FORMBY
139
FORMOSnS
stantial form would apply. For a critical examina-
tion of the Mechanicist position in this connexion the
reader is referred to Nys's Cosmologie". Further-
more, there is a noticeable reaction towards the schol-
astic position in recent biology, in which a growing
school of neovitalism is making itself felt.
Aristotle, Opera (Paris, 1629); St. Thomas, Opera (Parma, 1852-72); Duns Scotus, Opera (Lyons, 1639); Lorenzelli, Instilutiones Philosophice Theorelicce (Rome. 1896); Harper, Metaphysics of the School (London, 1879); Mercier, Onlologie (Louvain, 1902); Nys. Cosmologie (Louvain, 1906); De Vorges, La Perception el la Psychulogie Thomiste (Paris, 1892); De WuLF, Scholastic Philosophy, tr. Coffey (London, 1907); Dalgairns, The Holy Communion (Dublin, 1861); Sharps AND AvELiNO, The Spectrum of Truth (London, 1908); Windle, What is Lifer (.hondon. 1908); GvRy, Theologia Moralis (Prato, 1894); Kant, Krilik der reinen Vemunft (Riga, 1781); Hegel, Werke (Berlin, 1832); Herbart, Werke ^Leipzig, 1850-2); HoBBES, Leviathan (London, 1651); Ideu, Elemenlorum Philo- sophicB sectio prima. De Corpore (London, 1655); Locke, An Essay concerning Humane Understanding (London, 1714); CnDwORTH. A Treatise concerning Eternal and Immutable Mor- ality (London, 1731); Hume, Works, ed. Green and Grose (London, 1878); Hamilton, /.«;/wres on Metaphysic and Logic, ed. Mansel and Veitch (Edinburgh, 1859-60); Mansel, Pro- legomena Logica, "An Inquiry into the Psychological Character of Logical Processes" (Oxford, 1851); Mill, .4n E lamination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy (London, 1865); Ghote, Aristotle, ed. Bain and Robertson (London, 1872); Ueber- WEO, System der Logik (Bonn, 1857); Idem, Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophic (Berlin, 1863-8).
Francis Aveling.
Formby, Henry, b. 1816; d. at Normanton Hall, Leicester, 12 March, 1884. His father, Henry Grene- halgh Formby, was the second son of Richard Formb}' of Formby Hall, Lancashire. The family had been Catholic until the eighteenth century, when, with the exception of a younger branch, they lost the Faith and closed the chapel of their fifteenth-century mansion. Henry Formby was educated at Clitheroe grammar- school, the Charterhouse School, London, and Brase- nose College, Oxford, where he took his M.A. Having taken orders, he became vicar of Ruardean in Glou- cestershire, where in 1843 he completed his first book, "A Visit to the East", and he showed the interest in ecclesiastical music that always characterized him in a pamphlet reprinted from "The English Church- man called "Parochi;il Psalmody Considered "(1845). At this time he was profoundly influenced by the Ox- ford Movement, and soon after his friend Newman became a Catholic, he decided to resign his living and join the Church. His reception took place on 24 Jan., 1846, at Oscott, where he continued studying theology till he was ordained priest, 18 Sept., 1847. He was attached to St. Chad's Cathedral where the careful performance of plain chant has ever been a noted fea- ture of the services, and while there he published three works on the subject: "The Catholic Christian's Guide to the Right Use of Christian Psalmody of the Psalter" (1847); "The Plain Chant the Image and Symbol of the Humanity of the Divine Redeemer and the Blessed Virgin Mary" (1848); and "The Roman Ritual and Its Canto Ferino, Compared with the Works of Modern Music, in Point of Efficiency and General Fitness for the Purpose of the Catholic Church" (1849). He also published " The Young Singer's Book of Songs " (1852), "School Songs and Poetry to Which Music Is Adapted" (1852), and he was one of the editors of the " First Series of Hymns and Songs for the Use of Cath- olic Schools and Families "( 1 85.3) . Ot her works belonging to this period were: "The Duties and Happiness of Domestic Service" (1851), "The March of Intellect; or. The Alleged Hostility of the Catholic Church to the Diffusion of Knowledge Examined" (1852), and "State Rationalism in Education; An Examination into the Actual Working and Results of the System of the Board of Commissioners of National Education in Ireland" (1854).
