CLEAVELAND 227 CLEAVELAND and poplar bark, •vVhich was used with good effect throughout the war. After the war, Dr. Clayton sat in the Dela- ware House of Representatives; became its state treasurer in 1786, and in 1789 was elect- ed to fill the unexpired term of President Collins. He later became Governor and in 1796 was elected U. S Senator, a position he held until his death from yellow fever Aug. 11, 1798. During the presence of this epidemic fever in Philadelphia in 1798, Dr. Clayton was frequently called in consultation by Dr. Benjamin Rush and other leading physicians, and it was from contact with his patients that he contracted this fatal disease. In 1776 he married Rachel McCleary, and from the union left three sons, Richard, Dr. James Lawson, and Thomas, the last of whom became Chief Justice of Delaware, and U. S. Senator. Douglas F. Duv.-l. Nat. Cycloped. of Amer. Biography, vol. xi. Notes supplied by A. S. Clayton. Cleaveland, Charles Harley (1820-1863) Charles Harley Cleaveland, early eclectic physician, was born at Lebanon, New Hamp- shire, in 1820. He went to the common schools, then studied medicine at Dartmouth College, graduating in 1843, having R. D. Mussey (q. v.) for preceptor. He began to practise in Waterbury, Vermont, and at this time con- tributed articles to the Eclectic Medical Jour- nal. In 1854, while agent for a manufacturer of patent trusses, braces and the like, G. W. L. Bickley, professor of materia medica, therapeutics and medical botany in the Eclec- tic Medical Institute, Cincinnati, suffered from amaurosis and resigned, recommending Cleave- land as his successor; this appointment was not satisfactory in its results, as Cleaveland was not well grounded in eclecticism and moreover was "turbulent and ever ready for a disturbance." He was a controversialist and not in harmony with the teaching of the other professors. Dissensions grew until fin- ally Cleaveland and his adherents were ex- pelled ; they organized the College of Eclectic Medicine in which Cleaveland held the chair of materia medica and therapeutics until the College was merged in the Institute in 1859. He remained in Cincinnati and at the begin- ning of the Civil War enlisted and received an order to fit out hospitals in the Southwest. He did valuable work in Memphis, Tennessee, transforming the city into an immense hos- pital to meet the needs of the great number of sick soldiers ; arranging a special hospital for officers, and taking personal charge of the hospital for the purpose of stamping out gan- grene, which had appeared in all the hospitals. At the time this temporary hospital closed Dr. Cleaveland fell ill with pneumonia and died December 2, 1863. Dr. Cleaveland wrote a "Pronouncing Medical Lexicon"; and booklets on "The Care of Soldiers in Camp and Field." He was a founder and editor of The College Journal of Medical Science. He was married. Hist. Eclectic Medical Institute, H. W. Felter, Cincinnati, 1902. Cleaveland, Joseph Manning (1824-1907). Born in Newbury, Massachusetts, on the twenty-second day of July, 1824, Joseph M. Cleaveland had his early education at schools in Lunenburg, Mass., and New Haven, Conn., and graduated B. A. from what is now Prince- ton University. He took his M. D. at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, in 1850, retaining his connection with the old New York Hospital on Broadway for three years. While resident there an epidemic of ship fever occurred. Fifteen of the doctors were stricken with the dread malady; thirteen of them died, Dr. Cleaveland and one other being the only ones who recovered. After leaving the hospital he was exam- ining physician for the commissioners of immigration and during this time over nine thousand immigrants passed through his hands with hardly a case of mistaken diagnosis. About this time Dr. Henry Grinnell offered him the post of physician to the relief expedi- tion which was going out to search for Sir John Franklin. This offer he declined and after engaging for a year or two in private practice in New York City, he and Dr. Cor- nelius R. Agnew (q. v.) were appointed physi- cians to the Great Cliff Mine on Lake Su- perior, where they had some fifteen hundred miners under their charge for a year or more. Dr. Cleaveland's work as an alienist began when he became first assistant under Dr. Gray at the Utica Asylum, where he occupied a very responsible position and did able service. He is, however, best known for his work in connection with the Hudson River State Hospital, at Poughkeepsie, New York. He was instrumental in getting the bill for such a hospital through the Legislature, and there was no part of the work of construction or organization after he was appointed superin- tendent in March, 1867, that did not come under his untiring supervision. Dr. Cleaveland was the first to suggest that the old-time designation of asylum should
