On Some Remaining Blanks in the Natural History of the Native Diptera

by Alexander Henry Haliday

ON SOME REMAINING BLANKS IN THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE NATIVE DIPTERA. The natural history of the Diptera, in particular, as I understand it, is the history of the changes through which they pass, and the manner of life of the larva. Arrived at the perfect state, the winged insect is usually content with light nourishment, such as the nectar drops from the chalice of a flower, the golden dust of the anthers, or the honey-dew with which the leaves are besmeared by colonies of Aphides. Some tribes, indeed, make an exception to this general rule, preying on their weaker kindred with carnivorous appetite, or assailing the larger animals, and man himself, to drain their blood with keen though tiny lancets.But the majority, in this stage of their existence, give themselves either to the offices of parentage, as the selection of a proper nidus for their eggs, or to the delights of aerial dances, now associated in the full refulgence of the midday sun, now under the shadow of the forest canopy, suspended over the liquid mirror of the pool, or towering high, in spiral columns, above the summits of the tallest trees, when the lengthening shadows are beginning to invite the cool dews of twilight to descend and refresh the earth again. Far different is the history of that protracted period during which the wingless, legless, wormlike progeny has played its obscure but not unimportant part, unconscious of the more brilliant sphere of life for which it is growing up. Various and widely dissimilar are the situations in which those 'grubs' and ' maggots' obtain, consume, and assimilate the aliment, which is to furnish materials for the sinewy muscles and burnished armour, the legs and wings, and the ample and complex eyes of the two-winged fly.But their office in the economy of Nature is no trivial one, and they are fitted to fulfil it by their exceeding fecundity, voracity, and rapidity of growth in general. Linnaeus has said—and it is, perhaps, scarcely an exaggeration—that a couple of flesh-flies will dispose of a bullock as quickly as a single lion could devour the same. In that case and in many others, the part assigned to this order, above all other insects, seems to be that of the scavengers of Nature ; in which capacity, if in someminor instances troublesome to man, they are, to an extent almost incalculable, conducive to the salubrity and purity of the air he breathes,and the soil he treads on ; however unobservant, in most cases, he may be of the agents or their benefits, or only conscious of disgust when they are forced upon his notice. Many other kinds, however, appear to workhim injury, decimating his most precious crops, or deforming the produce of the orchard and the garden. Apart from its Economical bearing, the history of the development of the Diptera has a further interest, as it exemplifies nearly the most complete type of metamorphosis among the insect race, whether the change of habits, or of form, be considered, with all the new organs and faculties finally acquired, and the death-like slumber,—coffined, as it were, in many instances, in the spoils of the gross body that existed before that change, the last but one,—awaiting the moment when the imprisoned tenant, ripe for new life, shall burst from its cerements, to taste the freshness of a purer air, and revel in the untried delights of a higher existence.If enough has been ascertained of the transformations of the Diptera,to afford such a general sketch of the aspect in which it meets our observation,yet we know too little, as yet, to satisfy either the purposes of System, or the requisitions of Natural History in its larger sense.The caterpillars of the Lepidoptera live comparatively in public ; even the minute, hidden leaf-miners have been drawn out to light, for the sake of their great relations, or for the beauty of their own last, perfect garb. The Ephemera, the Mayflies, the Dragonflies, have early found their historian. More slowly and laboriously the materials have been accumulated for a history of Coleopterous larvae also, which Chapuis and Candeze have condensed and methodized in their useful Catalogue ; while we are yet far indeed from the prospect of a similar acquisition to the study of the Diptera. That minimum development of specific organs of sense or motion, which characterizes the larvae of this order generally, seems to narrow the base on which a systematic arrangement of them may be reared ; and their most conspicuous outward differences of general form and peculiar appendages stand in a more intimate relation to the particular mode of life and medium of habitation, than to the zoological characters which determine the systematic place of the perfect insect. A closer study will doubtless guide us hereafter to the appreciation of other external marks of distinction and affinity, at present overlooked or not understood. Still it seems probable that, for a long time, wehall not be able to dispense with considerations of the internal anatomy and physiological functions in the characteristic and arrangement of the Dipterous larvae. In the list I have compiled of British species, the earlier history of which is known in some degree (with other European species which may serve to illustrate the indigenous genera), I have aspired to nothing more than to furnish an index, carried forward by additions subsequent to the date of Mr. Westwood's " Modern Classification of Insects," but without the aid of descriptions and figures, such as he has given in that very useful work,—a collection which is indeed indispensable to the student of the Diptera, as I know of no other work in which he can look, with any hope of satisfaction, for similar condensed and digested information. Much less shall I attempt to follow the precedent of the excellent "Catalogue of Coleopterous Larvae" above referred to, by extracting the full descriptions, or the essence of them, from the bestauthorities. My object has not been to compile even a complete list of references, but to select such as,would be most practically useful, by their intrinsic completeness and accuracy, or as supplemental to one another, paying, in most instances, so much deference to the earliest observers as to cite them,—except when their accounts were so vague as to be quite insignificant,—even though they may have been since almost superseded by more recent and complete observations. As to classification and description, I have gone no further than, following Bouche, to indicate under each family, in a general way, the few broad characters which seem to distribute the larvae into their primary large groups. These characters are partly drawn from the disposition of the Inspiratory system,—the Spiracles being either distributed one at each side of several of the intermediate segments also (Peripneustic),—or limited to the pair of anterior openings in the first segment after the head, and another terminal pair frequently compound (Amphipneustic), or finally, these last alone remaining (Metapneustic). Next in importance to this we consider the development of a distinct Head, strengthened by a horny integument, affording a fulcrum for strong muscles which move biting or grinding jaws (Eucephalous) ;—while in a great number the head, or first segment, differs from the following segments not by texture, but merely by its terminal position, and as the seat of the antennae and organs of the mouth; the jaws, in this case, being usually metamorphosed into hooks, with long internal roots, having an alternate motion, and mutually parallel (Acephalous). Such an imperfect head is usually capable of being wholly withdrawn and concealed within the following segments, whence Bouche has applied to this last description generally the term " Leech-like." Finally, we admit a character of a different nature, and which we may be able to dispense with hereafter, when the organization of the larvae shall have been more closely studied, and comes to be better understood; that is thecircumstance, that in many instances the skin of the larva is not cast, but contracted and hardened into a case to protect the included pupa (Obtected); while in other instances, as is usual in most orders of insects, the larva-skin splits and shrivels up, the pupa being stripped either partially or completely (Extricated). The spines and other processes found in certain larvae—those being the most remarkable which are subservient to the peculiar economy of the aquatic kinds—appear to be of a slighter systematic moment than the other characters we have specified ; and even the presence of eyes, rare and almost exceptional as it seems to be among the larvae of this order, has not afforded any clue but what is also deducible, simultaneously, from other more obvious appearances.For the references to authorities compiled in the following list, I have adopted the same abbreviations, in general, as Mr. Walker has employed in his "Insecta Britannica Diptera," as that work will be almost necessarily in the hands of all who study this order in our own country ; but for the sake of beginners who may not possess the book, I have subjoined the explanation of such references as I have had occasion to use abbreviated, as this may tend to the convenience of the reader, without adding much to the bulk of the list :—

LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF BRITISH DIPTERA, THE EARLIER STAGES OF WHICH ARE MORE OR LESS PERFECTLY KNOWN, WITH REFERENCES TO THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES. N. B.—The genera and species known as British are in capitals; the other European species introduced into this list, for illustration, in default of indigenous examples, are in Italics ; as are also the Synonyms and Subgenera.

Fam, i. Pulicidae. Larva of thirteen segments, peripneustic, eucephalous, sanguisugous. Pupa extricated, commonly folliculate. Pulex, (B. D. rv 1.) Cestoni, Philosophical Transactions, 1699. Esl., Ins. B. ii. Dg., M. vii. Wwd., G. Chr. 1848. Hal., N. H. R. 1855.

Fam., ii. MYCETOPHILIDAE. Larva peripneustic,* eucephalous, vermiform ; fungivorous or saprophagous. Pupa extricated, often folliculate.Bolitophila fusca, (B. D. iv. 71.) Grn., A. S. N. , x. 1827. Df., (M. hybrida) A. S. N. xii. 1839. Mycetobia pallipes, (B. D. iv. 50.) Lyonnet, 0. P. PI. xvii. f. 20, etc. Df., A. S. E. F. vii. 1849. Ditomyia fasciata, (B. D. iv. 63.) Mg., Zw. i. Wz. (trifasciata,) E. Z. 1846. Plesiastina boleti, Klt., A. N. H. ii. 1848. Ceroplatus tipuloides, Df., A. S. N. xi. 1839. C. sesioides, Wlbg., A. Holm. 1848. See Em., M. v. Platytura marginata, (B. D. iv. 64.) Mg., Zw. i. P. laticornis, (B. D. iv. 65.) Schil., V. Schl. G. 1837. Asindulum flavum, (B. D. iv. 47.) Wz., (Macrorrhyncha id.) E. Z. vii. 1846. Cordyla (B. D. iv. 24.) crassicornis, Df., A. S. E. F . xii. 1839. C. fusca, Br., Isis 1846. Sciophlla marginata, (B. D. iv. 36.) Roser, W. Zw. S. melanocephala, Df., A. S. N. xii. 1839. S. unimaculata, striata, Per., A. S. E. F. vii. 1849. Tetragoneura hirta, (B. D. iv. 44.) Wz., E. Z. 1846.

Sciara vitripennis, (B. D. iv. 53.) Bou., Ng. S. thomae (B. D. iv. 52.) Berthold, D. N. H. Z. i. 1846. S. fuscipes (B. D. iv. 52.) Hg., Sb. W. A. xi. 1853. S. fuscata, (B. D. iv. 54 ) Ct., G. Chr. 1845. See also, Mg., Zw. i. Olivier, Memoire etc. 1813. Schilling, V. Schl. G. 1831. Df., A. S. N, xii. 1839. Lw., E. Z. 1843. Maerkel, Grm. Z. E. v. 1844. Gim., A. N. V. Riga, i. 1847. Kollar, Schaedl. Ins. Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849.

Fam iii. CECIDOMYIDAE. Larva peripneustic, ff acephalous,f phytophagous, mostly enclosed in galls of plants. Pupa extricated, sometimes folliculate.

Cecidomyia tritici, (B. D. iv. 103.) Kby., Linn. S. Tr. iv., v. Wwd., G. Chr. 1847. C. tritici (B. D. iv. 89.) Per., A. S. E. F. ix. 1840. C. entomophila, Per., M. S. Liege, x. 1855. See also, Dg., M. vi. Vallot, A. S. N. 1833. Bou., Ng.— E. Z. 1847. Mcq., D. N. F. Gene, Memorie del 1'Accademia di Torino : xxxvi. Df., A. S. E. F. vi. 1837.—vii. 1838.—A. S. E. F. xvi. 18. Boje, Kr. N. H. T. ii. 1838. Lw., D. N. H. Z. ii. 1847. Rzbg., E. I. iii Boser, W. Zw. Ct., G. Chr. 1845. Hardy, A. N. H. vi. 1849. Harris, Insects of Massachusetts. Fitch, A. J. A. 1847. But more especially Br., M. N. S. H. ix. 1847. Lw., D. Btr. iv. 1850. Wz., L. E. viii. 1853. Lasioptera rubi, (B. D. iv. 133.) Hg., Sb. W. A. vii. 1851. L. arundinis, Hg., Sb. W. A. xx. 1856. See also, Df., A. S. E. F xvi. 1851. Lw., E. Z. 1843. Kollar, Sb. W. A. 1849. Passerini, Acta Nova Academic Scientiarum Bononiensis : 1850. Lw., D. Btr. iv. Wz., Linn. Ent. viii. 1853.

Fam. iv. BIBIONIDAE. Larva peripneustic, eucephalous, often spiny, rhizophagous or saprophagous. Pupa extricated. Penthetria holosericea, Zlr., Isis: 1842. Dilophus spinatus, (B. D. iv. 140.) Ct., G. Chr. 1844. D. femoratus, (B. D. iv. 140.) Schleck, Isis 1838. Buttner, Grm. M. iv. 1821. Bibio hortulanus (B. D. iv. 136.) Bou., Hg. B. marci, (B. D. iv. 136.) Hg., Sb. W. A. ix. 1852. See also Km., M. iv., v. Dg., M. vi. BsL, Ins. B. ii. Lyonnet, O. P. Ct., G. Chr. Scatopse notata, (B. D. iv. 141.) Bou., Hg. Df., A. S. E. F. vi. 1846. Per., A. S. E. F. v. 1847. Ct., J. R. A. S. x. 1850.

