RELATION OF SEX TO PRIMITIVE SOCIAL CONTROL 755
recognized right of every male of the group to every female of the group a relation which, from its tendency to the assertion of choice, and the rapidly shifting fixation of choice, may be by courtesy called discontinuous monogamy.
While at a disadvantage in point of force when compared with the male, the female has enjoyed a negative superiority in the fact that her sexual appetite was not so sharp as that of the male. Primitive man, when he desired a mate, sought her. The female was more passive and stationary. She exer- cised the right of choice, and had the power to transfer her choice more arbitrarily than has usually been recognized ; but the need of protection and assistance in providing for offspring inclined her to a permanent union, and doubtless natural selec- tion favored the groups in which parents cooperated in caring for the offspring. But assuming a relation permanent enough to be called marriage, the man was still, as compared with the woman, unsettled and unsocial. He secured food by violence or cunning, and hunting and fighting were fit expressions of his somatic habit. The woman was the social nucleus, the point to which he returned from his wanderings. In this primitive stage of society, however, the bond between woman and child was altogether more immediate and constraining than the bond between woman and man. The maternal instinct is reinforced by necessary and constant association with the child. We can hardly find a parallel for the intimacy of association between mother and child during the period of lactation ; and, in the absence of domesticated animals or suitable foods, and also, apparently, from simple neglect formally to wean the child, this connection is greatly prolonged. The child is frequently suckled from four to five years, and occasionally from ten to twelve. 1 In consequence we find society literally growing up about the woman. The mother and her children, and her childrens' children, and so on indefinitely in the female line, form a group. But the men were not so completely incorporated in this group as the women, not only because parentage was uncertain and naming of children consequently on the female side, but because
' II. I'LOSS, Dot Wtib in der Nator- nnd Vblktrkunde, 3. Aufl., Vol. II, p. 379-
