GOMORRHA
633
60NDULPHUS
nf romanticism, he, like so many other young writers,
fell under the spell of Almeida Garrett, and, to help
him to carry out his plan of establishing a national
drama, he began to write plays. The first, "Ghigi"
(1852), was performed at Lisbon with signal success.
It was followed by a long series of dramas, among
which the best known are, "Odio de raga", " Aleijoes
sociaes", "Figados de tigre", "A prohibigao", "A
viuva", "A abnegagao", and "Os herdeiros do mil-
lionario". For several years prior to 1851, in order to
make a living, he worked in a hatter's establishment,
but in that year he was appointed to a government
post, and found leisure to compo.se his dramas, poems,
and romances. In 1859 he was made librarian to the
Minister of Marine.
His lyric fame was firmly fixed by the appearance in 1858 of two collections of poems, the " Cantos matuti- nos" and the "Ephemeros". As a novelist, he made himself favourably known by "Os selvagens" (1875) and its sequel, "O remorso vivo" (187G), by the "Amor da patria" (1879), which is partly an historical novel and partly a romance of the sea, by the " Muita parra e pouca uva" (1879) and by many others. In some of the novels, as in several of the plays, he draws upon his knowledge of Brazilian life. His admiration for his friend, Almeida Garrett, who had constantly encouraged him in his literary endeavours, led him to compose his great work, "Garrett, Memorias bio- graphicas" (Lisbon, 1881), which not only deals with the public and private life of the greatest modern poet and orator of the country, but is also a history of Por- tugal from 1799 till 1854.
See his complete works (Lisbon, 1866 and sqq.); and cf. Reinhardtstottner, Aufsdtze und Abhandlungen (Berlin, 1S87).
J. D. M. Ford.
Gomorrha. See Sodom and Gomorrha.
Gondulphus (Gundulfus), the name of three saints, (if whiim one w-as Bishop of Tongres (Maes- triclit). tho second Bishop of Metz, while the third is known as Gondulphus of Berry. We possess little information concerning any of the three, and the slight idea of each afforded us by the documents of the Middle Ages is reduced to the following.
I. Gondulphus OF Metz is the one concerning whom our information is most reliable. His feast is cele- brated on 6 September. As bishop, Gondulphus suc- ceeded Angilram, him who caused Paul the Deacon to write the "Liber de episcopis Mettensibus", and who died probably in 791. At the death of Angilram there was a vacancy in the episcopal See of Metz, which was terminated by the accession of Gondulphus. The " Annates S. VincentiiMettenses" give the dat« as 819. But, as it is known, on the other hand, that since the time of Bishop Chrodegang episcopal ordination took place on Sunday, the date of the consecration of Bishop Gondulphus must be set down as 28 (?) Decem- ber, 81(j. The old episcopal catalogue of the church of Metz informs us that Gondulphus occupied the see of this church for six years, eight months, and seven days, and that he died on the 7th of the Ides of Sep- tember, which would be the sixth of that month, in the year 823. He was buried in the monastery of Gorze, where his relics are still honoured on 6 September. It is impossible to quote in this respect any special pa- tronage, and with regard to his episcopal career, apart from the details furnished here, there exists no in- formation.
II. Gondulphus OF Tongres, or, as he is commonly called, Gondulphus of Maastricht, because his pred- ecessor, Bishop Monulphus, transferred the seat of the bishopric from Tongres to Maastricht, which thence- forth was the actual residence of the bishops of Ton- gres. However, the official title of the Bishop of Tongres, episcopus Tungrorum, was retained until the eleventh century, even when the episcopal see had been transferred from Maastricht to Liege. Bishop
Gondulphus is a somewhat enigmatic figure; indeed,
one is inclined to question whether he be not identical
with Monulphus. But the two saints must neverthe-
less be distinguished. Monulphus must have occupied
the See of Tongres until the end of the sixth or the
beginning of the seventh century, white at the Council
of Paris in ()14 the presence is discovered of a Bishop
of Maastricht named Betulphus. Gondulphus, then,
probably comes between Monulphus and Betulphus, at
least if this Betulphus must not be identified with Gon-
dulphus on the grounds that the case is analogous to
that of the episcopal list of Mainz, where Bertulfus
and Crotoldus must be reckoned identical. Further-
more, the episcopal lists of the eleventh and twelfth
centuries, whose value is, however, not very great,
ignore Betulphus, and make Gondulphus the immediate
successor of Monulphus. The biographies of Gon-
dulphus, which are handed down to us from the Middle
Ages, are merely an extract from the " Vita Servatii"
of the priest Jocimdus. They are quite without value
and are full of legends. If they are to be believed,
Gondulphus endeavoured to rebuild the town of Ton-
gres, which had been destroyed by the barbarian
invasions. But heaven opposed his scheme, and
miraculously manifested its desire to the saint. Furi-
ous wolves fell upon the pagan colonists of this region,
and devoured them before the eyes of the horrified
bishop. Thus has legend quite obscured the authentic
history of St. Gondulphus, the fact of his episcopacy at
Maastricht being the only one that is authentic. Ac-
cording to local tradition he occupied the episcopal see
for seven years and died about 007. This la.st state-
ment does not tally with his presence at Paris in 614, if
he is to be considered identical with the Betulphus who
assisted at that council. In any case he was buried in
the nave of the church of Saint-Servais at Maastricht,
which had been magnificently restored by his prede-
cessor, St. Monulphus.
The bodies of Monulphus and Gondulphus were sol- emnly exhumed in 1039 by the Bishops Nithard of Liege and Gerard of Cambrai. An epitaph commem- orating this event was afterwards misinterpreted, and gave rise to a legend according to which the two saints aro.se from their tomb in 1039 in order to assist at the dedication of the church of Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), and at the conclusion of the ceremony returned to their tomb to resume theireternal sleep. Together with St. Monulphus, St. Gondulphus is secondary patron of the city and church of Maastricht. His feast is kept on 1(3 July. The commemoration of the exhu- mation of 1039 is celebrated on 10 August.
III. SAiNTGoNDULPHUs(orGondon)of Berry,whois honoured with the title of bishop, is a person of whom history gives a still more legendary account than of his namesake of Maastricht. According to the biog- raphy in which he is comparatively lately treated by a monk of Berry, he was Archbishop of Milan in the .seventh century. Not succeeding in appeasing the troubles which had arisen in his church, he resolved to submit to the inevitable, and retired to Berry with a number of his disciples. It is not known, however, that any Archbishop of Milan had to deal with these conditions. It is true that it has been thought that Gondulphus lived at the time of the Milanese schism regarding the affair of the Three Chapters, that he was consecrated in 555, but that he was never received as bishop in his diocese. These are merely hypotheses, and in fact it must be said that the history of the St. Gondulphus who is honoured in Berry is unknown.
The attestation of his cult in Berry appears late among the additions to the raartyrology of Usuard ; it is cited in the Breviary of Bourges in 1625. He is the patron of St-Gondon, near Gien. His feast is kept on 17 June.
St. Gondulphus of Metz. — Nomina pontificum Mettensis sedis etordo in A/on. Germ. Hist., Script., II, 269; AnnalesS. Vin- centii Mellense.i. ibid.. Ill, 1.56; GeMa episcoporum Mettensium, ibid., X, mi; ylda SS., September, II, 782-84; Bdnnell, flie
