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Index:The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology-ItsFirstCentury.djvu

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Title Armed Forces Institute of Pathology: Its First Century 1862-1962
Author Robert S. Henry
Year 1964
Publisher Otis Historical Archives, National Museum of Health and Medicine
Location Washington, D.C.
Source djvu
Progress To be proofread
Transclusion Index not transcluded or unreviewed
Pages (key to Page Status)
i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x xi xii xiii xiv xv xvi xvii xviii xix xx xxi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423

Contents

Page,
FOREWORD v
PREFACE xi
Chapter
I. The Institute and Its Ancestry 1
The Threefold Mission 1
The American Registry of Pathology 2
"Unique in the World" 5
II. Background and Beginnings
Some Medical Problems of the 1860's 8
A New Surgeon General 9
The Scientific Approach 11
The First Curator 13
Collecting Specimens 17
New Quarters for the Museum 23
Grounds for Anxiety 26
Plans for an Army Medical School 28
The Museum's Collections Grow 29
Hammond in Exile 30
The Second Curator 32
Reorganization of the Museum 32
Pioneering in Microscopy 34
Woodward, Curtis, and the Camera 36
The Museum and the Lincoln Tragedy 41
III. Second Wind 51
Supply and Funding for the Museum 51
Increasing Activities of the Museum 53
The Museum's Fourth Home 54
Praise from Foreign Visitors 60
The Museum and the Medical Profession 63
The Museum and the Congress in the 1870's 63
Enlarging the Aims of the Museum 65
Varied Uses of the Museum 66
Scientific Skepticism as to Bacteria 66
The Third Curator 68
The Museum and the Garfield Tragedy 68
Chapter Page
IV. Broadening the Base 73
Inadequate Quarters 73
Support From the Medical Profession 76
A New Surgeon General Presses for a New Building 77
Objections to Proposed New Building 78
John Shaw Billings Becomes Curator 79
The Museum Moves 82
A Shift in Emphasis 84
The "Old" and the "New" Museums 84
Dr. Billings' Appraisal 85
V. An Ending and A Beginning 89
The Museum and the Army Medical School 90
Walter Reed, Curator 93
Problems With Space 95
The Prime Source of Specimens 98
Bacteriology and Roentgen Rays at the Museum 100
Services of Dr. Billings 101
Animal Experimentation at the Museum 103
The Spanish-American War 105
VI. The Walter Reed Chapter 107
Yellow Fever Epidemics 107
Studies on Transmission 109
The Yellow Fever Board at Work 112
Dr. Finlay's Mosquito Theory 118
Human "Guinea Pigs" 119
The Death of Dr. Lazear 120
Studies at Camp Lazear 122
Soldier Volunteers 124
Testing the " Fomites" Theory 125
Transmission by Mosquitoes Established 127
Search for a Cause 130
VII. Triumph Over Typhoid 133
Typhoid and the Medical Museum 134
The Typhoid Board's Report 135
A New " Villain"— The Fly 137
Changes in the Museum Command 139
Volunteers for Vaccination Against Typhoid 139
European Experience 142
Compulsory Vaccination Introduced 143
Chapter Page
VIII. The "Pickle Factory" Period 147
The Army Medical School Moves Out 148
Changes at the Museum 150
Changes in Classification 153
The Devotion of Dr. Lamb 156
IX. The Museum in a World at War 159
Making Pathologists in a Hurry 160
Dr. James Ewing's Mission 161
The Autopsy Question 162
Procurement of Specimens 163
Two Museums in One 165
Launching the Movement for a New Building 167
Applying the Graphic Arts to Medicine 170
Motion Pictures 171
Pictures as Training Methods 174
Use of Animated Drawings 176
The Museum Goes Abroad 179
Necropsy Service in the AEF 180
Medical Photography in the AEF 183
The Museum's Major Aim 186
X. The Institute Idea 189
The First Practicing Pathologist to Become Curator 191
Space Problem Intensified 191
Plans for a Great Medical Center 194
American Registry of Pathology 197
Working in a New Direction 198
Varied New Activities of the Museum 201
Possible Courses of Action 203
XI. The Registry Movement 207
Objective of the Registry 209
Organized Civilian Cooperation 212
Histopathology and the Museum 214
Inescapable Housekeeping 216
The Museum at Threescore Years and Ten 218
The Dental and Oral Registry 220
More Registries Formed 221
Publications of the Registries 222
Advantages of the Registry System 224
Chapter Page
XII. Between the Wars 227
Deterioration at the Museum 228
Inadequate Space, Insufficient Personnel 230
Working Under Handicaps 231
The Edgar Bequest 234
Gaining Ground 235
Prospects for a New Home 236
A New Building— Where and When? 239
Action Delayed 241
XIII. Pathology Worldwide 245
Regional Centers for Histopathology 246
Increase in Personnel 249
A New Name for a New Organization 250
Scientific Investigations 251
The Attack on Tropical Diseases 254
Use of Materials for the Study of Pathology 256
Study Sets 257
The Army Medical Illustration Service 259
Storage of Museum Collections 264
Veterans' Administration and the Museum 265
Words of Appreciation 267
XIV. The Immediate, Imperative Objective 269
Continued Efforts To Get a New Building 270
Changes in Role of the Museum 271
Problems of Location 272
Building Plans Reviewed 277
Scientific Advisory Board of the AFIP 280
The Hawley Board 283
XV. New Name, New Home, New Responsibilities 287
Legislative Tangles 289
Congressional Hearings 289
A Bomb-Resistant Structure 292
Going Ahead on the New Building 293
Breaking Ground 295
Laying the Cornerstone 302
Dedication 307
XVI. Carrying On in the "Old Red Brick" 311
The Cooney Committee 315
Atomic Bomb Research Unit 318
Atlas of Tumor Pathology 320
Chapter Page
XVI. Carrying On in the "Old Red Brick" — Continued
The American Registry 324
The Medical Illustration Service 326
Rebirth of the Medical Museum 330
Research Programs 332
TriService Administration 334
XVII. Life in the New Building 337
Shortage of Space 344
Expanded Facilities and Services 346
Program of Education 351
The American Registry of Pathology 356
The Medical Illustration Service 357
Television 361
The Museum's Movements 366
International Efforts 369
Aerospace Pathology 371
XVIII. Into the Second Century 373
Organization 373
The Four Departments 377
Extramural Monetary Support 386
Scope of the Institute's Activities 390
Emphasis on Research 391
APPENDIXES
A. A Chronologic Synopsis of Events 395
B. Board of Governors, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology 403
C. Scientific Advisory Board Members, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology 405
index 407