Besides his interest in ecclesiastical music. Father Formby had much at heart the use of pictures as a means of spreading knowledge of the Scriptures and Catholic doctrine. In furtherance of this purpose he
published a series of carefully illustrated books. Chief
among these was his very successful "Pictorial Bible
and church History Stories", which began with " Pic-
torial Bible Stories for the Young" (1856). An edition
of the complete work was publishecl in 1857, followed
by another in three volumes with new illustrations in
1862, and an abridged one- volume edition in 1871.
From 1857 to 1864 he took charge of the mission at
Wednesburj'; during which time he published "The
Fifteen Mysteries of the Rosary" (1857), "The Life
of St. Benedict" (1858), "The Parables of Our Lord
Jesus Christ " (1858), " The Life of St. Patrick " (1862),
all of which were illustrated. A sermon on "Our Lady
of Salette" (1857) and "The Inquiry of a Retired Cit-
izen into the Truth of the Catholic Religion" (1863)
were also published while he was at Wednesbury. In
1864 he retired from active missionary work and with-
drew to the Dominican priory at Hinckley in Leices-
tershire, where he spent the remaining twenty years
of his life in issuing books and pamphlets and in help)ing to train the novices. For some years he edited
"The Monthly Magazine of the Holy Rosary". His
later publications included "The Cause of Poor Cath-
olic Emigrants Pleaded" (1867); "Fleury's Historical
Catechism continued to the Vatican Council" (1871);
"The Book of the Holy Rosary" (1872); "De Annis
Christ! Tractatus" (1872); "Sacrum Septenarium"
(1874); "The Children's Forget-me-not" (1877);
"Compendium of the Philosophy of Ancient History";
"Little Book of the Martyrs of the City of Rome"
(1877); "Five Lectures on the City of Rome" (1877);
" Monotheism . . . the primitive Religion of the City
of Rome" (1877) ; "Ancient Rome and Its Connection
with Christian Religion" (Part I, 1880; Part II, un-
finished at his death); "The Growing Unbelief of the
Educated Classes" (1880); "Safeguards of Divine
Faith in the Presence of Sceptics, Atheists, and Free-
thinkers" (1882); "A Familiar Study of the Sacred
Scripture", his last work. He also wrote a great num-
ber of minor devotional and educational books.
The Tablet (22 March, 1884); The Oscotian (June, 1885), IV, No. 14; Gillow, Bibl. Diet. Eng. Cath., s. v.; Purcell, Life of Cardinal Manning (London, 1896), II, 494.
Edwin Burton.
Fonnosus, Pope (891-896).— The pontificate of this pope belongs to that era of strife for political supremacy in Italy, which succeeded the disruption of the Carlovingian empire. Formosus was probably a native of Rome, and must have been born about 816, since, at his death, he is characterized by Vulgarius as an old man of eighty. The earliest historical infor- mation we possess concerning him is his nomination by Nicholas I as Cardinal-Bishop of Porto in 864. Nich- olas must have reposed great confidence in the zeal and ability of the cardinal, since, when the Bulgarian prince Bogoris dispatched an embassy to Rome in 860 to submit a series of questions for papal decision, the pope appointed Formosus and Bishop Paulus of Popu- lonia as his legates to Bulgaria. Formosus found such favour at the Bulgarian court that Bogoris peti- tioned Nicholas m 867 to appoint none other than him Archbishop of Bulgaria. To this proposal, however, Nicholas did not accede, since the canons forbade a bishop to leave his own see to undertake the govern- ment of another diocese, and Formosus returned to Rome. Bogoris afterwards renewed his petition to Hadrian II (867-872), the successor of Nicholas, but with no more favourable result. In 869, Hadrian sent Formosus with another bishop to France to assist the local bishops in allaying the domestic strife be- tween King Lothair and his wife Theutberga. Al- though the death of Lothair on his return from Italy (8. Aug., 869) left the mission without an object, it gave rise to fresh complications among the Carlovin- gian rulers, and Formosus was sent with Bishop Gau- derich of Velletri to Trent in S72, where Empress Engelberga and Louis the German were discussing the
