SYDNEY 713 SYNOD
the estimates of the Swiss Milk Office, created by the archdiocese of Svdney , consecrated 15 Aug. following, Goveniment in 1917 to regulate the provisioning of succeeding ihe late Cardinal Moran, 16 Aug., 1911. the coTutry, milk production for 1913 was estimated In his episcopate was founded the Apostolic Delesa- at 273,000 metric tons, with a constant decrease dur- tion in Australia, Mgr. Cerretti being the first dele- ing the war years to 186,000 tons in 1919. The gate. According to the statistics of 1922 the arch- amount of miUc utilized in uie manufacture of cheese, diocese contains 86 parishes, 177 churches, 156 butter, and condensed milk, in 1919 (53,000 tons) was secular priests, 105 regulars^ 270 brothers, 1668 only half the amount used in 1913. In view of the nuns. There are 3 seminaries m the archdiocese with innumerable strikes in the surrounding countries, 182 seminarians. Educational institutions are: 43 the labor situation in Switzerland has been very calm, hig^ schools, 369 teachers. 5345 students; 144 ele- The fortv-eight-hour week became effective for all mentary schools. 705 teachers, 34,932 pupils. No Swiss industrial establishments on 1 January, 1920. census of the Cfatholic population has Ibeen taken At the end of 1919 there were 20 central trade unions since 1911. The following institutions exist in the in the country with a combined membership of archdiocese: 2 homes (1 conducted by the Little 223,588. A Federal Labor Bureau was established Sisters of the Poor, 1 for infirm priests), 9 hospitals, in 1921 with jurisdiction over all labor questions, 3 refuges. All the. public institutions admit the including the draftins of bills regulating relations ministi^ of priests. Hospitals receive small dona- between employer ana employee. The Bureau was tions from the government. There are two Catholic designed to act also as an mtermediary between the weekly newspapers: the "Catholic Press" and the Swiss government and the labor organizations of the "Freeman's Journal. The official records of the League of Nations. In 1918 there were 9317 fao- war show that Catholics enlisted in proportion to the tones, including 1222 watch establishments with population. Chaplains were sent from time to time 46,500 employees, of whom some 25,000 were male, with the different divisions. Two of them were The railway milei^ of Switzerland in 1920 was 3881 , decorated with the Officer Order of the British Empire, besides 34 miles of foreign railways in the Confedera- tion. The state railways are being electrified. In Sylvestrlnes (cf. C. E., XIV— 372d).— TheCon- 1920 the foreign trade of Switzerlimd included: im- gr^tion of Sylvestrines is formed by several monas- ports valued at S712,777,052, and exports, valued at teries suijvris, and has a superior general, who, with $550,553,435. In 1921 the revenue of the govern- a procurator general and a secretai^ general form the ment was estimated at £14,333,600, and the expendi- governing boay. They are elected for six years only ture at £20,937,600. The public debt of the coun- by the capitular Fathers assembled in general chapter, try, exclusive of the railway debt, amounted on 1 lliere is no vicar general. The mother-house of the January, 1921, to £64,234,264, mostly at 5 per cent, congregation is the Monastery of St. Sylvester on The floating debt was £10,280,000. The total debt Monte Fano, thpugh the superior general resides at the was thus £74,514,264. monastery of St. Stephen on Monte Cacco. Revised
Defence. —-Switzerland depends for defence on a constitutions of the congregation were confirmed by
national militia; service being compulsory and uni- Alexander VIII in 1690, but the ^esent constitutions
versal. The number of soldiers in peace time is are those approved by Gregory AVI. 4 May, 1838.
about 140,000. In 1920 the mOitaiy budget was The monasteries in Portugal are entirely extinguished.
£1^30,989. Those in Brazil were rul^ by a vicar, but owing to
The position of Switzerland in the Great European the difficulties of communication and local differences. War (1914), completely surrounded by belligerent in the course of time they passed over to the Cassinese Powers, was one of great difficulty. The nation as a Congre^tion of Benedictmes, under which some of whole was extremely anxious to maintain neutrality, them still exist. There were formerly monasteries of thou^ in their sympathies the Swiss people were Sylvestrine Nuns, which, however, have ceased to sharply divided. The country suffered acutely from exist. Among the saints of the con^gation are: economic difficulties. Besides maintaining its army Simonettus, Philip of Recanato, Paulmus Bigazzini on a war footing for the duration of the war, Switzer- of Perugia, Bonapars Ghisleri of Jesi, John the Soli- land became a clearing house for the refugees, wounded, taiy , Benvenuto of Arcevia, Simon of Itoccacontrada, and prisoners of the belligerents, while exiled monarchs Bartholomew a Cingulo, and many others. The prin- and mtemational diplomats maae it their headquarters, cipal records of the congregation are still in manuscript After the Revolution in Germany, the small districts in the general archives, of Busingen, Jestelten, and Lottstelten in Baden
declared themselves united to the canton of Schaff- Synod (cf. C. E., XIV— 388a) .—Under the new
hausen. In the popular referendum held on 15 May, regime a diocesan synod is to be held m each diocese
1920, 11 H cantons voted for and lOJ^ against joining at least every tenth year, to treat exclusively of the
the Lwiue of Nations. The popular vote favored it special needs of the clewor and laity of the cUocese.
by 400^000 to 300,000. It can be convoked only by the bishop or by the
vicar general if specially delected, but not by the
Sydntjy Abchdigcbss of (Stdnetbnsis; cf. C. vicar capitular, and is to be neld ordinarily in the
E., XIV — 365b), in Australia. In 1917, 12 parishes cathednd. The following persons are to be invited
were separated from the arehdiocese to help form the and must attend — if they are unable to be present
new diocese of Wagga-Wagga. In 1921 the centenary they must inform the bishop of their inability: the
of the foundation of the chureh in Australia was vicar general; the cathedral canons or diocesan
solemnly celebrated at Sydney, the hierarehy of consultors; the rector of the higher diocesan sem-
Australasia attending. On 8 June, 1913, ti^ Areh- inary; the vicars forane; a representative of each
bishops of Sydney and Melbourne laid the foundation collegbite chureh, chosen by its chapter from amons
stone of the new cathedral and £11,000 were sub- its members: the parish priests of the city in which
scribed on that day. It is hoped that the work will the synod is being held; at least one parish from each
be completed in five 3rears. The arehdiocese is in a vicariate forane, chosen from among those who are
flourishmg condition, due in great part to the zeal charged there with the cure of souls; abbots de
and eners^ of its present administrator. Most Rev. regimine; and of the superiors of each clerical order
Michael jSellv. He was b. at Waterford, Ireland, or oon^p^egation in the diocese, appointed by the
13 Feb., 1850, ordained 1 Nov., 1872, rector of the provincial, unless when the provincial house is in
Irish College at Rome, 1891, dected titular Areh- the diocese and the provincial himself prefera to
bishop of Achrida 16 July, 1901, and coadjutor of the attend. The bishop may, if he pleases, invite all the
