CHALONS-SUR-MARNE
566
CHAMBERY
Challoner's other writings were: "Grounds of
Catholic Doctrine" (1732); "Unerring Authority of
the Catholic Church" (1732); "Short History of the
Protestant Religion" (1733); "A Roman Catholick's
Reasons why He cannot Conform" (1734); "The
Touchstone of the New^ Religion " (1734); " The Young
Gentleman Instructed in the Grounds of the Chris-
tian Religion" (1735); "A Specimen of the Spirit of
the Dissenting Teachers" (1736); "The Catholic
Christian Instructed" (1737); " Rheims Testament " ,
ed. with F. Blyth (173S); translation of St. Augus-
tine's "Confessions" (1740?); "The Grounds of the
Old Religion" (1742); "A Letter to a Friend concern-
ing the Infallibility of the Church " (1743) ; " A Papist
Misrepresented and Represented", abridged from
Gother; "Remarks on Two Letters against Popery"
(1751); "Instructions for the Jubilee" (1751); "The
Wonders of God in the Wilderness: Lives of the
Fathers of the Deserts" (1755); "The Life of St.
Teresa", abridged from Woodhead (1757); "Manual
of Pravers" (175S); "A Caveat against the Method-
ists" (1760); "The City of God of the New Testa-
ment" (1760); "The Morality of the Bible" (1762);
"Devotion of Catholics to the Blessed Virgin" (1764);
"Rules of Life for a Christian" (1766). He also
issued some minor works in the nature of tracts and
pastoral letters. A complete life of Bishop Challoner
is nearing completion (1907).
Miln-er, A Funeral Discourse on the Death of the Ven. and Rt. Rev. Rich, ml Challoner (17S2); Barnard. Life of Venerabh and Rt. Rev. Richard ChaUonrr (London. 1784); MlLNER, Brief Account of the Life of the Rt. Rev. Richard Challoner (London, 1798); Butler, Biographical Account of Rt. Rev. Dr. Challoner. published anonymously in Catholic Spectator (1824) and reprinted in Catholic Magazine (1831 >; Brady. Annals of the Catholic Hierarchy (London, 1877), III. 164; Gillow, Bibl. Diet. Eng. Cath. (London 1885), I; Cooper in Diet. Nat. Bioa. (London, 1SS7), IX. 440; Burton, Bishop Challoner in Penny Biographical Series (Catholic Truth Society, Lon- don, 1S97).
Edwin Burton.
Chalons-sur-Marne, Diocese of (Catalaunen- sis), comprises the department of Marne, exclusive of the arrondissement of Reims. United in 1S02 with the Diocese of Meaux and in 1S21 with that of Reims, the diocese of Chalons was re-established in 1822, and is suffragan to Reims. Local legends maintain that the evangelization of Chalons by St. Memmius, sent thither by St. Peter and assisted by Ms sister Poma, also by Sts. Donatian and Domitian, took place in the first century, but in the revised list of the diocesan saints in the Breviary these legends have been suppressed. Abb6 Duchesne assigns the founding of the See of Chalons to the fourth century, Amandinus, who attended the Council of Tours in 461, being its ninth bishop. St. Lumier (Leudomerus), Bishop of Chalons about 5S0, was noted for his miraculous power over animals. The bishops of this see played an important part in early French history, and at the coronation of the Oapetian kings the Bishop of Chalons always carried the royal ring. The cathedral was consecrated in 1147 by Eugene III, assisted by St. Bernard and eighteen cardinals. Among its celebrated abbeys the diocese counted those of St. Meinniius. founded in the fifth century by Alpinus; Toussaints, founded in the eleventh century; Montier-en-Der. founded in the seventh century by St. Bercharius, a monk from Luxeuil; Saint-Pierre au Mont, founded during the same period. Not re-Dame de l'Epine, near Chalons, was a place of pilgrimage as early as the beginning of the fifteenth cent
Prior to the law of 1001 there were Jesuits and Lazarists in the Diocese of Chalons, which lias many
schools in charge of the local congregation of Notre- Dame, founded in 1613 by Venerable Mire Ali\ Leclerc. In 1900 there were in the diocese the fol- lowing religious institutions: 16 infant schools, 3 boys' orphanages, 9 girls' orphanages, 7 dispensaries,
15 hospitals and asylums, 11 houses for religious
nurses, 1 house of retreat, and 1 insane asylum.
