesdale about the lower part of the Langdon stream, and by the Tees down as far as Middleton Bridge, 250-400 yards.
3. E. arvense, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Common on clayey banks and in cultivated fields, ascending to 550 yards in Allendale, 650 yards on Highfield near Grasshill.
4. E. sylvaticum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Frequent in damp woods, ascending to 450 yards in the Cheviot ravines, 1600 feet in Harwood Dale, 550 yards in Allendale.
5. E. palustre, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1-3.
Frequent in damp places, ascending to 700 yards on Highfield, 600 yards at the head of Allendale.
6. E. limosum, L. Native. British type. Area C, N, D. Range 1, 2.
Common in ponds, ascending to Harbottle Lough, and to nearly 400 yards in Rookhope.
7. E. hyemale, L. Native. Scottish type, Area C, N, D. Range 1.
Stream-sides in the low country, rare. Banks of the Aln, Coquet, Wansbeck, in many of the Tyne denes, banks of the Derwent, Castle Eden Dene, &c.
8. E. variegatum, Schleich. Native. Scottish type. Area N, D. Range 1, 2.
By the Irthing at Wardrew, 150 yards (F. R!). In Teesdale from the banks of the Whey Sike down to the Tees as low as Middleton, 250-500 yards.
ADDENDA.
Whilst the Flora has been passing through the press two new species have been discovered, viz.:—
Rosa systyla, Woods.
Gathered by Mr. Wm. Richardson in the neighbourhood of Alnwick; not known with certainty before in England northward of Worcestershire.
Carex incurva, Lightf.
Gathered on the sandy links of Holy Island by the Berwickshire Club on the 29th of August, 1867; not known before with certainty southward of Kincardine.
The following new stations for plants already included in our list deserve to be mentioned, viz.:—
Barlees Bog near Cornhill. Dr. Tate.
We are indebted to Mr. Embleton for a specimen of the true plant from a field on the bank of the Coquet between Warkworth and Acklington. LIST OF BALLAST PLANTS.
The following is a list of the more remarkable stranger-plants which from time to time have been gathered on the ballast-hills of the two counties. Their localities are indicated by letters placed in three columns, T. meaning the heaps on the banks of the Tyne, S. those in the neighbourhood of Sunderland, and H. those in the neighbourhood of Hartlepool and the Tees mouth. The list is compiled from Winch's Flora and papers by the Rev. A. M. Norman and Mr. M. A. Lawson in the 5th vol. of our Transactions, with a few additions from other sources. In the countries mentioned in the second column the species are either natives or well-established weeds. Those for which no letters are given are mentioned in Winch's list without any particular locality. We believe that it rarely happens that any of these ballast introductions ripen seed, and spring up a second time, so that when fresh importations cease they disappear speedily. Although we see that this ballast-list includes more than a hundred and fifty species, of the plants mentioned in the body of the work Reseda lutea, Sinapis tenuifolia, Pastinaca sativa, and perhaps three or four of the Chenopodiaceœ are all that are at all likely to have been introduced in this way. As Mr. Lawson has explained in his paper, for the first year or two after the ballast has been laid down the annuals spring up; then these disappear and the perennials succeed them; and, finally, in the struggle for existence, if the heaps become disused, these are crowded out by thistles and wormwood, milfoil and ragwort, Triticum, and Ammophila, and Festuca rubra.
