THE HIERARCHY OF EUROPEAN RACES 325
grants, the scholarly classes are more dolichocephalic than the peasants because they are drawn in larger proportions from these Aryan elements. In lower Italy, on the other hand, where the comparison- is between the short-heads and the Med- iterraneans, the scholarly classes are made up more largely of the former element and are in consequence more brachycephalic than the peasants. In general, the index of the highly educated classes diminishes from north to south as does that of the gen- eral population, but in much less degree. It is significant that in the north the lower average index of the educated classes results from the absence among these classes of the extreme cases of brachycephaly, and that extreme cases of brachy- cephaly are lacking also among the scholars of the south. Further, even in the south, highly dolichocephalic subjects, that is subjects belonging peculiarly to the Mediterranean type, are not found among the students. In a word, the result of Livi's researches indicates that as regards the respective prevalence of learned pursuits, Homo Europ&us stands first, Homo Alpinus second, and the Mediterranean third among European races.
Law of domicile and migration. In countries inhabited jointly by the Mediterranean and the other races, the former constitutes the least migratory element of the population and tends in the least degree of all to concentrate in the cities. This law is discernible in the results of Livi's comparison of the average cephalic index in the capital city of each of the Italian provinces with the average index in the surrounding region.
"In the twenty-two provinces with an index of 84.7 or above, the index of the capital is lower than that of the sur- rounding region in nineteen, higher in three. In the eighteen provinces with an average index of 80.7 or below, the index of the capital is higher than that of the surrounding region in fourteen, lower in four. It results then that in the brachycephalic part of Italy the urban centers arc less brachycephalic than the surrounding region, that, on the other hand, in the dolicho- cephalic part these centers are more brachycephalic."
The explanation is that the opportunities of city life attract