Fam. v. SIMULIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous, appendiculate, aquatic, predaceous. Pupa folliculate, appendiculate, fixed under water. Simulia reptans, (B. D. iv. 147.) Verdat, Naturwissenschaftliche Anzeigen der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft, 1 822. Fries, Observationes Entomologies, 1824. Kollar, Sb. W. A. 1848. Wwd., G. Chr. 1848.

According to both Dufour and Bouche, the larvae of certain species of Cecidomyia present the anomaly of spiracles in the third and fourth segments also. f According to Dufour, the larva of Lasioptera should be eucephalous. ff According to both Dufour and Perris, the larva of Scatopse is amphipneustic, while Bouche attributes to it the normal distribution of spiracles.

Fam. vi. CHIRONONOMIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous, usually aquatic and appendiculate, sometimes entomostraciform. Pupa extricated, free, floating, or folliculate.

Ceratopogon bipunctatus, (B. D. iv. 210.) Grn., A. S. E. F. ii. 1833. Df. A. S. E. F. iii. 1845. Lw., E. Z. 1843. C. varius, Hg., Sb. W. A. xx. 1856. See also, Bou., Ng. Per. A. S. E. F. v. 1847. Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849. Tanypus monilis, (B. D. iv. 202.) Dg., M. vi. T. varius, (B. D. iv. 199.) Fries, Monographia Tanypodum Sueciae. T. plumipes, (B. D. iv. 202.) Mg., Zw. i. See also Lyonnet, 0. P. PI. xvii. f. 1, etc. Chironomus plumosus, (B. D. iv. 171.) Em., M. iv. v. C. stercorarius, (B. D. iv. 186.) Dg. M. vi. Diamesa culicoides, Hg., Sb. W. A. x. 1853. Hydrobaenus lugabris, (B. D. iv. 193.) Fries, A. Holm. 1829. See also Br., Isis : 1846. Ellenberger, Lotos : 1851.

Fam. vii. CULICIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous, aquatic, appendiculate, entomostraciform. Pupa extricated, floating.

Corethra culiciformis, (B. D. iv. 251.) Em., M. v. Lyonnet, 0. P. pi. vii. fig. 3, etc. Culex ciliaris, (B. D. iv. 247.) Em., M. iv. Swam., B. K Dg., M. vi. Anopheles bifurcatus , (B. D. iv. 249.) Fischer, M. S. N. Mosq. iv. 1813.

Fam. viii. PHLEBOTOMIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephaous, saprophagous, often sub-aquatic. Pupa extricated. Psychoda sexpunctata, B. D. iv. 255. Bou., (phalanoides) Ng. P. phalanoides,* B. D. iv. 255. Ct., (nervosa) J. R. A. S. x. 1850. Pericoma nubila, B. D. iv. 254, 260. P. palustris, (B. D. iv. 259.) Roser, W. Zw. Scholz, S. E. Z. 1 849. P. humeralis, Gim., A. N. H. V. Riga: i. 1847. Illomyia hirta, B. D. iv. 254, 261.

Fam. ix. HETEROCLITAE Larva (amphipneustic ?) eucephalous, aquatic. Pupa extricated. Dixa (B. D. v. 266) nigra, Stg., Kr. N. H. T. iv. 1842.

Fam. x. TIPULIDAE. Larva metapneustic or amphipneustic, eucephalous, phytophagous, saprophagous, sometimes aquatic. Pupa extricated. Trichocera hyemalis, (B. D. iv. 271.) Ct, J. R. A. S. ; T. regelationis, (B. D. iv. 271.) Df., A. S. N. xiii. 1840. T. annulata, Df., ib. Per., A. S. E. F. vi. 1847. Anisomera nigra, (B. D. iv. 272.) Roser, W. Zw. Erioptera (B. D. iv. 273) Dg., M. vi. PI. xxiv. f. 1-14.

• Ferris (A. S. N. xiii. 1840) has figured a larva, which undoubtedly belongs to

some other family of Diptera, as that of P. phaltenoides.

Limnobia bifasciata , (B. D. iv. 293, 342.) Schum., (xanthoptera) Schl. Btr. i. 1 829. L. clavata, Br., Isis : 1 842. L. annulus, Roser, W.Zw. L. platyptera, Hg., Sb. W. A. xi. 1853. L. replicata, Dg., M. vi. Limnophila dispar, (B. D. iv. 286) Per., A. S. E. F. vii. 1849. Ula pilosa, (B. D. iv. 308.) Schum., Schl. Btr. i. 1829. Per., (macroptera,) A. S. E. F. viii. 1849. Cylindrotoma distinctissima, (B. D. iv. 313.) Boje, Kr. K. H. T. ii. 1838. Zlr., Isis: 1852. Tipula oleracea, (B. D. iv. 325.) Ct., Gr. Chr. 1845. (Pachyrrhina) maculosa, Ct., J. R. A. S. vi. 1846. For other species, see Em., M. v. Dg., M. vi. Rsl, Ins. B. ii. Bouche, Ng. Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849. Nephrotoma, (B. D. iv. 316.) Br., Isis: 1846. Ctenophora atrata, (B. D. iv. 336.) Em., M. v. Per., A. S. N. xiv. 1840. Nordlinger, E. Z. ix. 1848. For other species, see Scholz, S. E. Z. 1850. Ptychoptera fasciata, (B. D. iv. 339.) Em., M. v. Lyonnet, 0. P. Pl. xviii. f. 1-7. Brauer, V. Z. B. Y. W. iv. 1854.

Fam. xi. RHYPHIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous, serpentiform, saprophagous. Pupa extricated. Rhyphus fenestealis, (cinctus, B. D. iv. 341.) Rm., M. v. Df., A. S. E. F. vii. 1848. Bou., Ng. Grn., Iconographie du Regne Animal. R. nigricans, (B. D. iv. 341.) Ct, (fuscatus), G. Chr.

Fam. xii. STRATIOMYDAE . Larva peripneustic, eucephalous, with distinct eyes, coriaceous, depressed, saprophagous, sometimes aquatic. Pupa obtected. Stratiomys chameleon, (B. D. i. 15.) Em., M. iv. and for other references see Wwd., M. C. S. ii. S. ornata, (B. D. i. 17.) Em., M. iv. S. argentata, (B. D. i. 17.) Zlr., Isis: 1842. S. hydroleon, (B. D. i. 19.) Dg., M. vi. Oxycera, (B. D. i. 19.) Br., Isis : 1846. 0. meigenii, 0. trilineata, Hg., Sb. W. A. xx. 1856. 0. morrisii, Hal., N. H. R. 1857. Clitellaria ephippium, (B. D. i. 24.) Roser, W. Zw. Zlr., Isis : 1842. Markel, Grm., Z. E. V. 1844. Nemotelus uliginosus Hal., N. H. R. Proceedings of D. U. Zool. Botan. Association, 1857. Pachygaster ater, (B. D. i. 27.) Carcel, E. M. x. Mcq., D. N. F. Df., A. S. K xvi. 1841. Schilling, Schl. Btr. i. 1829. Hg., Sb. W. A. x. 1853. Chrysomyia polita, (B. D. i. 28.) Roser, W. Zw. Sargus cuprarius, (B. D. i. 30.) Lyonnet, 0. P. PI. xvii. f. 21, etc. Bou. Ng. S. bipunctatus, (B. D. i. 32.) Em., M. iv. Pl xxii. f. 5-8.

