120 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY
Revolutionary, in some regions of Normandy, Brittany, and Picardy. The Socialist groups are many, well disciplined, and active in French Flanders, the Artois, the central provinces (Berry, etc.), the East (Bourgogne, Ardennes), Provence, and also in Bordelais and Languedoc.
The Radical newspapers are Le Gil Bias, with a sale of 10,000 copies, edited by MM. Perivier and Ollendorf, and with Ernest Charles as editorial writer; Le Matin, with a sale of 600,000 copies, and with Charles Laurent, Harduin, and ex-Captain Humbert as its chief contributors; Le Petit Parisien, which belongs to Pierre Dupuis, a deputy and former minister, 1,500,- ooo copies of which are issued daily; and Le Radical, which pub- lishes 48,000 copies. Le Radical is edited by M. Maujan, a deputy, and belongs to Victor Simond, the owner of L'Aurore, the Socialist Radical paper of M. Clemenceau. It was formerly edited by Henry Maret, a deputy, who is now a contributor to Le Rappel. The circulation of the latter is 20,000 copies; its manager is Charles Bos; it is Radical, though in practice dis- senting from the politics of the Radical party, as it was opposed to the Combes ministry. The same may be said of Le Siecle, edited by M. de Lanessan, the minister of marine in the cabinet of Waldeck-Rousseau. The chief contributor to this paper is M. Comely, who ten years ago was still a Royalist and a Catholic. We may add to this list of Radical papers Le Signal, the organ of the Protestant church, and consequently very clerical.
The Socialist Radical newspapers are La Lanterne, which is first and foremost an anti-clerical paper, and has a circulation of 42,000; and L'Aurore, the sale of which does not exceed 28,000 copies, though its editor, Georges Clemenceau, is perhaps the most remarkable politician of France.
We have been talking so far only of the Parisian press. In the provinces there is a veritable swarm of papers. Each depart- mental capital, each big town, possesses several daily, bi-weekly, or tri-weekly papers, of the most diverse opinions. We have seen that there exist a whole provincial series of Croix, the organs of the Catholics. We might also have mentioned a similar series of Nouvellistes, found in many cities, and affiliated with the Con-
