vi POLITICAL HISTORY BOOK IV THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES: TO 1080 ad. CHAP. PAGE IX. THE EASTERN EMPIRE AND THE RISE OF MOHAM- MEDANISM . . . . . .129 X. THE WEST: FROM CLOVIS TO CHARLEMAGNE . .139 XI. EAST AND WEST FROM CHARLEMAGNE TO HILDEBRAND I 50 NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS . . . 167 BOOK V THE LATER MIDDLE AGES : TO 1470 a.d. XII. THE CRUSADES, AND THE EAST . . .173 XIII. THE WEST IN THE CRUSADING ERA . . 1 87 XIV. THE CLOSE OF THE MIDDLE AGES GERMANY, ITALY, AND THE PAPACY ..... 203 XV. THE CLOSE OF THE MIDDLE AGES : THE WESTERN AND EASTERN NATIONS . . . . 2l6 NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS . . . .228 BOOK VI THE AGE OF HAPSBURG ASCENDENCY : TO 1660 XVI. TRANSITION ..... XVII. THE ERA OF THE REFORMATION XVIII. THE NEW WORLD ; MEXICO AND PERU XIX. THE ERA OF THE COUNTER-REFORMATION XX. THE ERA OF THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS 233 244 256 262 274 286
