SCHRADER
590
SCHRANE
up their abode at the little Church of Weih-St-
Peter at Ratisbon. Their number soon increased
and a larger monastery was built for them (about
1090) by Burgrave Otto of Ratisbon and his brother
Henn,'. This became the famous Scotch Monas-
ten,' of St. Jacob at Ratisbon, the mother-house of
a series of other Schottenkloster. It founded the
Abbeys of St. Jacob at Wiirzburg (about 1134),
St. .Egidius at Nuremberg (1140), St. Jacob at Con-
stance (1142), Our Blessed Lady at Vienna (1158),
St. Nicolas at Memmingen (1168), Holy Cross at
Eichstiitt (1194), and the Priory of Kelheim (1231).
These, together with the Abbey of St. Jacob at Erfurt
(1036), and the Priory of Weih-St-Peter at Ratisbon,
formed the famous congregation of the German
Schottenkloster which was erected by Innocent III
in 1215, with the Abbot of St. Jacob at Ratisbon
as abbot -general. In the fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries most of these monasteries were on the
decline, partly for want of Scotch or Irish monks,
partly on account of great laxity of discipline and
financial difficulties. In consequence, the abbeys
of Nuremberg and Vienna were withdrawn from
the Scotch congregation and repeopled by German
monks in 1418. The Abbey of St. Jacob Wiirzburg
was left without any monks after the death of Abbot
Philip in 1497. It was then repeopled by German
monks and in l.')06 joined the congregation of Burs-
feld. In 1595, however, it was restored to the Scotch
congregation and continued to be occupied by Scotch
monks until its suppression in 1803. The abbey of
Constance began to decline in the first half of the
fifteenth century and was suppressed in 1530. That
of ]\Iemmingen also disappeared during the early
period of the Protestant Reformation. The Abbey
of Holy Cross at Eichstiitt seems to have ceased
earlv in the fourteenth century. In consequence
of the Protestant Reformation in Scotland many
Scotch Benedictines left their country and took
refuge in the Schottenkloster of Germany during
the sixteenth century. The Scotch monasteries in
Ratisbon, Erfurt, and Wiirzburg again began to
flourish temporarily, but all endeavours to regain
the monasteries of Nuremberg, Vienna, and Con-
stance for monks of Scotch nationality were useless.
In 1692 Abbot Placidus Flemming of Ratisbon reor-
ganized the Scotch congregation which now com-
prised the monasteries of Ratisbon, Erfurt, and
Wiirzburg, the only remaining Schottenkloster in
Germany. He also erected a seminary in connexion
with the mona-stery at Ratisbon. But the forced
secularization of monasteries in 1803 put an end to
the Scotch abbeys of Erfurt and Wiirzburg, leaving
St. Jacob's at Ratisbon as the only surviving Schot-
tenkloster in Germany. Though since 1827 this
monastery was again permitted to accept novices,
the number of its monks dwindled down to two capit-
ulars in 1862. There being no hope of any increase,
Pius IX suppressed this last Schottenkloster in his
brief of 2 September, 1862. Its revenues were dis-
tributed between the diocesan seminary of Ratisbon
and the Scotch Cfjllege at Rome.
I{F,N7.. HeUrOne nur Or^rh. der SrhoUenahtei SI. Jacob u. deg Pri- oratn Weih St. Peler in Regenshurfj in Stwlien und Miileilungen aus dem B<'n. un4 CUt. Orden, XVI-XVIII rBrttnn, 189.5-7); JaN- NER, Die Srhollen in Ref/ennhura und ihre Kirche zu St. Jacob (Rat- iflbon. \HH'>); Waldf.rdorf, .S. Mercherdnch, S. Marian und die Anfange der SchoUfnkldiler in Rcnennburt] in Verhandlungen des hi>,t. Vereino ton Oborpfah. XXXIV (Ratisbon, 1879). 187-2.32; Wattf.nbach in Zeilirhrift fUr chrinlliche Archaologie und Kunul (IH.V.). 21-:J0. 49-.5H; Hooan, Iri^h Monasteries in Germanu in Irish Ecrl. Record. XVI (Dublin. ISO.")). 80.5-874; Dunn. Irish Monks on the Continent in Cnth. UniversUi/ Bulletin, X (1904), 307-.328; Lindvf.r, Monnsticon Metropolis Sahburgensis antiqut (.^alzburK, 190S), 417-422; Gouoaud. CEuvre deji Srolti dans VEnrope Continental in Rev. d'llist. EccL. IX (Lourain, 1908). 21-37.257-277. MiCHAEL OtT.
