440 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY
Duisburg and Ruhrort - 13,198,302 tons Hamburg inland - 5,974,800 "
Hamburg foreign - - 8,688,627 " Antwerp foreign - 8,420,743 "
Rotterdam foreign - - 6,600,547 "
Municipalization of harbors and docks allows of their loca- tion at such points as shall be best for the whole city. German cities usually make the most of their river frontage, and above and below the wharves and docks the water front is developed into promenades and parks. Wiirzburg has had to build an embankment to prevent the flooding of adjacent land by the river Main at high water. This embankment is not, however, merely a retaining wall, but has a seventy-foot boulevard, with double rows of trees, broad driveway, and sidewalk. The lower quay is subject to overflow of the river. This building of a promenade above the wharves, even when they are above high- water mark, serves to give access to the river front, adds health- fulness and beauty, and does not inconvenience light traffic. It would seem that we might come, in time, to building such prome- nades, even when large warehouses must, for commercial reasons, line the lower wharves. Then we should have the picture of busy wharves back of which would be the warehouses and above the warehouses would be an elevated boulevard.
B. EXPANSION.
The board of public works. One of the chief lessons taught by this exposition is that the city is a social organism. The old cities were aggregations ; the new city is an organic body, and, consequently, its growth must be organic. The growth of the old city was haphazard, unordered. The growth of the modern city is directed, shaped. The condition of the old city, as it comes down to us, is such that in order to adapt it to modern ideas and needs hygienic, social, and economic great correc- tions have to be made. To prevent necessity for such corrections in the near future, the German municipality deems it wise to oversee and order the growth. The instrument of this oversight is the Baupolizei. The organization and methods of this board of public works differ in different parts of the empire. Three