| Clematis vitalba, L. | S. England | T. | ... | H. |
| Ranunculus hirsutus, Curt. | England | T. | S. | |
muricatus, L. |
S. Europe | |||
| Delphinium Ajacis, L. | S. Europe | T. | S. | |
| Nigella arvensis, L. | S. Europe | |||
damascena, L. |
S. Europe | |||
| Papaver hybridum, L. | England | ... | ... | H. |
| Argemone mexicana, L. | Mexico |
| Glaucium luteum, L. | Britain | T | S. | H. |
| Fumaria micrantha, Lag. | Britain | … | … | H. |
| Vaillantii, Lam. | Britain | … | … | H. |
| Coronopus didyma, Sm. | England | T. | S. | H. |
| Lepidium draba, L. | England | … | … | H. |
| hirtum, L. | S. Europe | … | S. | |
| sativum, L. | E. Europe | T. | S. | H. |
| ruderale, L. | England | T. | … | H. |
| Camelina sativa Crantz. | England | T. | S. | H. |
| Farsetia incana, R. Br. | Central Europe | … | … | H. |
| Nasturtium amphibium, R. Br. | England | … | S. | H. |
| Sisymbrum irio, L. | England | … | … | H. |
| austriacum, Jacq. | Central Europe | … | … | H. |
| Erysimum cheiranthoides, L. | England | T. | S. | H. |
| orientale, L. | S. Europe | T. | S. | |
| Brassica oleracea, L. | S. England | T. | S. | H. |
| Sinapis tenuifolia, R. Br. | England | T. | S. | H. |
| muralis, R. Br. | England | T. | S. | H. |
| cheiranthus, Koch. | England | … | … | H. |
| monensis, L. | England | … | … | H. |
| Raphanus maritimus, Sm. | England | … | … | H. |
| Rapistrum rugosum, All. | S. Europe | … | … | H. |
| Reseda odorata, L, | S. Europe | T. | S. | H. |
| fruticulosa, L. | S. Europe | T. | … | H. |
| Frankenia lævis, L. | S. England | … | S. | |
| Dianthus armeria, L. | England | … | S. | |
| Silene conica, L. | England | T. | ||
| anglica, L. | England | T. | S. | |
| otites, L. | England | … | … | H. |
| Cerastium aquaticum, L. | England | … | S. | |
| Linum perenne, L. | England | … | … | H. |
| angustifolium, Huds. | England | … | … | H. |
| Lavatera arborea, L. | England | T. | ||
| trimestris, L. | S. Europe | |||
| Erodium maritimum, Sm. | England | … | S. | |
| moschatum, L. Herit. | England | … | … | H. |
| Geranium pyrenaicum, L. | England | T. | ||
| rotundifolium, L. | England | T. | S. | |
| Medicago sativa, L. | England | T. | S. | H. |
| falcata, L. | England | T. | S. | H. |
| maculata, Willd. | England | T. | S. | |
| minima, Lam. | England | … | … | H. |
| denticulata, Willd. | England | … | … | H. |
| prostrata, Jacq. | S. Europe | |||
| coronata, Lam. | S. Europe | |||
| rigidula, Willd. | S. Europe | |||
| Melilotus vulgaris, Willd. | England | T. | S. | H. |
| arvensis, Wallr. | England | T. | ||
| messanensis, Desf. | S. Europe | |||
| Trifolium subterraneum, L. | England | … | S. | |
| ochroleucum, L. | England | … | S. | |
| maritimum, Huds. | England | T. | S. | |
| glomeratum, L. | England | … | S. | |
| Scorpiurus vermiculata, L. | S. Europe | |||
| Ornithopus perpusillus, L. | England | … | S. | |
| compressus, L. | S. Europe | |||
| Onobrychis sativa, Lam. | England | T. | … | H. |
| Vicia bithynica, L. | England | … | S. | |
| benghalensis, L. | E. Indies | |||
| Lathyrus aphaca, L. | England | T. | S. | |
| sylvestris, L. | England | … | … | H. |
| nissolia, L. | England | T. | ||
| hirsutus, L. | England | … | S. | |
| ochrus, L. | S. Europe | |||
| Rosa Borreri, Woods | England | T. | ||
| Œnothera biennis, L. | N. America | T. | … | H. |
| Claytonia perfoliata, L. | N. America | T. | ||
| Herniaria hirsuta, L. | S. Europe | … | … | H. |
| Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, L. | Greece | |||
| falcatum, L. | Cape of Good Hope | |||
| glomeratum, L. | Cape of Good Hope | |||
| Eryngium campestre, L. | S. Europe | T. | S. | H. |
| Petroselinum sativum, Hoffm. | S. Europe | T. | S. | |
| Sison amomum, L. | England | … | S. | |
| Fœniculum vulgare, Gaertn. | England | T. | S. | H. |
| Pastinaca sativa, L. | England | T. | S. | H. |
| Tordylium syriacum, Willd. | W. Asia | |||
| Cuminum cyminum, L. | Egypt | |||
| Dipsacus fullonum, L. | Cultivated | S. | ||
| pilosus, L. | England | S. | ||
| Picris hieracioides, L. | England | T. | S. | |
