274 THE GROWTH OF CITIES
due to the extension of the printing trade to small towns. Formerly, this trade like all others not immediately connected with agriculture, was the virtual monopoly of the cities.
Nevertheless, there is other evidence that the population of a metropolitan city is less migratory than the average. In 1881 of all the persons born in London and still living in England and Wales, 80.4 per cent. were residents of London, while in the general population of England and Wales only 75.23 per cent. were residents of the county where born.[1] With regard to Vienna, 84.7 per cent. of the native Viennese counted in Austria in 1890 were resident in Vienna; in the entire population only 66.3 per cent. were residing in the town where born:[2] that is, 153 out of 1000 born Viennese remove to other parts of Austria, and 337 of 1000 people on the average have left their town of birth.
Emigration from the great city follows the general laws already formulated. It is overwhelmingly short-distance migration, since so much of it is directed into the suburbs.[3] In the distribution of the natives of London in other parts of England and Wales in 1881, the contiguous counties (Middlesex, Surrey, Kent, Essex, Hertford) forming an extra-metropolitan group received 53.73 per cent, of the migrants. Wales received only 1.36 per cent., but the Northern groups (manufacturing counties) received a slightly larger percentage than the midland group,[4] although situated at a greater distance. A better idea of London emigration will perhaps be gained from the following table,