Illustrations

Figure
1. Brig. Gen. William Alexander Hammond, The Surgeon General, U.S. Army, 1862-1864 10
2. Circular No. 2, Surgeon General's Office, 21 May 1862 12
3. Circular No. 5, Surgeon General's Office, 9 June 1862 14
4. Group of U.S. Army medical officers prominent in the history of the Army Medical Museum and the Library of The Surgeon General . . . 15
5. Maj. John Hill Brinton, U.S. Volunteers, first Curator of the Army Medical Museum, 1862-1864 16
Figure Page
6. Surgeon John H. Brinton, with a group of Union Army officers in the field 18
7. A page from the first Catalogue of the Army Medical Museum. 21
8. The first home of the Museum 23
9. The second home of the Museum 24
10. The third home of the Museum 26
11. The "Incredible" General Sickles and his leg bones 31
12. Lt. Col. George A. Otis, the second Curator of the Army Medical Museum, 1864-1881 33
13. Lt. Col. Joseph J. Woodward, MC 35
14. Maj. Edward Curtis, U.S. Volunteers 37
15. Photomicrography spreads
16. Pioneer photomicrography
17. Photomicrography by artificial light 42
18. Diatom, a form of unicellular life of microscopic size, magnified by 2,540 diameters 43
19. Bullet that ended President Lincoln's life, instrument used to locate it, and bone fragments which adhered to it 45
20. Hermann Faber 46
21. Sketch made by Hermann Faber 47
22. Reward poster, revised 48
23. Maj. Gen. Joseph K. Barnes, The Surgeon General of the Army, 1864- 1882 52
24. The fourth home of the Museum 55
25. Museum visiting rules 57
26. Main exhibit hall of the Museum, Ford's Theater building, 1866-1887 58
27. Early "dry" exhibits in comparative anatomy 61
28. Wet specimens on display enclosed in glass 64
29. Surgeon David Low Huntington, U.S. Army, third Curator of the Museum, 1881-1883 69
30. Bullet from the body of President Garfield 70
31. Maj. Charles Smart, Surgeon, U.S. Army 74
32. Dr. John Shaw Billings, famed Librarian, fourth Curator of the Museum, 1883-1893 80
33. Fifth home of the Museum 82
34. Foundation and evolution of the microscope collection 86
35. Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion 91
36. Brig. Gen. George M. Sternberg, The Surgeon General of the Army, 1893-1902 92
37. Maj. Walter Reed, fifth Curator of the Museum, 1893-1902 94
38. Army Medical School laboratories, located in the Museum-Library building in the first decade of the 20th century 96
39. Early X-ray apparatus at the Medical Museum 102
40. Early dental equipment 104
Figure Page,
41. Dr. Carlos Juan Finlay 111
42. Lt. James Carroll, a member of the Yellow Fever Board, became sixth Curator of the Army Medical Museum, 1902-1907 114
43- Dr. Jesse W. Lazear, a member of the Yellow Fever Board 115
44. Dr. Aristides Agramonte, Cuban member of the Yellow Fever Board . 116
45- Camp Lazear 123
46. Maj. Frederick F. Russell, seventh Curator of the Museum, 1907-1913 140
47- Maj. Frederick F. Russell vaccinating volunteers against typhoid 144
48. World War I typhoid vaccination 145
49. Rented quarters of the Army Medical School in 1910 149
50. Maj. Eugene R. Whitmore, eighth Curator of the Museum, 1913-1915 151
51. Dr. Daniel Smith Lamb I55
52. Col. Champe C. McCulloch, Jr., ninth Curator of the Museum, 1915-1916 158
53. Col. William O. Owen, tenth curator of the Museum, 1916-1919 . 168
54. Colonel Owen's "dream" of a new Museum and Library building, as pictured by Lt. Morris L. Bower, October 1918 169
55. Laboratory of Dr. William M. Gray 170
56. Instruction Laboratory, World War I 172
57- Film dealing with venereal disease, produced by the Instruction Laboratory 173