| Barkhausia taraxacifolia, D. C. | England | T. | S. | |
| Carduus eriophorus, L. | England | … | … | H. |
| setosus, Bab. | E. Europe | … | … | H. |
| Galactites tomentosa, Moench. | S. Europe | |||
| Calendula arvensis, L. | S. Europe | … | S. | |
| officinalis, L. | S. Europe | |||
| Centaurea jacea, L. | S. Europe | T. | … | H. |
| calcitrapa, L. | England | T. | … | H. |
| solstitialis, L. | England | … | … | H. |
| orientalis, L. | E. Europe | … | … | H. |
| Artemisia campestris, L. | Europe | … | … | H. |
| Erigeron canadensis, L. | S. England | … | S. | H. |
| Inula conyza, D. C. | England | T. | … | H. |
| Anthemis tinctoria, L. | S. Europe | T. | S. | H. |
| tomentosa, L. | S. Europe | |||
| valentina, L. | S. Europe | |||
| mixta, L. | S. Europe | |||
| Xanthium strumarium, L. | England | T. | S. | |
| Specularia hybrida A. D. C. | England | … | S. | |
| Convolvulus tricolor, L. | S. Europe | |||
| Hyoscyamus albus, L. | S. Europe | … | S. | |
| aureus, L. | Levant | |||
| Solanum nigrum, L. | England | T. | S. | H. |
| Verbascum nigrum, L. | England | T. | S. | |
| blattaria, L. | England | … | … | H. |
| Antirrhinum orontium, L. | England | T. | S. | |
| Linaria spuria, Mill | England | T. | S. | H. |
| elatine, Mill | England | T. | S. | H. |
| repens, Ait. | England | T. | ||
| minor, Desf | England | … | … | H. |
| Calamintha nepeta, Clairv. | England | T. | ||
| Borago officinalis, L. | England | T. | S. | H. |
| Anchusa officinalis, L. | S. Europe | T. |
| Echium italicum, L. | S. Europe | … | S. | |
| Chenopodium olidum, Curt | England | T. | ||
| polyspermum, L. | England | … | S. | |
| urbicum, L. | England | T. | S. | |
| murale, L. | England | … | … | H. |
| hybridum, L. | England | T. | S. | |
| ficifolium, Sm. | England | T. | S. | |
| glaucum, L. | England | T. | S. | H. |
| Amaranthus blitum, L. | England | T. | S. | |
| Blitum virgatum, L. | S. Europe | … | … | H. |
| Atriplex pedunculata, L. | England | … | S. | |
| hortensis, L. | Asia | |||
| Schoberia fruticosa, Mey | England | T. | ||
| Polygonum fagopyrum, L. | Cultivated | T. | S. | |
| Rumex maritimus, L. | England | T. | S. | H. |
| palustris, Sm. | England | T. | S. | |
| Euphorbia amygdaloides, L. | England | … | … | H. |
| spinosa, L. | S. Europe | |||
| Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Poir | S. America | |||
| Mercurialis annua, L. | England | … | … | H. |
| Urtica pilulifera, L. | England | T. | S. | |
| Cannabis sativa, L. | Asia | |||
| Digitaria sanguinalis, Scop. | S. Europe | … | S. | |
| Setaria verticillata, Beauv. | England | … | S. | |
| viridis, Beauv. | England | T. | S. | |
| Polypogon monspeliensis, Desf. | England | … | S. | |
| Phalaris canariensis, L. | England | T. | S. | H. |
| paradoxa, L. | S. Europe | |||
| Cynosurus echinatus, L. | S. Europe | T. | S. | |
| Bromus arvensis, M. and K. | England | T. | … | H. |
| madritensis, L. | England | … | S. | |
| maximus, Desf | England | … | S. |
II.
SUMMARY.
1. — Adapting the Northumberland and Durham list to the standard as regards specific limits of Watson's Cybele Britannica we claim for the two counties taken together nine hundred and thirty-five species out of the one thousand four hundred and twenty-five which are yielded by the whole of Britain, exclusive of Ireland, and besides these we have enumerated two hundred and four casual introductions, eighty-seven of which are stray garden plants, or occasional corn-field weeds, the other one hundred and seventeen plants introduced with ballast.
2. — Out of these nine hundred and thirty-five species which we consider we may fairly claim for the two counties, at least eighty-nine seem more likely to have been introduced by human agency than to be genuine aborigines, but it is of course impossible to draw the line between the two classes with any precision. In this eighty-nine we include sixty-three well-established weeds of cultivated ground, and twenty-six which are either trees or plants likely to have been introduced through garden cultivation.