At the close of 1905 (the end of the period under the
Concordat) statistics showed that the diocese had
a population of 231,411, with 25 parishes (cures),
312 succursal parishes (mission churches), and 6
vicariates supported by the State.
Gallia Christiana (nova) (1751), IX. SS6-905: X. Instru- menta, 147-86; lh chi sne, Faates episcovaux, I. 1.3; Edouard de Barthelemi. Diociee anden de Chulons-sur-Marne (Paris, 1861).
Georges Goyau.
Cham, Chamites. I. — Cham (A. V. Ham), son of Noe and progenitor of one of the three great races of men wdiose ethnographical table is given by r Gen., x. Wherever the three sons of Noe are enumerated in the Bible, Cham is placed between Sem and Japhet. We may gather, however, from Gen., ix. 24 that this enumeration is not based on their age, since Cham is there spoken of as the "younger son" of Noe. as com- pared, apparently, with both his brothers. The only incident of the life of Cham after the deluge, which is recorded in the Bible, is that related in Gen., ix, 21-24. Cham sees his father under the influence, of wine lying naked in his tent. He tells his brothers, who respectfully cover the patriarch. The sequel makes it plain that Cham was, on this occasion, guilty of great irreverence. For when Noe hears of the con- duct of his sons he blesses Sem and Japhet, with their posterity, and he pronounces a curse, not on Cham, but on his son Chanaan and his descendants, predict- ing that they will be the servants of their brethren. (For a fuller treatment of this point see Chanaan, Chanaanites.)
II. — The Chamites. — The natives and tribes which descend from Cham are enumerated in Gen., x, 6-20. They are divided into four great families: Chus, Mesram, Phuth, and Chanaan. The Cushites are found in the valleys of the Euphrates and Tigris, in Arabia, and also in Africa. Mesram is Egypt. Phuth, less known, seems to have occupied regions west of Egypt, particularly Libya. Chanaan com- prised the numerous tribes whose country was subsequently occupied by Israel. The Chamites were, consequently, spread over an immense extent of territory. They founded the greatest em; ires of antiquity. Assyria, Babylonia, Egypt, Phoenicia. In Asia they were early replaced or subjugated by Sem- ites. In Africa they have likewise been overcome, in the course of time, by the races of Sem and Japhet. This subjection has meant, in general, the triumph of a higher civilization, purer morals, and a more spiritual religion. (See Lenormant, "Hist, ancienne del'Orient", I, '.Mi sq.)
W. S. Reilly.
Chambery (Cambewtjm), Archdiocese of (Cam beriensis), comprises t lie entire arrondissement of Chambery in Savoy (with the exception of S com- munes 1. 10 communes in the arrondissement of Annecy (Haute-Savoie), and 8 communes in the arrondisse- ment nf Albert villc (Savoie). In 1467. m the ducal chapel built for the Holy Winding-Sheet (Santo Stularii)) by Amadous IN, Duke of Savoy, and the Duchess Yolande of France, Paul II erected a chapter
direct h subject to the Holy See. and his successor,
Sixtus [V, united this chapter with the deanery of Savoy. In 1515 Leo N published a Bull making the deanery an archbishopric, but Francis I objected, and it was only in 177") that this deanery was separated from the Diocese of Grenoble by Pius VI, who, in 177'.'. created it a bishopric with the see at Chambery.
The Duchy of Savoy, politically subject to the King of Sardinia, had thenceforth 4 bishoprics: Chai Saint-Jean de Maurienne, Tarentaise, and Geneva
(with residence at Annecy). In October. 1792, the commissaries to the Convention formed the constitu-
