in position to secure an enfilading fire on the fort on Hilton Head, and materially assisted in silenc- ing the batteries of the enemy. In 1863 he was promoted commodore, and commanded the 4th division of Admiral Porter's fleet at both bom- bardments of Fort Fisher, N. C. in December, 1864, and January, 1865. In the report of the latter action he was specially commended for the support rendered the commander-in-chief, and for the good discipline and accurate firing of his ship, the " Susquehanna." At the close of the war he was made rear-admiral, and commanded the South Atlantic or Brazil squadron in 1866-'7. His last active employment was as commandant of the Brooklyn navy-yard in 1868-70. He was retired on account of age in 1871.
GODWIN, Parke, editor, b. in Paterson, N.
J., 25 Feb., 1816. His father was an officer in the
war of 1812, and his grandfather a soldier of the
Revolution. He was graduated at Princeton in
1834, studied law, and was admitted to the bar of
Kentucky, but did not practise. He married the
eldest daughter of William Cullen Bryant, and
from 1837 till 1853, excepting one year, was
connected with the New York “Evening Post.” In
1843 he issued the “Pathfinder,” a weekly, which
was suspended after three months. He contributed
many articles to the “Democratic Review,” in
which he advocated reforms that were subsequently
introduced into the constitution and code of New
York. He was also editor of “Putnam's Monthly,”
to which he contributed many literary and political
articles, which were published in book-form, under
the title “Political Essays” (New York, 1856). In
1865 he again became connected with the “Evening
Post.” During the administration of President
Polk he was deputy collector of New York.
Subsequently he joined the Republican party and
supported it by his speeches and writings. He is
the author of “Popular View of the Doctrines of
Charles Fourier” (New York, 1844); “Constructive
Democracy”; “Vala, a Mythological Tale” (1851);
“A Handbook of Universal Biography” (1851; new
ed., entitled “Cyclopedia of Biography,” 1871);
“History of France” (1st vol., 1861); “Out of the
Past,” a volume of essays (1870); and edited a new
edition of Bryant's prose and poetical writings,
with a life (6 vols., New York, 1883-'4).
GOES, Pedro de (go'-es), Portuguese pioneer,
b. in Lisbon in 1503 ; d. in Sao Salvador de Bahia,
in 1554. He was a brother of Damian de Goes, the
historian. He served as captain in the fleet, and
by his geographical knowledge was of great ser-
vice in the expedition of Martim Aflonso de Souza
to Brazil in December, 1530. In recompense of
his services. Goes was given, in 1532, the district
north of Souza's captaincy of Sao Vicente, extend-
ing 150 miles on the coast to the river of Itapimi-
rim, with nearly sovereign rights. He introduced
the sugar-cane from the Canary islands, and soon
had flourishing plantations. But the surrounding
Indians were very troublesome, and Goes sailed
for Portugal, in 1541, in quest of monetary re-
sources and re-enforcements. When he returned in
the next year with an expedition, he found his
establishments and cane-fields burnt down, and
his colonists dispersed or killed by the savages.
He tried to restore cultivation, organized an exjje-
dition into the interior, defeated the Indians in
many engagements, in one of which he lost an eye
(1543), aod for three years enjoyed tranquillity.
But toward the end of 1546 the Indians again laid
his plantations waste, and in 1547 he sailed for
Lisbon, to lay his grievances before the court. On
12 May, 1548, he said to King John III. : " If your
majesty does not soon succor the hardy colonists
and captains of Brazil, before they lose property
and lives, your majesty will lose the colony." Im-
pressed by these words, the king appointed Thome
de Souza governor-general of Brazil, and sent him,
in 1549, to protect the pioneers. In his voyage of
1547 Goes is believed to have brought the first
tobacco-plants to Europe. On his return to Bra-
zil, Goes was appointed " Capitao maior," and with
an armed vessel cruised on the coast, making sev-
eral captures of contraband vessels. He assisted
Souza greatly in the organization of the adminis-
tration and in the development of the resources of
the new colony, and sent many valuable notes to
his brother for his history of Portugal and its colo-
nies. Goes had a disagreement with Souza's suc-
cessor, Duarte da Costa, in 1553, and was preparing
to sail for Europe when he died.
GOESBRIAND, Louis de, R. C. bishop, b. in
St. Urbain, France, 4 Aug., 1816. He studied the
classics at Quimper and Pont Croix, Finisterre,
and theology in the seminary of Quimper, and
that of St. Sulpice, Paris. After his ordination in
1840 he resolved to devote himself to the Ameri-
can mission, and sailed for the United States the
same year. Between 1840 and 1847 he was occu-
pied with missionary duties in the diocese of Cin-
cinnati. He was next appointed vicar-general of
the diocese of Cleveland and rector of the cathe-
dral. When the see of Burlington was created in
Vermont, he was nominated its first bishop. He
entered upon his office in 1853, and at once set
about building up the diocese. He obtained sev-
eral priests from Europe, and introduced the Sis-
ters of Providence, who established a school, and
took charge of the orphans. He also established
convents and schools of the Sisters of Mercy, Sis-
ters of St. Joseph, and Sisters of the Congregation
of Our Lady, opened schools in Winooski, Burling-
ton, and Rutland, and built a fine Gothic cathedral.
During his administi'ation the churches in the dio-
cese have increased from 8 to 71, while the number
of Catholics has nearly doubled.
GOESSMANN, Charles Anthony, chemist, b.
in Naumburg, Germany, 13 June, 1827. He was
educated at the gymnasium in Fritzlar, and then
studied under Friedrich Wöhler in the University
of Göttingen, where he received the degree of
Ph. D. in 1853. From 1852 till 1857 he was assistant
in the chemical laboratory, and privat-docent
in the university. He then came to the United
States, and at first was engaged in the development
of the salt industry in New York and Michigan.
In 1862 he became professor of chemistry in
the Rensselaer polytechnic institute in Troy, but
resigned that chair after two years. He was elected
in 1869 to the chair of chemistry in the
Massachusetts agricultural college, and in addition to his
professorship has been chemist to the Massachusetts
state board of agriculture since 1873, director
of the state agricultural experiment station since
1882, and analyst of the Massachusetts state board
of health since 1883. His contributions to chemical
literature have been numerous, and include,
prior to his coming to the United States, papers on
organic acids contributed to the “Annalen der
Chemie und Pharmacie.” Dr. Goessmann's later
papers include articles on sugar, salt, various foods,
and special fertilization of plants. These have
appeared chiefly in the reports of the organizations
with which he has been connected.
GOETSCHIUS. Johannes Henricus, clergyman, b. in Liguria, Switzerland, in 1718; d. in Hackensack, N. J., about 1800. He studied at the University of Zurich, and emigrated to the United