3. — Classing the plants of the two counties according to the types of distribution of the Cybele Britannica, we obtain the following result:—
| Whole of Britain. | Northumberland and Durham. | |
|---|---|---|
| British type | 532 | 532 |
| English ″ | 409 | 251 |
| Germanic ″ | 127 | 26 |
| Atlantic ″ | 70 | 5 |
| Highland ″ | 120 | 36 |
| Scottish ″ | 81 | 57 |
| Intermediate ″ | 37 | 21 |
| Local | 49 | 7 |
| Total | 1425 | 935 |
4. — If we arrange the plants of Britain on the basis of this last table in three principal geographical classes, according as they are distributed over its whole extent, or shew a northern or southern tendency, we shall of course find the characteristic peculiarities of the botany of the different parts of the island as compared with one another, in the absence or presence of the plants of the two last classes. The characteristic of the North of England is that it yields a fair proportion of both of them. In Northumberland and Durham we have one hundred and fourteen out of the two hundred and thirty-eight northern and montane plants, and two hundred and eighty-two out of the six hundred and six comparatively southern species. Of the eighteen botanical provinces defined in the Cybele the richest in number of species are those of the south-east of England. The Thames province, which includes Kent, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Bucks, Middlesex, Herts, and Essex, an area of 7000 square miles, yields one thousand and fifty-one species. The Channel province, which includes Dorset, Wilts, Hants, and Sussex, 5464 square miles, yields one thousand and forty species. Next to these comes the Humber province, which is conterminous with Yorkshire, has an area of 5836 square miles, and yields one thousand and fifteen species. This number is higher than that of the Midland provinces, because, although in the latter the number of southern species is greater than in Yorkshire, the number of northern ones is very much fewer. As compared with Yorkshire, the Tyne province has only about half its area and eighty fewer plants. In northern species they are nearly upon an equality, the difference between the two being almost altogether caused by the absence beyond the Tees of southern plants which run out in Yorkshire. For the northern half of Wales we know nine hundred and thirty-eight species, for the Mersey province, which includes Cheshire and Lancashire, eight hundred and forty-two, for the two Lake counties and Isle of Man eight hundred and sixty, but for none of these three have Floras been written, and we cannot consider their lists complete, whilst for our own province we cannot expect any material increase.
5. — We have seen in Yorkshire how rapidly the southern types thin out. Through our two counties this continues in a marked manner, and the following seventy-seven species which we have admitted fail to reach Scotland.
Twenty-eight reach Cheviot-land, viz :—
| Humulus lupulus. | Orchis morio. |
| Allium schænoprasum. | Atropa belladonna. |
| Glyceria procumbens. | Helminthia echioides. |
| Arundo calamagrostis. | Solanum nigrum. |
| Convallaria polygonatum. | Chenopodium urbicum. |
| Mænchia erecta. | Galium tricorne. |
| Euphorbia amygdaloides. | Hippophae rhamnoides. |
| Populus alba. | Lepidium latifolium. |
| Ulmus campestris. | Rubus discolor. |
| Juncus diffusus. | diversifolius. |
| Ribes grossularia. | Rosa rubiginosa. |
| nigrum. | Orobanche minor. |
| Verbena officinalis. | Rosa systyla. |
| Agrimonia odorata. | Narcissus pseudo-narcissus. |
| Myosurus minimus. | Convallaria multiflora. |
| Medicago maculata. | Taxus baccata. |
| Myriophyllum verticillatum. | Helleborus viridis. |
| Bryonia dioica. | Lactuca muralis. |
| Apera spica-venti. | Rubus leucostachys. |
| Hordeum sylvaticum. | Orchis ustulata. |
| Chenopodium glaucum. | Tamus communis. |
| murale. | Helleborus fœtidus. |
| Scrophularia aquatica. | Cuscuta trifolii. |
Thirty-one stop short in Durham, viz. : —
| Picris hieracioides. | Ligustrum vulgare. |
| Daphne mezereum. | Carduus eriophorus. |
| Inula helenium. | Onobrychis sativa. |
| Cornus sanguinea. | Hordeum maritimum. |
| Acer campestre. | Iris fœtidissima. |
| Lysimachia nummularia. | Butomus umbellatus. |
| Viola odorata. | Hydrocharis morsus-ranæ. |
| Hypericum montanum. | Bupleurum tenuissimum. |
| Mentha pulegium. | Ophrys apifera. |