Fam. xiii. XYLOPHAGIDAE Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous. Pupa obtected. Subula varia, (B. D. i. 34.) Roser, W. Zw. S. maculata, (B. D.i. 34.) Wwd., M. C. I. ii. See also Wesmael, A. S. E. F. vi. 1837. Df., A. S. N. vii. 1847. Xylophagus ater, (B. D. i. 33.) Drewsen, Kr. N. H. T. iv. 1842. Wwd., M. C. I. ii.

Fam. xiv. TABANIDAE Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous, saprophagous. Pupa extricated.

Tabanus bovinus, (B. D. i. 37.) Dg., M. vi. T. autumnalis, tropicus, (B. D. i. 37. 39.) Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849. T. quadrinotatus, Kollar, Sb. W. A. xiii. 1854. Haematopota pluvialis, (B. D. i. 42.) Fb., S. E. Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849. Chrysops caecutiens, (B. D. i. 43.) Fb., S. E.

Fam. xv. ACROCERIDAE. Transformation unknown. See, however, Gerstaecker, E. Z. 1856.

Fam. xvi. ASILIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous, thalerophagous. Pupa extricated. Laphria, (B. D. i. 47.) Lucas, A. S. E. F. vi. 1848. Df., A. S. N. xiii. 1849. Zlr., Isis: 1842. Asilus crabroniformis, (B. D. i. 55.) Frisch, Insekten Deutschlands. A. forcipatus, (B. D. i. 52.) Dg., M. vi. Df., A. S. N. xiii. 1850. A. germanicus, (B. D. i. 55.) Rzbg., F. I. iii. A. aestivus, (B. D. i. 51.) Harris, Exposition of English Insects.

Fam. xvii. LEPTIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous. Pupa extricated. Leptis scolopacea, (B. D. i. 65.) Bou., Ng. Atherix ibis, (B. D. i. 69.) Ent. Mag. iv. 1837.

Fam. xviii. BOMBYLIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous,nentomobious. Pupa extricated. Anthrax hottentotta, (B. D. i. 78.) Schaeffer, Abhandlungen : ii. Wlbg., A. Holm. 1838. Mulsant, M. A. Lyon: ii. 1853. See also Dg., M. vi. Roser, W. Zw. Wwd., M. C. I. ii. Bombylius, (B. D. i. 80.) Imhoff, Isis: 1834. Wwd., M. C. I. ii. Lucas, A. S. E. F. x. 1852.

Fam. xix. THEREVIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous, (serpentiform, with abdominal segments bisected,) saprophagous. Pupa extricated. Thereva plebeja, (B. D. i. 76.) Frisch, Insecten Deutschlands. Bou., Ng. T. anilis, (B. D. i. 76.) Bou., Kg. T. nolilitata, Mg., Zw. ii.

Fam. xx. Scenopinidae Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous, serpentiform, saprophagous. Pupa extricated. Scenopinus fenestralis, (B. D. i. 85.) Bou., Ng. Df., A. S. E. F. vii 1849.

Fam, xxi. EMPIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous(?), saprophagous. Pupa extricated. Empis opaca, (B. D. i. 91.) Mcq., D. N. F. Rhamphomyia spinipes, (B. D. i. 109.) Bou., Kg. Platypalpus, (B. D. i. 121.) Boje, in Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849.

Fam. xxii. DOLICHOPIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, eucephalous, saprophagous. Pupa extricated. Dolichopus aneus, (B. D. i. 59.) Dg., M. vi. Rhaphium fascipes, (B. D. l 203.) Hg., Sb. W. A. ix. 1852.

Fam. xxiii. LONCHOPTERIDAE. Transformation unknown.

Fam. xxiv. PLATYPEZIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, acephalous, fungivorous. Pupa obtected. Platypeza boletina, (B. D. i. 225.) Roser, W. Zw. P. holosericea, (B. D. i. 227.) Df., A. S. E. F . xiii. 1840. P. furcata, (B. D. i. 225.) Ztt., D. S. p. 3199.

Fam. xxv. PIPUNCULIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, acephalous, entomobious. Pupa obtected. Pipunculus (B. D. i. 231.) fascipes, Boh., Ofw. Sw. A. 1854.

Fam. xxvi. SYRPHIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, acephalous ; form and economy various. Pupa obtected. Ceria conopsoides, (B. D. i. 238.) Roser, W. Zw. Df., A. S. E. F. v. 1847. Microdon mutabilis, (B. D. i. 240.) Schottlauber, Isis: 1840. Elditt, E. Z. 1845. M. apiformis, (B. D. i. 240.) Wissman, E. Z. 1848. Eumerus aneus, (B. D. i. 244.) Bou., Kg. Ct., G. Chr. 1842. E. strigatus, Bou., Kg. Eristalis, (B. D. i. 242.) Em., M. iv. Swam., B. K. Br., Isis : 1846. Ztt., D. S. p. 666. Helophilus, (B. D. i. 247.) Em., M. iv. Merodon clavipes (B. D. i. 252.) Em., M. iv. St. Fargeau, E. M. x. Bou., Kg. Ct., G. Chr. 1842. Roser, W. Zw. Syritta pipiens, (B. D. i. 253.) Dg., M. vi. Xylota (B. D. i. 254.) florum, Roser, W. Zw. X. valgus, Br., Isis : 1846. Milesia (B. D. i. 256.) vespiformis, Mg., Zw. iii. Ceriorhina oxyacanthae}, (B. D. i. 259.) Roser, W. Zw. C. apicata, Schranck, (apiformis,) Enumeratio Insectorum Austria. Volucella bombylans, (B. D. i. 261.) Em., M. iv. Dg., M. vi. Boje, Kr. K. H. T. ii. 1838. V. inflata, (B. D. i. 261.) Br., Isis: 1846. V. inanis, (B. D. i. 261.) Schmitt, Isis: 1842. Ztt., D. S. p. 310. V. zonata, Em., M. iv. Chrysotoxum festivum, (B. D. i. 264.) Roser, (arcuatum,) W. Zw. vol. iv. 2 B

Fam. xxvii. CONOPIDAE. Larva entomobious. Pupa obtected.

