of the Big World " (1893) ; " Romance of Teutonic Switzerland" (1894); and "Swiss Solutions of American Problems " (Boston, 1896).
MacCRACKEN, Henry Mitchell, educator, b. in Oxford, Ohio, 28 Sept.. 1840. He was grad- uated at Miami university and at Princeton theo- logical seminary, continuing his studies in Ger- man universities. From 18.57 to 1860 he was a classical instructor and school superintendent in Ohio, and for the ensuing eleven years pastor of Preshyterian churches in Columbus and Toledo. In 1881 he became chancellor of the Pittsburg uni- versity, and three years later was elected chancel- lorof the I'niversity of the city of New Vork, which position he still occupies. Under his management the institution was removed in 1897 to University Heights, for which purpo.^e Dr. MaeCracken secured gifts amounting to more than a million dollars. He founded in 1890 the first university school of pedagogy on similar [lians to those of law, medi- cine, and theologv. In addition to various edu- cational, historical, and philosoi>hical addresses, he is the author of " Lives of Leaders of the Church Universal " (3 vols., Boston, 1879). — His son. John H., elected president of Westminster in 1890, is the youngest college president in the country, being but twenty-three years old.
McCUMBER, Porter James, senator, b. in Crete, III., 3 Feb., 18."(6. He Is of Scotch parent- age, and his father wa.s a small farmer. The Ixiy grew up in the country, studied in the common schools of Rochester, Minn., and at the law depart- ment of the University of Michigan, from which he was graduated in 1880. Soon after his gradu- ation he went to North Dakota to practise law, settling first at Lisbon and later at Wahpeton, where he fonund a partnership with B. Ij. Bogart. Id 1885-'7 he was a member of the territorial legislature, and he served also as state's attorney of Uicliland count v. In Jan., 1899, he was elected U. S. senator as a l{epublican for the term ending in .March. lIMl.'i. to succeed William N. Roach.
MACDONALD, Hugh John. b. in Kingston. Ontario, 13 March, 1850. He is a son of the late Sir John Macdonald (9. <.), and was educated at Queen's college and the University of Toronto. He was called to the bar of Ontario. 1872, and became queen's counsel in 1890. Mr. Macdonald took an active interest in militia affairs, and served during the etnenles In the northwest with his regi- ment, entered the Canadian house of commons as member for Winnipeg in 1801, resigned in 1893, but returned in 1896. and became in Sir Charles Tapper's administration minister of the interior. He resigned with his leader in July, and later was elected leader of the Conservatives in Manitoba.
McDONALD, Marshall, fish commissioner, b. in Roniney, W. Va.. 26 June. 1835. He was grad- uated at the Virginia military institute and served in the Confederate army from the beginning of the civil war till its close as an ofllcer of engineers and ordnance, becoming chief engineer of North Carolina in 186.5. with the rank of colonel. His commission of brigadier-general was made out, but failed to reach him before the surrender. He was a profes-sor at the Virginia militarv institute for fourteen years, ami since 1875 has been Virginia commissioner of fisheries. He became attached to the U. S. fish commission in 1879. for several years was in charge of the distribution of young fishes, and was later chief of the division of fish culture, lie has received medals for improve- ments in fish culture from the International fish- ery exhibitions in London and Berlin, one from the Societe d'Acclimation in Paris, and a special medal from the latter society for a fish-way that he devised for the river Vienne, in France. He in- vented the automatic hatching jars in 1881 that are now in use in the general U. S. fish commis- sion and in Japan and Europe, and developed in 1882 the tidal apparatus now in use for hatching the floating eggs of cod. halibut, and other marine species, by which the work of distribution has been developed, its methods perfected, and its cost cheajiened. Mr. McDonald has published a series of reports on fisheries during his occupation of the office of fish commissioner of Virginia, and papers in the reports of the U. S. commissioners in •• Forest and Stream," in "Science," and in the annual report of the Fisheries society.
McDonnell, Charles Edward, R. C. bishop, b. in New Vork city, 26 June, 1854. He received his education from the Christian brothers and from the Jesuits of St. Francis Xavier's college. Accepted by Cardinal JlcCloskey for the archdio- cese of New York, he was sent to Rome when not quite eighteen, entering the American college, where he received the degree of D. i>. and was or- dained a priest there by Bishop Chatard of In- diana, in May, 1878. His first service in New Vork city was as assistant at St. Mary's church in 1878, and in 1879 at St. Stephen's, and in May of this year Cardinal McCloskey took him to the cathe- dral as master of ceremonies, a branch of ecclesi- astical education in which he had l)een trained at Rome. In 1884 he was appointed secretary to Cardinal McCloskey. and subsequently he received the additional office of chancellor under Arch- bishop Corrigan. In June, 18iK), while in Wome, he was appointed by Leo XIII. one of his private chamberlains, with the title of monsignore, and in October, 18!K), he was appointed spiritual director of the Catholic club. In 1892 he was made bishop of Brooklyn, and was consecrated in the New Vork cathe.lral, 25 April, 1892.
McENERY, Naninel Douglas, senator, b. in Monroe, La., 28 .May, 1837. He attended the U.S. naval academy at Annapolis, Md., the University of Virginia, and was graduated at the Poughkeep- sie law-seh<x)l. During the civil war he served in the Confederate army in Virginia, and also in the trans-MlssissippI department. In 1879 he was elected, on the Democratic ticket, lieutenant-gov- ernor of Louisiana. On the death of Gov. W iltz in October, 1881, he succeeded him as governor, which office he continued to fill until 1888. In June of that year his successor, Francis T. Nicbolls, appointed him associate justice of the supreme court for the term of twelve years. In 1892 he was nominated for governor by the Democratic party, but was defeatetl by the anti-lottery vote. In May, 1896, he was elected to the senate to succeed N. C. Blanchard. taking his seat in March, 1897. — His brother. John, was governor of Louisiana in 1872.
MACEO, José, Cuban colonel, b. in Santiago de Cuba. 28 Mav, 1846; d. in La Lama del Gato, 5 July. 1896. 'His father, of mingled Indian and negro blood, came from Central .inerica and settled on a plantation in Cuba. His son. Col. Jose, fought through the insurrection of 1868 and 1879, and hastening from Costa Rica in March, 1895, was assigned to the command of a Cuban force, at the head of which he was killed in a fierce encounter with the Spaniards. — His brother, An- tonio, Cuban general, b. in Santiago de Cuba, 14 July, 184«; d. near Havana, 2 Dec, 1896. Maceo was a mulatto, of mixed Indian and negro blood, and one of a family of eleven sons, all of whom but two have since died fighting for the Cuban cause. He was self-educated and possessed lit-