| Rhamnus catharticus. | Ranunculus parviflorus. |
| Polypodium calcareum. | Papaver hybridum. |
| Ophrys muscifera. | Bupleurum rotundifolium. |
| Colchicum autumnale. | Caucalis daucoides. |
| Hottonia palustris. | Cypripedium calceolus. |
| Linum perenne. | Specularia hybrida. |
| Galeopsis ochroleuca. |
6. — Only one species is restricted in Britain to our two counties, the Teesdale Arenaria uliginosa, and that has a wide distribution on the Continent, reaching from Lapland to Lombardy and Austria. A second Teesdale species, only discovered, or rather determined, very recently, Viola arenaria, has still more recently been found over the Westmorland border; and sixteen of the northern species are not found further south on the east side of the island, viz. : —
| Juncus triglumis. | Linnæa borealis. |
| Epilobium anagallidifolium. | Hieracium lasiophyllum. |
| Woodsia ilvensis. | Convallaria verticillata. |
| Vaccinium uliginosum. | Ligusticum scoticum. |
| Asplenium germanicum. | Lamium intermedium. |
| Carex irrigua. | Blysmus rufus. |
| Hieracium argenteum. | Mertensia maritima. |
| Callitriche autumnalis. | Carex incurva. |
7. — Dividing the surface of the two counties into three zones of altitude and climate, as explained already, only thirteen species out of the nine hundred and thirty-five do not grow somewhere in the lower one, whilst four hundred and eighteen species ascend into the middle zone and only one hundred and eight into the highest of the three. Fifty species are essentially restricted to the sea-coast, and forty-five shew a decided preference for the dry-soiled and especially the limestone tracts.
CORRECTIONS AND NOTES TO CHAPTER I.[edit]
(GEOLOGY).[edit]
| Page | 6 | line | 22, | for | Spirorbis | …………… | read | Spirorbes. |
| 〃 | 10 | 〃 | 8, | 〃 | iridoines | …………… | 〃 | iridinoides. |
| 〃 | 14 | 〃 | 1, | 〃 | underlies | …………… | 〃 | overlies. |
| In the Map (Index of Colours) | 〃 | Tziassica | …………… | Triassica |
This geological chapter having been written for a special object, and subordinate to an account of the botany, and chiefly moreover giving generalized results of my own researches, it seemed unnecessary to enter into the bibliography of our local geology. In passing I have mentioned the names of those who have contributed special information; and I hope hereafter, in a more extended memoir on the geology of Northumberland and the Borders, to go more fully into the subject. A few other references may be given here.
The genera recently added to the Ichthyology of the Coal Measures by Professor Owen, and referred to in page 16, have been described and illustrated by him in the "Transactions of the Odontological Society" for 1867. Mr. Atthey, however, in a paper recently read before the Tyneside Club, disputes the validity of most of these new genera; and his paper will, I understand, be printed in our "Transactions." Messrs. Hancock & Atthey have also, in the "Annals and Magazine of Natural History" for February, 1868, described six new species of Ctenodus, obtained from the shales connected with the Low Main Seam of Coal. This was also read at a meeting of the Club, and will be printed in the "Transactions."
Little has been added to the Flora of the Newcastle Coal Measures since the time of Lindley and Hutton, whose "Fossil Flora," published from 1831 to 1837, furnishes descriptions of most of the known species. Witham, in his observations on Fossil Vegetables in 1831, and in his "Vegetable Fossils of Lennel Braes," explained the internal structures of some fossil plants, and described a few species of Coniferœ; and Professor King, in 1844, published an elaborate paper on the characters of Sigillaria. The species in the Newcastle Coal Measures have been carefully tabulated, with references, by Professor Morris in his "Catalogue of British Fossils" in 1854; and also by Mr. Howse in his "Synopsis of Organic Remains," in 1865. Some account of the Mountain Limestone Flora was given by myself in 1853, in Dr. Johnston's Botany of the Eastern Borders."
Of the few fossil remains of Mammalia which have been observed in superficial deposits, Mr. Howse has given an account in the "Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club," Vol. IV., page 111. Probably remains of the beaver may be discovered lurking in some of our bogs, as they have been found in the adjoining county of Roxburghshire.