Conops quadrifasciatus, (B. D. i. 306.) Br., Isis: 1846. See also Latreille, Histoire Naturelle Generale et Particuliere des Insectes. Audouin, Memoires de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris : i. 1823. Df., A. S. K vii. 1837. Boh., Ofw. Sw. A. 1851. Kirschbaum, Jahrbucher des Vereines fur Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau : ix. 1853. Myopa, (B. D. ii. 4) Heyden, Isis : 1842. A. S. E. F. Bulletin : iv. 1856.

Fam. xxviii. MUSCIDAE . Larva amphipneustic or metapneustic, acephalous ; various in form and economy. Pupa obtected. See the Rev. F. Hope's Memoir on Insects inhabiting the Human Body; in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, vol. ii. Phasia (B. D. ii. 7.) crassipennis, Df., A. S. E. F. vi. 1848. Hyalomyia dispar, Df., A. S. E. F. ix. 1851, x. 1852. Phania, (B. D. ii. 10.) Ztt., D. S. p. 1218. Ocyptera (B. D. ii. 8.) bicolor, Df., A. S. N. x. 1827. Gymnosoma rotundata, (B. D. ii. 11) Heyden, Amtliches Bericht, 1842. Gonia capitata, (B. D. ii. 13.) Htg., F. J. B. ii. 1838. G. fasciata, (B. D. ii. 13.) Ztt., D. S. p. 3252. Tachina grossa, (B. D. ii. 19.) Dg., M. vi. Krause, V. Schl. G. 1832. T. tessellata, (B. D. ii. 20) Boje, E. Z. 1848. T. viridis, (B. D. ii. 26.) Boje, Kr., N H. T. ii. 1838. T. pacta (B. D. ii. 52.) Winthem, Isis: 1831. Boje, Kr. N. H. T. ii. 1838. T. concinnata, (B. D. ii. 88.) Bou., Kg. Rzbg., E. Z. viii. 1849. T. setipennis, (B. D. ii. 298.) Boh., Ofw. Sw. A. 1850. T. nitidula (B. D. ii. 298.) Smith, Tr. E. S. ii. 1852. T. erinacea, Ztt., D. S. p. 107. T.flavoscutellata, Ztt., D. S. p. 926. T. inflexa, Bou.,- Kg. See also Desv., Myod A. S. E. F. viii. 1849,—R. M. Z. 1851. Rzbg., F. I. iii. Htg., F.J. B.ii. 1838. Df., A. S.E. F. iii. 1845. Lambert, A. S. E. F. ix. 1851. Gim., B. S. N. Mosc. i. 1829. Lacaze-Duthiers, A. S. N. xix. 1853. Mcq., D. N. F. Verloren, in Brant, Tijdsschrift voor natuurkundige Wetenschappen : i. 1848. Siebold, A. N. G. i. 1838. Goureau, A. S. E. F. i. 1843. Wwd., M. C. I. ii.Dexia nigripes, (B. D. ii. 96.) Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849. L. leucozona, Ztt., D. S. p. 1267. Trixa, (B. D. ii. 100.) Desv., A. S. E. F. viii. 1850. Bulletin, p.ix. Sarcophaga caenaeia, (B. D. ii. 102). Bou., Ng. Fln., D. S. Ct., G. Chr. 1844. S. albiceps, (B. D. ii. 103.) Htg., F. J. B. ii. 1838. S. hamorrhoidalis, (B. D. ii. 104.) Bou., Kg. Desv., A. S. E. F. vii. 1849, Bull. p. xviii. S. quadrata, Bou., Ng. S. muscaria, Per., M. S. Lille: 1851. See also Siebold, A. K. G. i. 1838. Miltogramma punctata, Siebold, Observationes Entomological, 1841 . Ct., B. E. 529. M. oestracea, Ztt., D. 8. p. 3254. M. conica, Siebold, Obs. Ent. ibid. Musca caesar, (B. D. ii. 111.) Dg., M. vi. Bou., Ng. M. corvina, (B. D. ii. 111.) Bou., Kg. M. maculata, (B. D. ii. 114.) Mg., Zw. iv. M. hortorum, (B. D. ii. 113.) Bou., Ng. M. pascuorum, Br., Isis: 1846. M. stabulans, (B. D. ii. 113.) Htg., E. J. B. ii. 1838. Df., A. S. N. xiii. 1840. Ct., J. R. A. S. x. 1850. M. assimilis, Df., (fungivora,) A. S. N. xiii. 1840. Mesembrina meridiana, (B. D., ii. 115.) Dg., M. vi. M. mystacea, Dg., ib. Rm., M. iv. Stomoxys calcitrans, (B. D. ii. 116.) Bou., Ng. Anthomyia (B. D. ii. 117.) Macrosoma lardaria, (B. D. ii. 119.) Desv., Myod. Hydrotaea dentipes, (B. D. ii. 145.) Bou., Ng. H. armipes, (B. D. ii. 145.) Bou., Ng. H. meteorica, (B. D. ii. 145.) Sparmann, A. Holm. 1778. Ophyra leucostoma, (B. D. ii. 145.) Bou., Ng. Homalomyia scalaris, (B. D. ii. 1845.) Swamm., B. N- Bou., Ng. Ztt., D. S. p. 1575. H. manicata, (B. D. ii. 145.) Df., A. S. N. xiii. 1840. H. paradoxalis (monilis?) Df., ib. H. melania, Df., A. S. N. xii. 1839. H. canicularis, (B. D. ii. 136.) Bou., Ng. H. tuberosa, Ct., G. Chr. 1845. Aricia testacea, (B. D. ii. 125.) Df., A. S. N. xii. 1839. Hylemyia strigosa, (B. D. ii. 145.) Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849. Pegomyia bicolor, (B. D. ii. 146.) Ztt., D. S. p. 1774. P. hyoscyami, Ztt., D. S. p. 1792. P. solennis, (B. D. ii. 146.) Bou., (rumicis,) Ng. Boje, Kr. N. H. T. iii. 1841. Goureau, A. S. E. F. ix. 1851. Desv., R. M. Z. 1851. P. fulgens, (B. D. ii. 144.) Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849. P. versicolor, Br., Isis: 1846. P. betae, Ct., J. R. A. S. viii. 1848. Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849. Goureau, (atriplicis,) A. S. E. F. 1851. Desv., R. M. Z. 1851. A. lactucae, Bou., Kg. Kollar, (lactucarum,) Schadliche Insekten. A. varicolor, radicum, (B. D. ii. 137.) Scholz, E. S. Z. 1849. A. antiqua, (B. D. ii. 1845.) Bou., (ceparum,) Kg. Wwd., G. Chr. Ztt, D. S. p. 3297. A. platura, (B. D. ii. 145.) Goureau, A. S. E. F . vii. 1848. Bou., Ng. A. strigata, Scholz., S. E. Z. 1849. Ztt., D. S. p. 1655. A. gnava, Ct., J. R. A. S. viii. 1849. A. Triangula, (B. D. ii. 145.) Roser, W. Zw. A. albescens, Ztt., D. S. p. 1521. A. riparia, Hal., K. H. R. 1857. And for other species see Bou., Ng. Mcq., A. S. E. F. i. 1853. Goureau, A. S. E. F. vii. 1848. Desv., R. M. Z. 1851. Htg., E. J. B. ii. 1838. Ztt., D. S. Coenosia tigrina, (B. D. ii. 132.) Bou., (vaccarum,) Kg. C. fungorum (B. D. ii. 143.) Mg., Zw. v. Wwd., G. Chr. 1853. 