of the majority, of whom we have spoken above, exercised a powerful influence. It may perhaps be said that it was M. Jaurés alone who, thanks to the authority which he derived from his fame as an orator, directed the policy of M. Combes. One fact is certain, namely, that he saved the cabinet from defeat three or four times. Another source from which he draws his power springs from the fact that he represents the Socialist party—the only party which has an ideal, as was said by M. Ripert, a Conservative deputy, who added: "The Socialist Party is really the leader and master of our parliamentary policy." Thus expressed, it is an exaggeration; but there can be no doubt that the Socialist party is a very influential factor in the guidance of the politics of France.
This is why the social reforms, such as laws for the protection of the working classes and the transformation of the present taxes into an income tax, are studied so zealously in Parliament. To be sure, this zeal is only relative, and does not satisfy many Socialists; which fact is easily explained when it is remembered that the complete understanding regarding the religious policy which prevails between the Radicals, Socialist Radicals, and Socialists does not extend to social reforms, with respect to which there are different, and even contrary, opinions. The result is that, while these reforms may be accomplished, it will be but slowly and gradually. Indeed, some of them, too socialistic in their tendencies, did not win a majority in Parliament. It seems probable, however, that the social laws will soon be passed: the reduction of the term of military service from three to two years, old-age pensions for workingmen, the law of weekly rest, the income tax, etc. Perhaps the present Chamber will not see these reforms carried through, its term expiring in May, 1906; but the next one will certainly carry out these measures.
In its religious policy the cabinet of M. Combes advanced with the Left toward emancipation from all state religion. In this it was clearly Radical. It was in accord with the country; for, in spite of the furious assaults of the opposition and ihe money used for propaganda, the by-elections nearly always gave the victory to the Radicals. The country is becoming Radical, and is gradu-