Schrader, Clement, Jesuit theologian, b. at It- ztim, in Hanover, Nov., 1820; d. at Poitiers 23 Feb., 1875. He studied at the German College at Rome
(1840-48) and entered the Society of Jesus on 17 May,
1848. For a time he filled the post of prefect of
studies in the German College; subsequently he lec-
tured in the Roman College on dogmatic theology,
and later on joined the theological faculty of Vienna.
In 1867 he became a member of the theological com-
mission appointed to prepare the preliminaries for the
Vatican Council. On his refusal to take the oath of
fidelity to the Constitution of 1867 he was, not long
after the council had been prorogued, deprived of
his professorship by the Austrian Government. The
remainder of his life was devoted to the teaching
of theology in the Catholic University of Poitiers
where he succumbed to an attack of pneumonia.
Schrader's thorough grasp of scholastic theology is
evidenced by the many works that bear his name.
Chief among these are: "De Deo Creante"; "De
triplici Ordine"; eight series of these, dealing with
various theological questions, e. g. predestination,
actual grace, faith, human society; "De unitate Ro-
mana" (according to Hurter, by far his ablest work).
He assisted Passaglia in several of his works, notably
in the latter's monumental treatise on the Immacu-
late Conception. He was also actively engaged in the
conduct of a periodical published at Vienna (1864-
67), and entitled "Der Papst und die modernen
Ideen". The Syllabus of Pius IX is given in a Ger-
man translation and a number of counter proiwsitions
added with a view to bringing out in clearer light the
exact significance of the errors condemned in the
Syllabus.
Hurter, Nomenclator, III, 1245; Sommervoqel, Bibl. de la C. de J., VII, 912.
J. A. Cahill.
Schram (Schramm), Dominic, a Benedictine theo- logian and canonist, b. at Bamberg, 24 October, 1722; d. in the monastery of Banz near Bamberg, 21 Sep- tember, 1797. He took vows at Banz, 13 November, 1743, and, after being ordained priest, 18 August, 1748, taught at his monastery: at first, mathematics (1757), then canon law (1760), then philosophy (1762) and, soon after, theology. In 1782 he reluctantly ac- cepted the position of prior in the monastery of Michelsberg at Bamberg, whence he returned to Banz in 1787. His chief works are: "Compendium theologise dogmaticic, scholasticae, et moralis, me- thodo scientifica propositum", 3 vols. (Augsburg, 1768; 3d edition, Turin, 1837-9); " Institutiones theologise mysticaj", 2 vols. (Ausburg, 1774; 3d edi- tion, Paris, 1868), his best work; Analysis operum SS. Patrum et scriptorum ecclesiasticorum", 18 vols., reaching as far as St. Damasus (Augsburg 1780-96); "Institutiones juris ecclesiastici publici et privati", 3 vols. (Augsburg, 1774-5; 2d ed., 1782); "Epitome canonum ecclesiasticorum ex conciliis Germaniaj col- lecta" (Augsburg, 1774); and a newly-arranged edi- tion of the "Summa Conciliorum" of Carranza con- tinued up to Pius VI, 4 vols. (Augsburg, 1778).
LiNDNF.R, Die Schriftstfller des Benediktiner-Ordens in Bayern 1750-1880 (Rati.sbon, 1880) II, 213-4; Hurter, Nomenclator Literarius, III. 340-1.
Michael Ott.
Schrank, Franz Paula von, naturali.st, b. at Varn- bach near Schiirding on the Inn, 21 August, 1747; d. at Munich, 22 Dcicember, 1835. At the age of nine he commenced his studies at the Jesuit College at Paa- sau, and at fifteen entered the Society of Jesus. The first year of his novitiate was spent at Vienna, and the second at the college in Oedenburg, Hungary, where Father Sluha, a former missionary in Brazil, interested him in the study of nature. His higher studies were made sliccessively at Raab, Tyrnau, and Vienna. His strength having been impaired by excessive (exertion during his botanical expedition, he was, in 1769, ap- pointed instructor at the college at Linz. After the suppression of his order, he moved to Vienna where he