188 Lispe tentaculata, (B. D. ii. 147.) Bou., Ng. Desv., Myod, Scholz, S. E. Z. 1850. Cordylura spinimana, (B. D. ii. 151.) Br., Isis: 1846. C. apicalis, Boje, Kr. N. H. T. ii. 1838. Scathophaga stercoraria (B. D. ii. 158.) Em., M. iv. S. merdaria, B. D. ii. 154.) Bou., Ng. S. sebotina, Per., A. S. E. F. viii. 1840. Thyreophora cynophila, Desv., A. S. E. F. x. 1841. T. anthropophaga, Desv., Myod. Sphaerocera subsultans, (B. D. ii. 173.) Br., Isis: 1846. Borborus equinus, (B. D. ii. 175.) Hal., Ent Mag. iv. B. nitidus, (B. D. ii. 174.) Mcq., H. N. D. ii. B. stercorarius, Br., Isis: 1846. Limosina limosa, (B. D. ii. 178.) Br., Isis: 1846. L. ocheipes, (B. D. ii. 179.) Scholz, S. E. Z. 1850. L. lugubris, Df., A. S. N xii. 1839. L. salina, Heyden, E. Z. 1848. Heteroptera pusilla, (B. D. ii. 184.) Br., Isis: 1846. Helomyza pallida, (B. D. ii. 162.) ustulata, Rm., M. iv. Lucas, A. S. E. F. vii. 1849. Df., A. S. ST. xii. 1839. Desv., Myod. Leria serrata, (B. D. ii. 162.) Bou., Eg. Df., A. S. N. xii. 1839, Tetanocera ferruginea, (B. D. ii. 168.) Df., A. S. E. F. vii. 1849. Dorycera graminum, (B. D. ii. 171.) Mg., Zw. V. Lucina fasciata, (B. D. ii. 171.) Per., M. S. Lille: 1851. Chyliza atriseta, (B. D. ii. 219.) Per., M. S. Lille, 1851. C. scutellata, (B. D. ii. 219.) Scholz, (leptogaster,) S. E. Z. 1849. Psila rosae (B. D. ii. 221.) Kollar, Schadliche Insekten. Ct., J. R. A. S. ix. 1850. P. nigricoenis, Ct., Morton's Cyclopaedia of Agriculture. Platycephala umbraculata, (B. D. ii. 224.) Boje, Kr. N. H. T. ii. 1838. Chlorops lineata, (B. D. ii. 228.) Grn., E. Z. 1844. Wwd., G. Chr. 1848. C. glabra, (B. D. ii. 228.) Wwd., G. Mag.xiii. C. taeniopus, (B. D. ii. 228.) Ct, G. Chr. 1846. Grn., M. S. E. A. 1842. Lipara lucens, similis, Hg., Sb. W. A. xx. 1856. Per., M. S. Lille : 1851, (Gymnopoda tomentosa, et Var.) Oscinis frit, (B. D. ii. 231.) Bjerkander, A. Holm. 1778. Ct, (granaria, vastator,) J. R . A. S. vi. 1846. 0. nigerrima (B. D. ii. 231.) Goureau, A. S. E. F. iv. 1847. Madiza nucis, Per., A. S. E. F. viii. 1839. Piophila casei, (B. D. ii. 222 ) Swamm., B. N. Bou., Ng. Grin,, E. Z. ii. 1841. P. luteata, (B. D. ii. 222.) Df., (petasionis,) A. S. N. i. 1844. P. apii, Wwd., G. Chr. 1848. Dichaeta caudata (B. D. ii. 251.) Br. Isis: 1846. Notiphila (B. D. ii. 250.) Br., Isis: 1846. Ztt, D. S. Psilopa, (B. D. iv. 324.) Ztt. D. S. p. 132. Ephydra halophila, (B. D. iv. 346.) Heyden, E. Z. 1844. Diruf, E. Z. 1847. Halmopota salinaria, (B. D. iv. 346.) Bou., Ng. Tichomyza fusca (B. D. ii. 267.) Desv., (urinaria,) A. S. E. F. vi. 1847. Aulacigaster rufitatarsis, Df., A. S. E. F. iv. 1845. Heteromyza flava, (B. D. ii. 163.) Boje, E. Z. 1847. Heteroneura albimana, Boje, E. Z. 1847. Opomyza gracilis, (B. D. ii. 239.) Per., M. S. Lille: 1851. Ztt., D. S. p. 3360. Drosophila cellaris, (B. D. ii. 237.) Rm., M. v. Ct., B. E. 473. D. aceti, Hg., Sb. W. A. vii. 1851. D. fasciata, maculata, Df., A. S. N. xii. 1839. xiii. 1840. D. pallipes, Df., A. S. E. F. iv. 1846. D. variegata, Hg., Sb. W. A. ix. 1852. D. flaveola, Hg., Sb. W. A. ix. 1852. Per., A. S. E. F. ix. 1850. Hardy, (apicalis,) Proceedings of Berwickshire Naturalists' Club: 1849. D. graminum, (B. D. ii. 238.) Hardy, ibid. Sapromyza obsoleta, (B. D. ii. 188.) Bou., Ng. S. 4-punctata, (B. D. ii. 190.) Per., A. S. E. F. ix. 1851. See also Rzbg., F. I. iii. Ztt, D. S. p. 3267. Lonchaea chorea, (B. D. ii. 187.) Bou., Ng. L. nigra, (B. D. ii. 187.) Per., A. S. E. F. vii. 1849. L.parvicornis, Per., A. S. E. F. viii. 1840. L. palposa, Scholz, S. E. Z. 1850. Teremyia laticornis, Per., A. S. E. F. viii. 1840. Milichia maculata, reared by Miss Knight from fungivorous larvae ; J. Curtis. Leucopis puncticornis, (B. D. ii. 240.) Bou., Ng. L. obscura, (B. D. ii. 240.) Htg., (griseola,) F. J. B. ii. 1838. L. albipennis, Br., Isis: 1838. L. annulipes, Boh., A. Holm. 1848. L. argentata, Hg., Isis: 1848. Gitona distigma, Lw., D. N. H. Z. ii. 1847. Agromyza aeneiventris, Rdn., A. S. E. F. iii. 1845. Nylander, Notitiae pro Fauna et Flora Fennica: 1847. Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849, A. lappae, Lw., E. Z. 1849. A. nigripes, (B. D. ii. 242.) Goureau. A. S. E. F. viii. 1850. A. ornata, B. D. ii. 243. A. violae, Ct., G. Chr. 1844. See for other species, Bou., E. Z. 1847. Lw., E. Z. 1849. Goureau, A. S. E. F. viii. 1850. Klt., A. N. H. ii. 1848. Hardy, A. N. H. iv. 1850. Scholz, S. E. Z. 1850. Phytomyza affinis, (B. D. ii. 246.) Boje, Kr. N. H. T. ii 1838. P. obscurella, (B. D. ii. 245.) Goureau, A. S. E. F. iv. 1846. P. aquifolii, (B. D. ii. 245.) Desv., R. M. Z. 1851. P. flava, (B. D. ii. 247.) Doubleday, Ent. Mag. iv. 1837. P. flaviceps, Desv., R. M. Z. 1850. P. nigra, Hardy, A. N. H. iv. 1850. P. nigricornis, Ct., G. Chr. 1845. P. albiceps, Hg., Sb. W. A. ix. 1852. And for other species see Klt., A. N. H. ii. 1848. Goureau, A. S. E. F. viii. 1850. Desv., R. M. Z. 1851. Tephritis cognata, (B. D. ii. 199.) Boje, Kr. N. H. T. ii. 1838. T. signata, (B. D. ii. 207.) Bach, E. Z. 1842. T. Artemisia, (B. D. ii. 199.) Bou., E. Z., 1848. Wwd., M. C. I. ii. Roser, W. Zw. T. gaedii, (B. D. ii. 198.) Boje, E. Z. 1848. Ztt., D. S. p. 3344. T. zoe, (B. D. ii. 200) Lw., E. Z. 1847. T. heraclei, (B. D. ii. 199.) Boje, E. Z. 1847. Ct., J. R. A. S. ix. 1850. T. parietina, (B. D. ii. 203.) Wissmann, E. Z. 1848. T. wiedemannii, (B. D. ii. 207.) Lw., D. N. H. Z. ii. 1847. T. cardui, (B. D. ii. 206.) Lw., ib. Wwd., G. Chr. 1847. T. stylata, solstitialis, (B. D. ii. 205.) Boje, E. Z. 1848. T. westermanni, (B. D. ii. 207.) T. leontodontis, (B. D. ii. 204.) T. arnicae, (B. D. ii. 201.) T. bardanae:, (B. D. ii. 204.) T. arctii, (B. D. ii. 205.) T. florescentiae (B. D. ii. 201.) T. marginata, (B. D. ii 202.) T. absynthii, (B. D. ii. 202.) T. stellata, (B. D. ii. 204.) T. colon, (B. D. ii. 207.) T. serratulae, (B. D. ii. 201.) T. sonchi, (B. D. ii. 200.) T. spoliata, (stigma,) Lw. D. N. H. Z. ii. 1847, which consult for the fullest information on the species in general. See also Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849. Swamm., B. K Rm., M. iii. Dg., M. vi. Rosenhauer, E. Z. 1847. Ortalis vibrans, (B. D. ii. 197.) Scholz, S. E. Z. 1849. O. fulminans, Bou., E. Z. viii. 1847. Platystoma (B. D. ii. 193.) umbrarum, Per., M. S. Liege, x. 1855 Ulidia demandata, (B. D. ii. 193.) Bou., Ng. Sepsis cynipsea (B. D. ii. 208.) Wwd., M. C. I. ii Nemopoda cylindrica, (B. D. ii. 211.) Bou. Ng. Themira leachii, (B. D. ii. 212.) Bou., Kg.