58. Establishment of Anatomical Art Department is announced 177
59- Headquarters for medical art in the Army Medical Museum, World War I 178
60. Samples of scenes and messages from lantern slide sets developed for instructional use by the Army Medical Museum 181
61. Col. Charles F. Craig, eleventh Curator of the Museum, January-September 1919 190
62. Maj. George R. Callender, twelfth Curator, 1919-1922, and fourteenth Curator, 1924-1929, of the Museum 192
63- The "Great Hall" of the Museum in the 1890's 195
64. Gross pathological laboratory, Army Medical Museum 196
65- President and Mrs. Eisenhower congratulate Mrs. Helenor Campbell Wilder 200
66. Maj. James F. Coupal, thirteenth Curator of the Museum, 1922-1 924 . 208
67- Dr. Howard T. Karsner 210
68. Title page and an illustration from volume XII of "The Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War" 213
69. Col. James E. Ash, fifteenth Curator, 1929-1931; twentieth Curator, 1937-1946; and first Director, Army Institute of Pathology, 1946-1947 . 215
70. Maj. Paul E. McNabb, sixteenth Curator of the Museum, 1931-1933 217
71. Maj. Virgil H. Cornell, seventeenth Curator of the Museum, 1933-1935 219
72. Maj. T. C.Jones, VC, Registrar, Registry of Veterinary Pathology, Army Institute of Pathology 223
Page
73. Brig. Gen. Raymond O. Dart, eighteenth Curator of the Museum, 1935-1936; second Director, Army Institute of Pathology, 1946-1949; and first Director, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1949-1950 229
74. Capt. Hugh R. Gilmore, Jr., nineteenth Curator of the Museum, 1935- 1937 232
75- Maj. Harry A. Davis 237
76. Architects' drawing of a new home for the Library and Museum, authorized by Congress in September 1941 243
77. Schematic representation of the flow of pathological materials during World War II 248
78. A unit of the Museum and Medical Arts Department of the Museum photographing a diseased native of a tropical isle 251
79. Maj. Gen. Norman T. Kirk, The Surgeon General of the Army, presents to Col. Balduin Lucke the Legion of Merit 253
80. Various methods used by the medical illustrator to present the picture of trauma and disease 260
81. "Wounds" for training purposes 263
82. Main exhibit hall of the Medical Museum in the 1930's 272
83. Maj. Gen. Norman T. Kirk outlining, to a press conference, plans for a new medical center 277
84. Colonels James E. Ash and Raymond O. Dart look over an exhibit prepared for the American Medical Association Meeting in 1946 . 278
85- Sixth home of the Museum, Chase Hall, 1947-1960 281
86. Materials awaiting inventory as the Medical Museum moved from warehouse storage to Chase Hall 281
87. A corner of the exhibits of the Museum as shown in Chase Hall 282
88. Scale model of the new building as planned before the requirement that the structure be blast-resistant 291
89. Brig. Gen. Elbert DeCoursey, second Director, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1950-1955 294
90. Lt. Col. Colin F. Vorder Bruegge 296
91. Programs for the three ceremonial steps in the erection of the AFIP building 298
92. Turning of the sod 301
93. Clearing the site of the new building 303
94. Excavation troubles 304
95- Cornerstone laying ceremony 305
96. Typical floor plan of new Armed Forces Institute of Pathology building 307
97. Coverage of the dedication ceremonies in the Service Stripe 308
98. President Dwight D. Eisenhower dedicates the new building 309
99. Quarters in the old red brick building in the 1940's 312
100. Mary Frances Gridley 314
101. Samples of the fascicles 321