CALEPINO
169
CALIARI
Such alterations were too obvious to be ignored,
and throughout the Middle Ages many observers both
pointed them out and endeavoured to devise a rem-
edy. For this purpose it was necessary, however, not
only to determine with accuracy the exact amount of
the Julian error, but also to discover a practical means
of correcting it. It was this latter problem that chief-
ly stood in the way of reform, for the amount of error
was ascertained almost exactly as early as the thir-
teenth century. The necessity of a reform was con-
tinually urged, especially by Church authorities, who
felt the need in connexion with the ecclesiastical cal-
endar. It was accordingly strongly pressed upon the
attention of the pope by the councils of Constance,
Basle, Lateran (a.d. loll), and finally by Trent , in its
last session (a.d. 156.3).
Nineteen years later the work was accomplished by Pope Gregory XIII (from whom the Gregorian reform takes its name) with the aid chiefly of Lilius, Clavius, and Chacon or Chaconius. There were two main objects to be attained: first, the
surcs. Weights, and Moneys. (Jrimthhhpe (Sir E. Beckett
ison). Astronomy Without Mathematics
John Gerard.
Calepino, Ambrogio, an Italian lexicographer, b.
about 1440 at Calepio (province of Bergamo) ; d. 1510
or 1511. He entered the Augustinian Order in 1458.
His Latin dictionary, under the title of " Cornucopias ",
appeared first in 1502 at Reggio. It was reprinted
many times during the sixteenth century, the Aldi
alone giving no less than eighteen editions from 1542
to 1592. Later editions were considerably enlarged.
To the Latin of the original were added equivalents
in other languages. Thus we have the Basle edition
(1590) which contains eleven languages: "Ambrosii
Calepini dictionarium undecim linguarum: respon-
dent autem latinis vocabulis hebraiea, gra>ca, gallica,
italica, germanica, belgica, hispanica, polonica, un-
garica, anglica". The edition in
seven languages by Facciolati
(Pavia, 1718) was reprinted many
times, Calepinus became a com-
VICE)
error of ten days, already mentioned, which had
crept in, had to be got rid of; second, its recur-
rence had to be prevented for the future. The
lirst was attained by the omission from the calen-
dar of the ten superfluous days, so as to bring
things back to their proper position. To ol
the recurrence of the same inconvenience, it was
decided to omit three leap years in every four centu-
ries, and thus eliminate the three superfluous days,
which, as we have seen, would be introduced in that
period under the Julian system. To effect this, only
those Cenlnnnl years were retained as leap years
the firs! two figures of which are exact multiples
of 4— as 1600, "2000. 2400— other centurial years
1701), 1800. 1900. 2100, etc becoming common
years of 365 days each. By this comparatively
simple device an approximation I curacy
was effected, which for all practical purposes i- amply sufficient; for, although the length oi the Gregorian year exceeds the true astronomical urement by twenty-six seconds, it will be about thirty-five centuries before the result will be an error of a day. and. as Lord Grimthorpe truly says, before that time arrives mankind will have abundant time to devise a mode of correctir.il. For the actual intro- duction of the Gregorian Calendar or New Style, throughout Christendom iloot.
Romani lot. n
rifier la dales (Paris,
1818-4J Gl [VFBND,
- d. Mitlelallers (Hanover, 1905); W0OLHOU81,
mon name, a synonym of dictionary or lexicon, and
we find titles like the following: "Septem linguarum
calepinus, hoc est, lexicon latinum". Calepino also
wrote the life of St. John the Hermit which is found
in the "Acta Sanctorum" for the 22d of October
(Oct., IX, 748-767).
TiRABOscHi. Storia delta letteratura itntiana (Florence, 1812), VII. IV. 1.552-1554; Sooi-a enciciopedia italiayia (Turin, 1875
),IV. 636.
C. A. UUBRAY.
Calf. See Golden Calf.
Caliari, Paolo (usually known as Paolo Vero- nese), an eminent painter of the Venetian school; b. at Verona, 1528; d. at Venice, 19 April. 1588. He was the son of a sculptor. ( labriele Caliari, and was at firsl educated in his father's craft, but his taste was towards painting; and he entered the studio of Anto- nio Badile, a Veronese painter of some repute. His lirst works were executed at Verona, and at Mantua. and at Cast elf raneo. In the last-named place he decorated the Villa Soranzo with large frescoes. He was summoned to Venice in 1555 and commissioned to decorate the ceiling of San Sebastiano, his work giving such satisfaction that he was further employed to paint an altar-piece and smaller works in the same church. In 1561 the historical paintings he executed
in a ca~tle near Vicenza were brought under the notice
of Titian, who selected him t<> carry out part of the
'ion of the great hall of the Library of Saint
Mark, and his three medallions were successful in