Fam. xxix. OESTRIDAE Larva metapneustic (?), acephalous, entozoic. Pupa obtected. Oestrus bovis, B. D. ii. 270. Joly, A. S. Lyon : ix. 1846. O. lineatus, Villars, (elaphi Schranck,) Kellner, E. Z. 1847. Cephalemyia ovis, B. D. ii. 272. Joly, A. S. Lyon: ix. 1846. Hennig, D. N. H. Z. 1855. Newport, Cyclopaedia of Anatomy. C. picta, B. D. ii. 272. Redi, Opera : i. Kellner, E. Z. 1 847. Clark, Zoologist : v. 1847. Hennig, (capreoli?) D. N. H. Z. 1855. Cephenemyia trompe, Rzbg., F. I. iii. Kellner, E. Z. 1847. Gasterophilus equi, (B. D. ii. 274.) Joly, A. S. Lyon: ix. 1846. Hennig, D. N. H. Z. 1855. See Schroder van der Kolk, Neiwe Verhandelingen v. h. Koninkl. Nederlandsche Institut: xi. 1845. Schwab, Oestraciden; Munchen, 1840, and the references collected by Wwd., M. C. I. ii. p. 575.

Fam. xxx. PHORIDAE. Larva amphipneustic, acephalous, (entomobious ?). Pupa obtected. Phora rufipes, (B. D. ii. 280.) Bou., Kg. Df., (pallipes,) A. S. N. xii. 1839. Rzbg., E. I. iii. Hg., Sb. W. A. x. 1853. Ztt, D. S. p. 2858. P. atra, (B. D. ii. 281.) etc. Bou., (dauci) Ng. P. annulata, etc. Htg., F. J. B. ii. 1838. Gim., V. K. H. Y. Riga : i. 1847. P. caliginosa, Br., Isis : 1846. For other species see Ct., B. E. 437. Df., M. S. Lille : 1840. Coquerel, A. S. E. F. vi. 1848. Scholz, S. E. Z. 1850.

Fam. xxxi. HIPPOBOSCIDAE. Larva metapneustic, acephalous, development uterine. Pupa obtected. Df., A. S. N. iii. 1845. Blanchard,Institut : 1846. Leuckaert, Bulletin de l'Academie E. des Sciences de Belgique: xxi 1854.*

• There are considerable discrepancies among the authorities cited. The representation given by Leuckart, which is the latest and seems the most probable, is that which I am disposed to follow.

Fam. xxxii. NYCTERIBIDAE. Larva uterine. Pupa obtected. Nycteribia Sykesii, Wwd., Transactions of the Zoological Society of London: i. 1835.

The abbreviations of the references in the foregoing list are the same, in general, as those employed in Walker's "Insecta Britannica, Diptera (Lovell Reeve ; London: 3 vols. 8vo., 1851-1856). For the sake of those who may not possess that work, and for the convenience of readers generally, a Table, in alphabetical order, is subjoined, of such abbreviations as there has been occasion to use here.

• A. Holm Kongliga Swenska Vetenskaps Akaderaiens Handlingar.
• A. J. A.—American Journal of Agriculture.
• A. N. G—Archiv fur Naturgeschichte.
• A. N. H.—Annals of Natural History.
• A. N. V. Riga Archiv des Naturhistorischen Vereines zu Riga.
• A. S. E. F.—Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France.
• A. S. N.—Annales des Sciences Naturelles.
• B. D.—Insecta Britannica Diptera, by F. Walker, F. L. S.
• Boh Bohemann.
• Bou , (Ng.)—Bouche, Naturgeschichte der Insekten.
• Br.—Bremi.
• Ct—Curtis, J.
• D. N. H. Z.—Allgemeine Deutsche Naturhistorische Zeitung.
• Desv., (Myod.)—Robineau-Desvoidy, Les Myodaires de France.
• Dg., M.—Degeer, Memoires pour servir a l'histoire des Insectes.
• E. M.—Encyclopedic Methodique.
• E. Z.—Entomologische Zeitung, herausgegeben v. d. Eutomologischen Vereine zu Stettin.
• Ent. Mag. — Entomological Magazine, London: 1833-1838.
• Fb., S. E.—Fabricius, J. C, Systema Entomologiae.
• Fln., D. S.—Fallen, Diptera Sueciae.
• G. Chr.—Gardiner's Chronicle, edited by Lindley.
• Gim.—Gimmerthal.
• Grm. M.—Germar, Magazin fur Insektenkunde.
• Grm. Z. E.—Zeitschrift fiir Entomologie.
• Guer.—Guerin-Meneville.
• Hal.—Haliday.
• Hg.—Heeger.
• Htg., (F. J. B.)—Hartig, Forstliches Jahresbericht.
• Isis. — Isis von Oken, Encyclopaedische Zeitschrift.
• J. R. A. S.—Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England.
• Klt.—Kaltenbach.
• Kr., N. H. T.—Kroeyer, Naturkistorisk Tidsskrift.
• L.—Linnaeus.
• Linn. Ent Linnaea Entomologica, Zeitschrift herausg. v. d. Entomologischen Vereine zu Stettin.
• Linn. S. Tr.—Transactions of the Linnean Society of London.
• Lw., D. Btr.—Loew, H. Dipterologische Beitrage.
• M. A. Lyon — Memoires de la Societe dAgriculture, etc. de Lyon.
• M. N. S. H. —Memoires de la Society Helvetique des Sciences Naturelles.
• M. S. Liege.—Memoires de la Societe des Sciences de Liege.
• M. S. Lille.—Memoires de la Societe des Sciences de Lille.
• M. S. N. Mosq—Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou.
• M. S. R. A.—Memoires de la Societe Royale d'Agriculture de France.
• Mcq., D. N. F.—Macquart, Dipteres du Nord de France.
• Mcq., H. N. D.— Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Dipteres.
• Mg., Zw.— Meigen, Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europaischen Zweyflugligen Insekten.
• N. H. R Natural History Review (this Journal).
• [Ng. Nordlinger, H. Nachtrag zu Ratzeburgs Forstinsecten. Ent. Ztg.[Stettin] 9:225-271. 1848.]
• Ofw. Sw. A. — Ofversigt af Kongliga Swenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Forhandlingar.
• O. P.—Oeuvres posthumes.
• Per.—Perris, E.
• R. M. Z.—Revue et Magazin de Zoologie, par Guerin-Meneville.
• Rdn.—Rondani, C.
• Rm., M. —Reaumur, Memoires pour servir 1' Histoire des Insectes.
• Rsl., Ins. B.—Roesel, Insekten Belustigungen
• Rzbg., (F.I.)—Ratzeburg, Forst-Insekten.
• S. E. Z.—Zeitschrift fur Entomologie, im InsektenkundeAuftrage des Vereines fur Schlesische
• Sb. W. A.—Sitzungsberichte der K. K.Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien Math Nat.Hist. Klasse
• Schl. Btr.—Schl. Btr.—Beitrage zur Entomologie, im Bezug auf die Schlesische Fauna
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In conclusion, it appears from this list that while the history of many of the families is inferred only from the knowledge of that of a few genera in their earlier stages—sometimes from a single example,— and though the extent of that knowledge, in many cases, is very trifling, or little more than sufficient to guide us to further investigation, on the other hand there remain but three of the families in which we are absolutely without anything to be called information in regard to this part of their natural history ; these are, Orphnephilidae: (if, with Professor Rondani,we admit the family founded for the single genus Orphnephila), Acroceridae:, and Lonchopteridae. As no species of the second of these has been discovered in Ireland as yet, it would be hopeless to expect any elucidation regarding it from observations here. The case is different with respect to the other two, which are comparatively within our reach. The last-named family, in particular,—comprising the single genus Lonchoptera,—seems to present no particular difficulty in the way of the study of its history, as the individuals of various species of the genus are common enough, throughout almost the whole year, among moss, about roots of trees, &c, appearing even in the windows of houses in the town. With a view to excite some of our young and zealous students to observations which may dispel part of the obscurity yet resting upon these subjects, I have laid the preceding list before the Association, along with these cursory remarks

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